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SPOKEN CHAD ARABIC
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V
41Marek
O.
I
* FOREWORD
This.is an intensive course in Chad Arabic designed for
Peace-Corps pe sOnnel: The aim of this basic course is to,'
1
.steaeh the'students to understand and hpeak Chad Arabic.
It
I
should be supplemented by.an intermedihte course which is to
be studied by lindividual students on Atir own.
.w
The courhe is intended to be covered in approximately'
44,
.
.
.
360 fours insthe C2issrSom and the language laboratory.
About 90 hour
should be occupied with the pre-hpeech.phase
.,
ich emphasi eswpassive recognition rather than active
production.
e remaining .time is occupied by the active
-,
.
..
phase which pits more emphasis on speaking the language.
-,
-.
'Even th ugh there is an ,Arabic Alphabet, it is very
seldom used or necordirig the dialects which are,verY
.
,
differeOt fr m,t4e literaiy language.' For the purpose .of
this course
phonemic'illphabet has been_addptedto trans -
cribe Arabic utterances.
,
§emii,Abu Absi
s,
- f
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14
)
TEACHER'S INTRODUCTION
4
'The.materials in
his cdurse have been' presented in a
-
way which is.differ nt
rom traditiona approaches.
The
4
course consists of t
the active phaEte.
1
piases:
;
the prespeech phase and
It is suggeated thtveLthe students cover
.
1
the pre-speech phase in a short pe'ri \od of fhree'weeks.
This
ilhaSe emphasizes pasive'recognitionibut it isup to the teachen
to decide whether and how. thi students should actively_
participaTe in using the language.
3,
The pre-speech lessons are/marked.P-S,followed by the.
numbeetof the,lesson.
For example:
P -Si, P-S2, 31(.-S3 st1nd
for pre:speech lessons 1, 2, and 3 respectively.
contains two parts:
Each lesson
grammar and exercises, which are reez,
-
spactively represented by G and g.
grammar:
Thus G1 stands for
lesson 1 and E3 stands for exercise:
lesson 3.-
11-re exercises, particularly in the P-S'phase, sho# uld be
t...ead by therZeacher; and the students, shot;ld Ilistera
0
.be, give meanings in English, or recoghtte a,grammati-7,
...tp,?1
nature.
This approach can easily be baring if the teacher
joss not put some interest into if.
It is very important
I.
O
-'for a language learner to be able to hear the sounds and
Sr
t
.
.
understand the structure before hetries' to speak the language.
0
-
1
Tests covering materials already studied.are givip
,
,
.
.
.,,,_
,
-,,;$
.
.periodically in order tct give the studentskand the teacher
.
.
.
an idea 'about the progress made in the course.
.4
O..
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,
STUDENT'S INTRODUCTION'
ff
This text is probably different from ,ony book you haveused, .thus you should expect to use 'it differently.
'The basic assumption upon ,lihich.this
course is based
(
is that language, unlike many other fields of study,.is a
skill.
A
kill is acquired by, practice rather than by
thAory.r Hence, in order to cquire the
sinl
a foresign language, you need to speak it
its grammar.
of speaking
Other than memorize
Although every language has,
ts own grammatical.
system; fluent speakers ofva language are not aware of the
system when they-speak.
In this course, the primary emphasis
A
d
is on skill ratherthan grammatical theory.
.
an the pre-speech phase all you are asked to do is listen,
to your instructor and try to get your ear accustomed to
hearing and recognizing new sounds and utterances.
Don't
be impatient, though thid passive phase may boreyou.
.
ally you wi/l disdover that you have a very-good basis for
aotive"participation in the language.
o
The lessons in this course`are specially prepared
you as native speakers of English.
In a language learning
situation it is importan0A6 constrast the' native language
-
.
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of 'the learner*th the "target" language to be taught.
.
,
4
.
.4,
The
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,
.,
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no,ted in the back contain explanations,-\_examples and assump,,-
tions on the, "contrastive analysis"
of two languages.
,..
This,
*we: hop ag wiii prove 'useful to those' of you who will be teaching
-z
',English as O foreign ,language.
.
tea
Good'Luck.
-41i7
.4*
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.00
rr.sr I: PRE7OTTTp'
1,.
laeic Consonnnts'and'Iouel4
2,
Long, Joue3.134.
tr
Non -English.Consonn'ts
.
.
Emphasis
14.
,
Double Consonants
5.,
a
6: mplia Pairs
Test'l
7.
"Sun" and "Moon" Consonants
8,
The Def:nite Article
9.
Nciun plub Adj'ective
10.
Gender
11.
Number
12.
The Dual
.
/'
13. Number: Noun.plus.Adjective
.'
4
,
14.
Possegsive Suffixes
15.
Possessed NoutIfi plus Adjectives,
Test 2
I
The Construct Phrase
16.
117.
"TO he" Sentences-
18.
Perbonal Pronounb,
.
o.
j 9.
...
Negation of "toipe" Senteveg',
-/e
20: Interrogation-
.
,
.
.
"tp bp" Sentejces
21,' -Interrogation pius,Negation
s.
-.
'22, .P.40 Tense of kto'be";Sentences
--",
,.
._
...,
of
.
.:
.
-,,
.°
,
:Test-3'
c '1-
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0
,
23.
Prepositions
.
Prepositions plus Possessive Suffixes'
25.
Demonstrative, 'Pronouns
26.
Interrogative Pronouns
27.
Relativt Pronouns
28,E
Possessive ConstructiOn: "ham"
o
Test 4
40
29.
1st Tense of C -C_C Verbs,
3q.
Past Tense Subject Suffixes
31.
Present Tense of C-C-C Verbs
32.
Present Tense Subject Affixes,
33.
Imperatives of C-C-C Verbs.:
34.
legation of Verbs
45_
oo
1
1
e"-
35.
Past Tense of 41 -C-C Verbs
.
'36.
37.
,
Present-and Imperative of W-C-C .Verbs
Past Tende of &=.14-C Verbs
.
38. 'Present and Imperative of, C-W-C Verbs
39. `Past Tense of C.-y44 Verbs
-/
404
Pysent and Imperative Of C-CJJ Verbs'
Past Tenseof C1C2C2 Verbs
-.
42.
Present ana, Imperative of C1C2C2Verbs
Li
Quadri31teral Verbs
4h.
f!.hamza" Verbs
o
Test 5
145.
