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Diabetes Terminology Combining Words GlycolKetoPagoNoctoUroDiagnostic Terms Alkalosis Diabetes Mellitus (DM) Fasting blood (serum) sugar or glucose (FBS, FBG) Gestational diabetes mellitus Glycosylated hemoglobin Imparied glucose tolerance (IGT) Type 1 diabetes mellitus Insulin resistance Ketosis Sugar Ketone group Eating, ingestion Night urine Conditions that produce excess base in the blood A diverse group of disorders that share the primary symptom of hyperglycemia resulting from defective insulin production, insulin action, or both A diagnostic test to measure the amount of blood sugar in a blood sample after an overnight fast Carbohydrate intolerance of variable severity with onset or first recognition during pregnancy Any one of four hemoglobin A fractions (AIa1, AIa2, AIb, or AIc) to which d-glucose and related monosaccharides are covalently linked Excessive levels (110–126 mg/dL) of blood glucose developing after a carbohydrate-rich meal or test dosage of glucose (usually 75 g). A condition characterized by high blood glucose levels caused by a total lack of insulin Resistance of body cells to the action of insulin An abnormally elevated Type 2 diabetes mellitus Symptomatic Terms Glycosuria Hyperglycemia Hyperinsulinism Hypoglycemia Ketoacidosis Ketonuria Nocturia Polydypsia Polyphagia Polyuria Reactive hypoglycemia or postprandial syndrome Terms Related to Complications Atrophy concentration of ketone bodies in the body tissues and fluids Condition characterized by high blood glucose levels caused by either a lack of insulin or the body's inability to use insulin efficiently The presence of glucose in the urine An abnormally high concentration of glucose in the circulating blood, seens especially in patients with diabetes mellitus Increased levels of insulin in the plasma due to increased secretion of insulin by the beta cells of the pancreatic islets A low serum glucose, generally considered to be <70 mg/dL An acid-base imbalance caused by an increase in concentration of ketones in the blood Enhanced urinary excretion of ketone bodies Purposeful urination at night, after waking from sleep Excessive thirst Excessive hunger Frequent urination Low blood glucose levels that occur within 4 hours after a meal Reduction in size of muscle cells; wasting of body tissue that occurs from disuse, disease, or Cataract Diabetic coma Gangrene Castroparesis Glaucoma Insulin shock Lipodystrophy syndrome Macrovascular disease Microvascular disease Nephropathy Neuropathy Osteopenia malnutrition Complete or partial opacity of the ocular lens Coma that develops in severe and inadequately treated cases of diabetes mellitus and is commonly fatal, unless appropriate therapy is instituted promptly Tissue death due to lack of blood flow and oxygen Delayed emptying of the stomach A disease of the eye characterized by increased intraocular pressure, excavation, and atrophy of the optic nerve Severe hypoglycemia produced by administration of insulin, manifested by sweating, tremor, anxiety, vertigo, and diplopia, followed by delirium, convulsions, and collapse Loss or absence of fat, or the abnormal distribution of fat in the body, in HIV infection Disease of any large (macro) blood vessels in the body Angiopathy affecting small blood vessels in the body Renal disease that results from damage to blood vessels from hyperglycemia A general term denoting functional disturbances and/or pathological changes in the peripheral nervous system A term used to describe a bone mineral density that is low nut not low enough to meet diagnostic criteria for osteoporosis Retinopathy A noninflammatory disorder of the retina, the tissue layer within the back of the eye that senses light and transmits sensory information to the brain Miscellaneous Terms Endocrinology Glucagon Gluconeogenesis Glycogenolysis Glucose Tolerance Factor Ketone bodies Oral hypoglycemic agents The science and medical specialty concerned with the internal or hormonal secretions and their physiologic and pathologic relations A hormone produced by alpha cells of the Islets of Langerhans in the pancreas that works in concert with insulin to maintain blood glucose levels; it promotes glycogenolysis, gluconeogenesis, and lipolysis, while inhibiting glycogenesis and triglyceride synthesis The metabolic pathway through which glucose of formed from noncarbohydrate sources (amino acids or glycerol) The hydrolysis of glycogen to glucose A water-soluble complex containing chromium and nicotinate needed for normal glucose tolerance The substances acetone, acetoacetic acid, and betahydroxybutyric acid, which are normal metabolic products of lipid metabolism within the liver and are oxidized in the muscle Anti-diabetic drugs that treat Self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG) diabetes mellitus by lowering glucose levels in the blood A means of testing levels of blood glucose via a fingerstick blood sample and a blood glucose testing meter to determine the glucose result