Expressing the Future andthe'Progressive
h6.
'no have'. Sentences
47.
The Active Participle
48.
The Passive Participle
0.
.4"
,
fb
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P..
-
:
K
,
.
-
49.
Direcjt Object Suffixes
50.
Indirect Object Suffixes
51.
Verbs in Series
Test 6
.
.
52., Conjunctions'
.,
53.
Cafdinal Numbers I
54.,Cardknal Numbers II
55.
Ordinal Numbers
.
.
56.
Fractions and Percentages
57.
Telling Time
58.
Weights and Measutei
59.
Directiona
60.
Greetings
4
Test 7
Rotes
1.
'
I
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.
p-al
basic Consonants and Vowels
A number of Ch.?id Arabic consonant sohnds are similar
tq English consonant
sounds and ShOuld not be dAfficult
to learn. 'BeloWis a lispt.of these 'sounds with illustrative
examples from English:
b as in big
as in day
f as in fan
,g.as in zp
h as in liow
j as'in lourp4y
ti
k.aa\in king
1 as in let
m as inneat
n. as
s as in send
,s as in shop
t as in tea
t
w as, in way
y.as in /et
z as in ,zip
The-basic..vowel sounds in Chad Arabic are:
i, e, a,
4
When used with consonant-sounds similar to those of
English they so d as'followsl
o, u.
i as in bit
e
as, in
,'
bet
a as in 'banatia, but
:) as in going
J.
u as id- pull
E.' Listen fo the-foIlowiiig words As read by yo
then try.to transcribe them.
instructor
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.
-2-
masa
'he went'
seine'
o
'good'
bes
'only'
gulta
'I said'
[/fihima
'he Understood'
jibna
'cheese'
dakar
'male'
zama:n,
wled
'time'
-
'boy'
.
1
gayli
'afternoon.'
.a
w
J. Cr
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Long Vowels
P-S2.
G2..< A distinction between shoYt and long vowels exists in'
.
.
.
The five basic.vowels i, e, a, o, u are short
Chad Arabic.
-.
*
,
.
.
vowels.with long counterparts i:, e:, a:,o:, U:. Although,
the diStinction between short audlong voweladoes not apply
.
.to'tlie English sound system, the following examples illustrate
whet a native speaker of Arabic- considers to be loin 'vowels:
i: as in beat, feet
e: as in naivete
a:.ag in'fanc father.
or as in. hole
4
u; as in pool
4
$2.
Listen to the follow'ng words read by-your instructor'
then try to transcribe them:
na:s
.'.people'
disk
'rooster'_
yo:m
'day'
le :1 t.
'nigh-ft
fi:/
'elephant'
su:k
'market'.
fo:-g
'up, above'
be :t
thotiset
hurt
'fish'
,
sa:y
'teal
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4
P-53.
Non-En&lish .Consonants
Three Chad Arabic consonants do not have Any counterparts
in English.
The symbols used for theAe sounds are x, r, and
G3.
?.
x is similar to the German ch
r is similar to the Spanish ,r
? is similar to the pronunciation of tt'in
the word 'bottle'in some American dialects.
Listen to these words read by your ihstructor and try
4to associate the symbols with'the sounds. AfterWards, try
to',transeribe them as dicttated at random by your instrdctor.
E3.,-
.,
x
.....
.
xo:f
'fear'
mux ,
'brain'
.1
..
.
,,x,aza:1
r
.
i
:rajul
Ide4e"
'man'
..,
mara
!woman'
sadar
',trees'
su?
,equestionl
'hand'
A
ba?d'
'after'.
V
? Elio
HI,
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P
+5Emphasis
4
'Emphasis, is a phenomenon which is unique to Arabic.
(14.
Traditionallyb 'certain consonants have been said to be
"emphatic," but the difference between, emphatic and non'emphatic consonants is-most easily perceived in the quality
of the fieighboring vowels.
Chad Arabic has lost a number
.
,
of these emphatic consonants and s u pstitutedfor them the
similar non-emphatic ones. Emphasis very often extends over
a syllable or a whole word.
An English example of what an
emphatic syllable sounds like in Arabic is father, as opposed
to the non-emphatic syllable in fan. Remember: the quality
u
---,
.
of the vowel is your best clue to the perception o& emphasis.
E4. 'Listen to these words read by your instructor, then try
to transcribe them.
ba:b
'door'
dahir
'back'
duhur
'noon'
mare
'woman'
tra:b
'soil'
da:r
'house'
I
4.
di
°r -
1.3
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.3)
Y
-6P-S5.
tf
Double Consonants
G5.
Besidqs.having the,distinctionbetween short and igng
,v6wels,, Arabic also has -a
stinction between shbrt and
long .consonants.
Long consonants are called*"geminate
or "doub/e"-consonants,.and Usually oAe of :them ends, a
syllable 'and the other begins-'the following syllable.
k
-E5.
/
J4sten to the fqllowing words'read, by your instructo
then try to transcribe them.
marra
'once
.
ab
barra
'outside'
dukka:n
4
b-neyya
'girl'
sitte,
'six'
?abbn
'father (dad)'
t4
saxayyar
tujja:r
'Zsmall'
Imerchant4
?alla
swiyya,
'a little'
!we
4
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P-s6;
G6.
,Minimal Pairs
minf44 pairs are pairs of-words which differ in one 'ound
only.
In English yet and 2212, pen and 2112, bit and beat are
examples'of minimal pairs, Minimal pairs are very useful for
>
'the perception of-sounds,which. may sound similar..
.
t
A
TP
Listen to your instructorread'the following minimal pairs
then try to transCribe them'.
E6.
mara
no:m
marra
ma:si
masi
na:m
barr
E .lab
gallab
barad
barrad
sa:Par
saY'ar
r.
.
4
*is
r
s
r'r
,
4
fl
a.
.
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"
43TEST 1.
'The following list is to be read by the., instructor and
transcribed by the students.
The results will show whether
the students ark able to recognize the sounds of Chad Arabic
when th'ey hear them.
In order to be able to produce a sound
correctly, one has, to, be able to hear it first.
masa
muss
lhes
ba:b
no:m
dukka:n
13&:r
su?a:1
gallab
mara
fihima
ana-
.
le:l.
t
xo:f
sadar
sa:y
abba
t.
ba?d-
-1
e...'
marra
CY
O
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ni
79"Sun" and "Moon" Consonants
P -S7.
G7.
Arabic consonants are traditionally claisified as "sun"
and "moon"consonants.,
The "sun" consonants are what we call
the "central" consonants as opposed to "peripheral".
These
:11sun" consonants are producediPhitig tongue near the tbeth,
the alveolar ridge or the soft palate.
They are:
j,z,r1, and A.' The following words begin' with "sun"
consonants.
,
te:r
'bird'
da:r
'house'
sallta
'salad'
.
sadar
'trees'
jamal
'camel'
zama:n
'time'
rajul
'man'
laham
na:r
'fire'
The "moon" consonants are called "peripheral" since the
/
point 'of articulation is either near. the lips, o- in the back
of the mouth.
These consonants are: ?,
m, f, k, g, x, h,
v, and y.. The-following words begin,lyith 'knoon" consonants.'
?um
itlothor,
balad
'country'
mufta:h
'key''
farwa
'leather'
kalib
Ir
galam
'pen'
x'anam
'ewe'
huma:r
,donk
wled.
'boy'
yo : m
'day'
It-
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-10-
E7., 'Listen to the following words 'read by your instructor.
If the word begins with a "sunlliconsonant, respond with the
word "sun."
with "moon".
If it begins with d "moon" consonant, respond
Try 'to:
nscribe these worts` *hen the instructor
reads them for the secon
time.
tra:b
'soil'
dam
'blood'
laxu
'brother'
sa :bum
'soap'
bitte:x
'watermelon'
markaba'
'boat'
fair
'mouse'
sawwa:fa
"mirror'
jamba:4'
kabis
'fishing rod'.
.galb
',heart'
ziri
'grain field'
xari:f
hille
'autumn'
.ruMa:d
'ashes'
ram
'village'
'valley'
wa:di,
yarda
Nr.
'yard'
o
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-11-
The Definite Article
O
Ga.'
The nouns in P=S7 are- all indefinite.
To make those
nouns definite, we, add ?al,'"the:"
Nouns which begin with
a '!moon" consonant in their indefinite form,
um beg
'comas ?alium in its "definite form". However,_ nouns Which
begin with a "sun".consOnapt-change the' 1 in ?al to a
r,
'0
,consonant identical to the first consonant in the word.
e.g.
te:r
the definiile- article becomed ?atte:rd
This
phenomenonis referred to as "complete 'assimilation."
E8,
Listen-to your instructor.use the definite a'rticle-with*
: thetwords in E7. Your instructor will then read the indefinite forms and you should try to transcribe them and mark
those words which take ?al as a, definite article,
which begin with a "moon",consonant.
words
fi
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-12-
P-S9.
G9.
.0
.óuiplu.sdjective
In Chad Arabic adjectivesftillow the nouns they modilfy.
Thusihe English phraie
big man has an Arabic equivalent
of rajul kabik,', which- is literally translated "man big."
If the noun,iA definite; the'adjective-which modifies
it must also e. definite. For example, the big man will
a
'
have an Arabic equivalent of'Tarrajul ?alkari:r, literally
translated as "the man big."
E9.
Listen to the following noun phrases then try to4trans'-.
cribe them.
Mark those forms. which are definite.
te:r
"a big bird"
t.e:t saxayyar
"a small, house"
?arrajul ?attawi:l
jamal ba:til
"a thin camel"
?albalad,?alwesi:
.
?almuftaah ?attagi:l
kelib Tabyet
"the tall mah"
"tfie vast country"
"the heavy key"
"a white dog"
?assawwa:fa ?annadi:f.
"the clea
kabis sami:n
mirror"
"a. fat ram"
1àlgalam ?algisayyar
"the short pencil",.
r
pj
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-13 -..
''e
,
Gender
,13-S10.'
P
r"
G10.
All nouns itArabic belong to two'Onder clisses:
masculine and feminine. This division has nothing to.,..sio
with sex since it also, pertains to intinimatenouns.. The
feminine masculine distinCtion is applied.to adjectives'.
when they modify human nouns, otherwise the masculine,
adjective is used with all non-human nouns.
1
e.g. wled seine
"a good boy", but bneyya sera "a good girl."
E10.
Listen to the following phrases 'and tell whether
the
,.!
edjective has a masculine'or a feminine form.,
-t
1.
. ?abbe kari:m
"ea generous father'
,
?um katima
'a generons.mother"
,
wled kabi:r
t
,
.
-la big boy!`'
.
_
?albneyya ?alkabi:ra
'the big Owl'.
.
.
mare semha
.
'a good woman',
-
''a good man'.
rajdl seine
4.4
?al?axu ?attawi:l
,'the' tall brother' .-
?uxt-tawi:la
'a tall-sster!..%
A
4
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-14-*
P -S11.
G11.
Number
A noun.in Chad Arabic can
three different forms
depending on whether it is singlar, dual, or plural: The
;;have
dual will be dealt with In another section.
The*pluraf,-Tt,
unlike English, cannot.be formed from the singular by'simple
rules.
,
The best way to learn plural forms is to memorize
them as you memorize the singu1aform0.
',A
Ell:
Following,,is a list of
singular nouns and
plural forms:
Listen'to Srour instructor read these forms and
try to transcribe them.
Close the book and try to identify r
the singular and plural forms as your instructor reads.'
Singular
°-.04
'Plural
te:r
.
be:t
'houte'
sadra:y
itr+
jamal
,.'camel!
rajul'
mano
tuyu:r
buyu:t
ptilAaadak
A1.
jumati
ruja:1 4
?dm
'mother'
?ummahatt
?abba'
'fatiter'
?abbah
sawvtatfa
'mirror'
yarda
lyar
yards t`
dukkaLn
'Echo
daka:kitn
dakar
'mal
dukutr
galb
'he
yottn'
'day
?ayiattn
wled
'boy
?awlatd4_
t
gulu:b
.
4
4/
to
,
4
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A
-15a
The Dual
P-S12.
G12.
The plural in Arabic applies to number thiee and above.
Number two is 'riot a plural, it is a dual and has a different
form.
The Aual, unlike the plaral, ,can.be formed by a simple
form their plural by adding e:n to.
ruleTIDAnuNin general,
the singular; feminine nouns ending, in /-a/ add
,
'
E12.
.
You afe fdmiliar with most of the words presented here.
Listen to your instructor ,read these words at random.
Recognize
0-
the dual forms and tell whether the noun is feminine or
masculine.
Singular
Dual
tear
'bird'
te:re:n
be:t
'house"
be:te:n,
bneyya
'girl;
bneYte :n
?i:d
'hand'
?i:de:n
.
.
t
.--
galb
wled
'heart'
.
wledein
Marrate:n
r
jamale:n
''boy'
'
marra
'once'
,
3amal
'camel'
yarda.
'yard'
huma :2:
'donkey'
glIbe:n
...-
.1.,
,
yardate:n
huma:re:n
4
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-13r
P-S13,
.G13.
plus
In a noun phrase, the adjective has a plural form if
the.noun modified is dual. or plural.' Again there is rib-simple
rule foi- forming the plural of adjectives--they have to be
/ memorized.
.
E13.- Your instructor will read the fol4pwing fhraseg:
Try
to transcribe them and recognize the plural vs. the singular
forms 3,zcthe adjectives.
tear kabi:r
'a big bird'-
te:rem. kuba:r
'two big birds'
tuyu:r kuba:r
'big birds'
bizyu:1- wusa?
or
buyu:t wasi ?i:n
'spacious houses'
A
ruja:1 tuwa:l
'tall man'
huma:re:n suma:n
'two fat donkeys'
kula:b ba:tili:n
'thin dogs'.
mufta:he:n tugall,
'two heavy keys'4
1'
?alylede:n ?alkuba:r
ral?ayya:m ?attuwa:l
two big boys'
'the long days'
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Possessive Suffixes
G14.
The possession of nouns (e.g. my book, your house, etc.);
'is done in Arable by' adding a suffix to the noun.
The Pi,o-
nominal suffixes which Sign*fy'possession are:
- ak
'your (masculine singular)'
- ki
'your (feminine singular)'
'his'
-ha
'het"
- na
our
-kum
(plurtk1)1
-hum
'
'their (nasculine)
/their
(feminine)/
-hinna
%
Your instructor will give you a list of nouns with
Listen to the words-read and identify
possessive.suffixes.
E14.
the possesisive suffix by giving its meaning in English. ,
e.g.
my
kita:bhum
'their (masculine)
4
4)
2
)
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,,
t
IP
.
,:,
Possessed Nouns plus Adjective
.........--4.
,
P-S15.,
.
y
4
.
,
.
a ..._
.
5,.
-...
. ..-'" ,.4
Possessed nouns (i.e. 'noun& witH.pbaiessive.auffixsii.
G15.
....
-
,never take the definite articie.'Howevert the definite..
.,--"
"
.
.
,.
....;
article must be addedlo the adjective which modifiet:A".
possessed noun.'
s,
u
a.
o.
x
e.g.
'
kita:bi /alkabi:v .,
jamala ?assaXayyar
'my,
be:tha ?al?abyet',
'her White house'
.g boOk4
:
.
,.
,.
r
'his small camel'
i
-:
Your instructor will give you noun phraseemade up of
possessed nouns and adjectives. Listen to these phrases
E15.
-
and'give' their meaning in English.
-
7
26
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rR
r
-19-
TEST 2 .
r
,
.
,
Listgn tothe following words and phrases.
What you heir qind,goi:Ve the meaning in English.
Transcribe
This*te!st
include:, familiar, vocabulary and grammatical points covered
in the previous lessons.
mara semha
rajtl kaii:m
?albneyya ?alkari:ma
be:te:n, kuba:r
?attuyu:r ?assuxa:r
kula:b ba:tili:n
huma:re:n suma:n
mufta:hi ?attagiil
wledkum ?assaxayyar
?axtina ?a/kari:ma
1
4"
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27
e
P-S 16
G 16.
The 'Cont-trtc t 1Phr5se.
Chad- Arabic "cdnstict phre.seS" are. formed by Noun. phis
Definite Article plus Loun.
This corresnonds to the English
"The plus Nour.1 plus of plus the plus Noun".
e.g.
kcita:b ?al wled
"The boot of the boy!'
"The color of the chair"
"The wool of the ewe"
lo :n ?al kursi
su:f ?al xanama :y
Listpn to the construct phrases forme,d from previous
ulary. Transcribe and give :the Rin.glish 'translation.
E 16.
Vo cab-
r
°
28.
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P -S 17
To be" Seintenceq
_
G 17.
Chad Arabic.
tive
.
The present tense of the verb "to be" is not expressed in
The construction, Definite Article
Noun
4
Adjec-
zyn) is equivalent to the English construction
The + Noun .4. is (o-r are)
Adjective (or Noun).
COK
e
?atte:r kabi:r
The bird is big."
?alwled leko:l.
The boy is a student."
?albneyya kabi:ra
Notice the difference between the
"The girl is big."
to be" sentence and the
noun phrase consisting of a noun plus an adjective.
E 17.
?alwled kabi:r
"The boy is big."
wled kabi:r
"A big boy."
?alwled ?al ltalyi:r
"The big boy.'
.
Your imtructor 4Xn.qad asset of utterances some of
which are "to be" sentences and some of which are noun phrase's.
Resnond by giving the correct Englishtranslation.
pp
ti
ti
429
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.
-22-
,
.'
1,-.S 18
G.:18
PerscAal Pronouns
The personal pronouns which function as Subjecteraret
?ana
?inta
Ryoiklmabouline)0
?intt
you (feminine)"
.
.
hut
"he".
his
"she'"
?ani:na
uwe"
?intu
" you (pl u ral)":
human
mtheys(masculine)"
-6
a
hinna
"they (feminine)"-
When we use the above pronouns as subjects
we never use the,-
definite erticlewith them as we do with noting.
e.g.
E 18.
?ana wled
"1 am a boy"
his kabi tra
"She-is big"
Listek,tothe following "to be" sentehces -constricted of a per-
sonal pronoun plus ^a noun or an 'adjective.
Respond:by.giving the trans-
lation of the pronoun in English.
0
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30
-2391
P-S 19"
o
:G'19.
Negattbil-of "to be" Sentences
"To be" sentences in the present tense.form their negative by
4
adding the negationsparticle mat
"not"
after the. noun phrase which
g
contains the subject.
E 19.
?ana mat- kabi :r
"I am not big"
?alwled htiliabi:r ma: kari:m
"The big boy is not
generous"
Listen to the'following "to be" sentehces, some of which are
positive and some negative.
Respond to each sentence with either
"positive" or "negative".
0,
6
4
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31
-24*.
P -S.20
Interrogation of "to be" Sentences
0 20 Questions are formed out of "to be" sentences by adding 'the in..
terrogative particle walla
"or"
at the end of the sentence.
e.g.
?altded kagitr
"Is the boy big?"
.
?ana karirm walla?..
S 20
"Am I generous?"
Your instructor will give you a number of "to be" sentences which
,are either statements or questions.
Respond by saying whether the
1
sentence is a "statement" or a "question".
.0
32
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cJ
-25-
,
P-S 21
G 21-
Interrogation Plus Negation
"To be" sentences can combine negation and interrogation.
negative particle ma:
19 and P-S 20)
and the ,interrogative particle walla
The
(see P-S
aii.-6.cur in the same sentence.
e.g.
E 21
?lwled ma: kabi:r walla?
"Isn't the boy big?"
?ana ma: kari:m walla?
"Am I not generous?"
The sentences in this exerciseare of four kinds.
You are
su posed to listed, to each tentence and tell whether it is a statement
intemregative, or negative interrogative.
;,
33
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f
-26-
P-S 22
Past Tense of "to be"
The past tense of the verb "to be", unlike the present, is
G 22.
implicitly expressed°.
Two words (zamatn ad karn) are used to express
I
the past notion.
e.g.
?alwled zammlikarim
"The boy was generous"
?alwled ka:n kart rm
"The boy was generous"
While "zarnm n" is pot inflected, "ka n" changes in form according
to the subject. We will encounter these changes later on when we
talk about subject suffixes.
E 22".
This exercise contains "to be" sentences which are either present
or past.
Yourjnstructor will read the sentences, and you should be
able to recognize whether they are "present" or "past"..
f
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34
.27.
a
Test 3
isten to ,,the following phrases and sentences read by your instructor.
Give the proper translation in English.
kita:b' ?arrajul
?alkita:b kabi
?albneyya semha
?ana vied
10.
hi: mara
hu: ma: kari :m
f.
?alkursi lahmar walla?
4
?inta ma: saxayyar walla?
?inti zama n semha
.
zamaln kart :m
....-
tr.
r
35
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-28-.
.)
P-S 23
2
prepositions,
,
G 23.
Prepositions are used with definite and indefinite noun's to
express location oi'direction.
prepositions in Chad Arabic.
The following are the most cannon'
The English glossei given do not always
'41e
apply. 'Prepositions are veryoften used in anidiomatic fashion and
cannot be translated out of context.
fit
"in"
"from"
*rain
4"to"
let
mei
E 23.
r
"with"
fotg
"above, up"
tihit.
Itunder"
?usut
"insides in the middle"
jamb
"beside"
te
Listen to the following prepositions used with =up. Mire the
meaning of the prepositional phrases i
English'
/
a
36
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.29.
it
Prepositions plus PosOssive Suffixes
P-S' 24
-
,
4) 24.
2
Prepositicts are used with possessive suffixes (P-S 14).
In
such oases, however; we very often have changes in Ueshape of both
prepositions 4--sdrfixes.
are acceptable.
Sometimes we hav two alternate forms *ich
Even if you use one forM,on
you shoup be. able to
recognize the alternate possibilities:.
E. 24.
Below is a list of prepositions used with different possessive
Suffixes.
Your '4.sti-uctor.krill read the'list at random.
Try to gi 've
the meaning in English.
ft: let possessive suffixes
sing.
EL%
1st per. fit.
fi tna
2nd
fi:k
fi tkum
fi:ki
fiskum
" (M)
2nd " (f.)
3rd
"
fi:
ft:hum'
3rd
" (f)
filhi it ft :ha
fithinna
40
.
.
min +losseisive suffixei
1st per.
sing.
m nni
2nd
" (m)
minnak
2nd
" (f)
minnik
.
.
4.
at.
minnina
N
minnukum
mpniki
minnukum
'V
3rd
0 (m)
minhu
4.
minnum
3rd* " (f)
minhinns'
37
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e.
1e: 4 possessive suffixes
dm,
1st. per. - ley
N,
le ma
2nd.
".(m) leik
1e:kum
2nd.
" (f) le:ki
le :kuin
3fd. n (m) 171.h)
f
le :hum / le trn
3rd. ",.(f) le :hi
le Minna
%
le :m
ma7a + possessive suffixes
1st. per.
21.2a
ma?i
ma?a :y
ma?ana
2nd.
(m) ma?ak
ma?a:kum
2nd.
(f) ma?a :kJ
ma?aslcun -
(m) ma?ahu
ma?a :hum
(f) ma?ahi
ma?a :hum
.3rd.
3rd.
11
11
fo :g + possessive suffixes
1st. per.
2nd.
sing.
fo rgi:
fo:gna
" (m) fo :gak
fo :Odin
" (f )" fo:gki
fo rikum
(m) roma.
fo :ghum
"rd. " (f4). fo :ga
fo :ghum
3rd.
tihit + possessive suffixes
sin
t
tihitna
2nd.
(m) tfhtak
-tihitkmm
2nd.
aqtihtik
tihitkum
3rd.
(m) tihta
tihtthum
3rd.
" (f) tihta
tihithum
lst. per.
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R
r's
0.*
Am*
?usut + possessive suffixes,
let. per.
,2nd.
"
(In)
?usti
?usithia
'histak
?usutkum
2nt. ." (f) ?usutki
3rd:
3rd;
"
?usutkunt
(In) ?usta
(f) ?usta
?usuthum
r
?usuthum
Iamb + possessive suffixes
1.4
"
1st. per.
Jambi
jambina,
2nd.
v (m) jamb*
jambakuni
.2nd.
" (f) jambik
jambakum
3rd.
" (m) jamba
jarnliahura°
3rd.
" (f) jamba
,
Ala
2
*
39
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0
4
P-S 25
Demonstrative Pronouns,
,
G 25.
4
Demonstrative pronouns in Chad Arabic are distinguished accord..
ing to number -sand gender.
This is unlike the English demonstritive.
II
pronouns which, are distinguithed.accoiaing td number only.
The usage
of this and these to denote something here -as opposed to that and those
a
to denote something there is similar in both English and Arabic..
Following are the Arabic forms,
(mas.)
this (fem.)
dat
die-
,(mas.)
dark
6:1a:k
(fem. )
disk,
de rla:k
alt
1 25.
do :1
; de:.
Lidten to the following sentences and give the, proper English
,translation.
9
44
a
2
0
.4
4
40
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-33-
P-S 26
G 26.
Interrogative Pronouns
The follow)Ag interrogative pronouns are used to ask questions
--for which a 224,or no
answer, cannot be giyap,"
sums
"what"
ya:tu
who, whom"
we:n
"where"
mats.
"when"
c
.we:n /we:nu
'which"
ke:f "kike:f
.
"how"
.
,
,
2 26.
116
Listen to your instructor ask questions. Give
1,
.
.ti
.
the meaning ofl the interrogative pronouns he uses.
A
:
-.
.
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te
P-S 27
The Relative PronoUn
27. There is,only one relative pronoun in Chad *rabic which corresponds
to the English who, that.which.
This pronoun is ?aiN and.is,Used with
nouns regardless of.number and gender.
e.g.
?alwled ?al?axutY "
"The boy who is my brother. "
?alkursi ?al?ahmar
"The chair which is red."
?Arrajul ?alja:
"The man who came."
Notice that both the definite article and the relative pronoun
have the same form
E 27.
?al.
Listen to the following relay
auses and give their meaning
in English.
Y
rt
42
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-351,
P-S 28
G 28.
Possessive Construction » hana
One way of showing possession in Chad Arabic is the "construct'
phrase" (P-S 16).
Another way is the use of the prePositionhana to
_form phrases like "?alkita:b hana ?alwled" which means "The book of the
ri my. This has the same meaning as ukita:b ?alwled."
Since hana is a preposition, it can also take different possessive
suffixes as mentioned in (P-S 2}.).
When hana is attached to different
4-4tkiy
possessive suffixes the following forms results
sing.
EL.
1st per.
hanary°
hanama
2nd. " (in)
han'a:k
hana:kum
(f)
hana:kt
hana:kum
(r1m)
hana :w
(f)
hana:hi
'2nd
If
3rd
3rd
E 28.
It
hanathu
hana:hUm / hana:human
hana:hum / hana:human
Listen to the following phrases and give their.
aning in Eng.
43
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C
Test
Listen to the following phrases and sentences, then give their
meaning in English.
fir be:ii
tihit ?Shadarary
?arrajul da: kabi:r
?al maja g: kabi:ra
we:no?inta?
?alwled ?al'?aro:y
?aasadara:y hana ?arrajul
?al kita:b hana:hi
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-37P-S 29
G 29.
Past Tense of C.UCsIC Verbs
The past tense is the basic form of Chad Arabic
verb.,
1
from
it other verbal forms can be derived.
Arabic words in general, and specially verbs,
are formed from
a root consisting of consonants which convey the basic
meaning. ,Most
verbs contain three consonants, even though
some of them may have two
or four.
The, three consonants (C..0 -C) convey the general
meaning,
while the vowels in between and suffixes and
prefixes convey the grammatical meaning.
For instance, the root s-r-b has the general
meaning
of drinking. When we add vowels in between the
consonants to form a
word
we give it the meaning "he drank".
The vowels tell us
/-4
that the verb is in the past tense, that
the subject is singUIar, and
that the subject is a third person masculine.
The past tense of most,GOC
verbs is formed by inserting i, a,
u between the consonants.
E 29.
Listen to the past tense of the followingC-C-C
verbs and try
to transcribe the three consonants you hear.
Learn the meaning of the
verbs.
sirib
darab
katab-
fihim
ragad
daxal
libis
marag
dihik
zagal
"he drank"
"tie hit"
"he wrote"
"he understood"
"he slept"
"he entered"
"he wore"
"he passed"
"he laughed"
"he threw"
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14
P-S 30
0 30.
Past Tense Subject Suffixes
Verbs in the past tense indicate the person as well as the
number and gender of the subject.
markers to thelierb.
-t
flit
is done by suffixing subject
s aret
The subject s
-ta
.
"I"
you (mas)"--
you (fem)"
"he"
"she".
"we"
you (p1.4)"
"they"
Notice that the third person singular "he" is signified by the
absence of a subject market. We call thig a zero suffix.
Following is the verb Airib/ with the different subject suffixes
attached to it.
siribt
Aribta
"± drank"
you (mas) drank"
"you (rem) drank"
*rib
quatdranlet
"she drank"
"We drank"
"you (p1.) drank"
they drank"
.si.ribna
*ribtu
I
E 30. Your inatructor will usethe following verbs with different
subject suffixes.
Listen to the words and.give their proper translations.'
katab_
fihim
dihik
daxal
raged
46
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N
P-S 31
0 31.
Present Tense of C-04 verbs
There is no distinction in Chad Arabic between the present and
the future tenses.
One form, which we call presents serves to express
both enses For C-0-0 verbs the pattern is .t0V0 for singular sub-'
jeots and -CVCC- for plural subjects.
Here V stands for-any'vowel
inserted between the root"consonants.
For example, the rolot6-r-b
Alb
will have the form6r-V-b if the subject is singular andl-V-rb if the
subject is plural.
E 31.
Take the past tense verbsin the previous-lesson and predict
the form in the present according to whether the subject is singular
or plural.
I
O
47
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P.S 32
O
Present Tense Subject Affixei
0
V4
G 32/ In the present tense the number, person and gender* of the subject-Ib indicated by a set of affixes.
The ,prefixes attached to the
'
stem of the verb indicate the person, while the u suffix indicates plu-
#tidity.
et
sing.
1st. per.
2nd. " (
3rd.
3rd.
nV,..
yVyV -u
(m) Y11-
"
"
ti
tV
(f),tV.
The symbol V refers to any vowel which may, occur with the prefix.
The vowel is different with different verbs.
dk
Below is the root s -r-b in the present with different subject
affixes t
.
V
nasrab.
V'
tasrab
"I drink"
0
"you (mas):Arink"
teigabi
"you (fem) drink"
)
yasrab
"he drinks"
tasrab
"she drinks"
naysarbu
"we drink "'
I
t
E 32.
tasarbu
"yo (01)51rine
yasarbu
°they drink"
Your instructor will use the following verbs with different
subject affixes.
Listen to the forms and give the translation'in.
k-t-b
f-hm
d-h-k
d-x-1
r-g-d
48
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P-S 33
Imperatives of C-C-CVerbs
If
0 33.
The imperative form of C-C-C-verbs is the same as that of the
present tense: 4CVC- or -pm-. The prefix is always 7V-.
Thesuffis..
es are-zero, -i and .0 for third person maspdline singular, third per..
ion feminine singUlar, and third person plural respectively.
?asrab
"drink (mas)"
?asarbi
"drink (fem)"
I
"drink (plural)",
?asV arbu
E 33.
Listen to the imperative of the following verbs and identify
the person who is addressed.
katab
fihim
ragad
libis
dihik
marag -
/
IIP
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9
PS 314
Negation of Verbs
G A. .To negate 'a verb in any tense all you have to do is add the
4
negation particle.mat
in front of it.
e.g.
hur ma: sirib
"he.did not drink"
ma: tadhak
"don't laugh"
ma: na:kul
"I don't eat"'
E 31..
Listen to the following sentence
give their proper
gnglish translation.,
4
c
a
v
e
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P-S 35
G 35.
Past Tense of W-C-C Verbs
In- addition to-the strong C-CC verbs there ar
weak verbs whit
some
contain what is called a weak consonants.
.
The weak consonants in Arabic are /4 /1 and /y /.
The W stands
for the weak consonant in the verbs -whose form is W-C-C.
These
verbs behave,differentlyfrop,the,strong verbs.' The past tense
of this class of verbs is not diffelint from the regular
pattern.
Thus /4-j:d1 and A-1.:4/ have the past forms /wajad/ and /wilid/.
Listen to the following-verbs in the past tense as used
E 35.
with different subject suffixes.- Try to give the translation in
English.
'I
wasal
"he arrived"
wilid
"he got a ehild.
waged
"he lit (fire)"
a.
51
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P-S 36
G 36.
Present and Imperative of W-C-G Verbs
The present. and imperative forme of 41-4-C 'verbs have the form
a
.4.1GVC...
The rootiw-s-I/ "to arrive", for example, is conjugated
in the following manner.
Present
Imperative
)
nawsal
?awsal
tawsal
?awsali
0.*
?awsalu
yaws al
tawsal
nawsalu
/
tawsalu
E 36.
Listen to the following verbs in the preient and -the im-
perative: Give_the meaning in English.
"arrive"
"give birth"
"light a fire"
"find"
1
-
52
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I
I.
M.
P-S 31
G 37.
Past Tense of C..444 Verbs
This class of verbs has a weak consonant in the middle and
contains roots like
4.w..1./
"say" and
/e-or-r//"walk.
If the weak
consonant is a 5 the form of the past tense will beCuC--; and if
the weak consonant is a
Es
the form will be
Thus, after
suffixing the Subject markers, we get forms like /gulna, "we said
and hirtui"you walked.
In the third peiso4 we get the forms CatC-r
"he walked"
"they.said"
t
E 37.
Listen to. your instructor use the following C-W-C verbs
with different subject suffixes.
ga.;1
"he said'(
sa:r
"he walked"
tam
"he flew"
sa:1
"he picked up"
'sr
53
V
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L
-46-
P-S 38.
G 38.
Present and Imperative of C.W.4 Verbs
The form of C-W-C ver
in the present is
-Cu:C- if the middloconsonant is a w
and -Ci:C-
if'the middle consonant is a "..Thus foF /g-w-1/
we get the form /gu:l/ and for /s-y-11/ we get /Aim/.
The imperative of these verbs takes no prefilt. The
1
subject suffixes are the satl/as before.-
E 38:'Listen to the foliating words read bx,yeur
instructor and give their proper translations.
Present
Imperative
0
nagu:l
gu:1
tagu:l
tagu:li
11;i1.11
Ar
yagu:
tagu:1'
/,
,-
nagu:lu
4
tagu:lu
yaguriu
',Present
Imperative.
n$4.114r
sitr
tisi:r
si:ri
tisi:ri
si:ru
-.000.
a
yisi:r
tisi:r
nisi:ru
tisi:ru
yisi:ru
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P-.5' 39
Past Tense of C -041 Verbs
G-30. Verbs Iof tle class C-C4W usually take ttie form CVCV- in t
but i(is-difficult to predict what the vowels "are. Below are
-two common verbs with their subject suffixes.
9
Ansa/ "He walked"
"he' found"
mase:t
ligi:t
mase:t
ligi:t,
maze rti
ligi:ti
s
masva
/igiya/liga
maYat
ligiyat
mt&:na
ligi :na
mae:tu
ligiitu
t
-ligyu / ligu
1118.811
3 39.
LitIen-to-40he_conugation
past tense.
of
the following ierbs:in the
Give the meaning in English.
bada
"he-began"
sara
"he bought"
.
rama
he threWP
.
gara
"he read"'
4
4
4
'44
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P.S 40
Present and Imperative of C-C.4 Verbs
'khe present and impertive forth of this cleiss of verbs
9 40.
is ..CCV...
Again there ish.telMliewat of predicting the shape
of the vowel.
Following are two verbs conjugatedAn the present
s,
and the imperative.
/mesa/
v
Present
''/Iigiyil./
.
namsitamia
,
.
..,t
nalga."-'taiga,
tarok
taiga-,
yam&
yalga
am:4
4
:
taiga
tV
.
namau
nalgu
v
-
,
t EIVISU
talgu
I
yalgu
I
v
yamsu
Zj
mp
I
ative,
.
?alga
?im.e;i
.
4
?amsi
?algi
?arm
?algu.
\
.
E 40,- Listen to the. conjugation of the following verbs and try,
to give the meaning in English.
.,
sera
,
"he bought"
rama
"he threw
\;
447
a
56
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It
749
P-S 141 'past Tense.of CG2C Verbs
G 41.
This class of verbs represents verbal roots whose medial
.
aria final consonants are identical. :rhe past tense form of these
verbs is always C1aC2C2...
However, before adding the subject
suffixes of the first and second persons, e:
inserted. With
t
the, third person singular
is inserted between the verb and the
suffix:
e.g.
Ah-d-07ft'subject suffixes.
maddert
"I extended"
madde :t
"you (mas) extended"
y.
I'
madde :ti
"you (fam) extended"
smadda
"he extended"
maddat
"she extended"
madde:na
"we ,extended"
madde:tu
"you extended"
maddu
"they extended"
E 41. Listen to the following verbs used with different subject
suffixes and give their meaning.
"he gathertd"
,
habba
"he loved"
dagga
"he
klked"
4.
N
4
57-,
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r
PS 42
Present and Imperative of C1C2C2 Verbs.
G 42, The present tense form of C/C2C2 verbs i
o
.where V is either i or u.
always .411102C2
Following is the root /mdd/ "to
stretch or eXtend" as used with different subject suffixes.
Present
Imperative
midda
timidda
'timiddi
middi
ss
middu
1
yimidda,
timidda
nimiddu
.timiddu
yimiddu
E 42
P
Your, instructor will-use the following verbs with different
subject. suffixes in the. present and the imperative.
Give the
English translation of the, words.
limma
"gat
sidda
"block,
dugga
"knock"
lose"
.1>
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-52-
1).6 44
G 44.
The "Hamza" Verbs'
This class of verbs contains "hamza" ?-as one of its
consonants.
.,
If the ? is the-medial consonant the verb be-
haves life a strong C7C-C verb.
If ? is the first Consonant
it is deleted in the present and the imperative resulting
.'in a long vowel.
ina
?akepli.
For example /?-k-l/ "to eat", + /na/---4
When the "hamza" is deleted we geb/nrakul/
which is the same as /na:kul/
eat ".
The final hamza
is also deleted before the subject suffixes are tttached.
E ,44.
Listen _to the following verbs read by your instructor-.
/?-k-1/ "to eat" °7/
Past
?akalt
Present
?akalta
na:kul
ta:kul
?akalti
,
ta:kuli
?akal'
?akaiat
,ta:kul
?akalna
Ala:kulu
Takaltu
ta:kulu
?akalu
ya:kulu
Cto
Imperative
?a:kul
?a:kuli,
?a:kulu
59
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-53-
/s-?-1/ "to ask"
Present
Past
'sa?alt
nas?al.
sa?alta
tas?al
sa?alti
tas?ali
-sa?al
yas?al
.
sa?alat
\
etas ? al
,-sa?alna
nas?alu
sa?altu
tas?alu
sa?alu
yasialu
Imperative
?as?al
.
1:4).
?as?a1i
?as?alu
/b-/d-?/ "to begin"
Past
Present
bade:t
nabda
bade:ta
tabda
4
:badeti
tabdi
bada,
yabda
badlt,
tabda
.bade:na
nabdu
tade:tu%
tabdu
badu
yabdu
Imperative
?abda
?abdi
?abdu
GO
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54
:rest 5
The following sentences contain verbs you have studied
in previous lessons.
Listen to your instructor read the
sentences and give their English translations.
?Ana ?akalt.
?ani:na nagu:lu.
hu: masa.
humaA yiti:ru.
?alwled.?akal.
.?albneyya tas?eil
'? ani:na nasrabu
!
' ?anta"bade:ta.
?as?al.
N
,kassiru.
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.61
-55P-S 4.5
,
G 45.
Expressing the Future and the Progressive
There'is no specfal form for' the verb in Chad Arabic
to express the future idea.
The present*tense of the verb
is.used plus some adverb of time which expresses futurity.
Following are some time expressions which are commonly
'used to express the future.
"tomorrow'
ba?d ?amba:kir
"dayafter tomorrow"
subu: ?alja:y
"next week"
sanalja:y
"next year"
.
,
Tht progressive tense is expresibd by using the aux-
_
P
iliary /ga?id/ before the main verb.
/ga?id/ means "sitting",
but when used With a verb it gives the idea of progressiveness or continuity.
Thus / ??ana ga?id
nabVrab/
is translated
into English as "I am drinkin g".
/ga?id/ is inflected tOphow number and gender in the
following manner.
/ga?id/ is used for the masculine singular.
/ga?ida/ is used for the feminine singular.
iga?idi:ni,eis used for the plural: masculine and
feminine.
To express the progressive idea in the past a past time
expression "is used.
Following a e some common past time
expressions.
?amis
"yesterday"
?awwal ?athis
"day before yesterday"
subu: ?alfa:t
"last week"
62
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-56
sanalfa:t
"last yearn
4
E 45.
Listen to the following sentences* give their
meaning in English.
1
I
.1
.
63.
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-57:-
P-S 46.
G 46.
"To have" Sentences"
There is no equivalent for the verb have in Chad
Arabic, but the idea is expressed by:the prepobition /?ind/.
Thus / ?ana ?indi kita!b/ is equivalent to "Ihave a book"in
4
English.
The preposition'/?ind/ can be attached to different
possessive suffixes in the followingimanner:
41i=
?indi
"I have"
?indak
"you, (mas) have"
?indik
eyou (f em) have"
?inda
"he has"
? 1 LIU
"she hasp
a
?indina
"we have"
?indurum
"you (p1) nave"
?indum
"they have"
To express the past idea "had", a past time expression
is used.
(see.P.6
lk
E 46.
Give the proper translation of thefollowing sentences.
*W.
64
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-58-
The Active Participle
P-S 47
G 47.
The active participle ,refers to the4one who "does"
41M1*
or "is doing".
e.g. /ka:tib/,is the Active participle of
/Otaba/ and it means "writer".
The active participle of C-C-C verbs has the shape
Ca:CiC
e.g. /ka:tib/.
:
For C-C-W verbs the form isCa:Ci
e.g. /ma:si/ "the, one who walks".
:
Qudriliteral verbs form
their active participles according to/the form CaCCa:C,
:
e.g. /kassa:r/ "the one who breaks".
E 47.
Follwoing is a list of active participles and their
meanings.
Try to recognize the verbs from which these fprms
are derived-.
ka:tib
"writei."
sari
"buyer"
.ga:ri
"reader".
?a:rif
"One who knows"
nagna:g
-"one who Mutters"-
la:bis
"one who wears"
ma:si
"one who walks"
,fa:tih
"one who opens".
.kadda:b
"liar"
"one who asks"
.
6
65
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ft
-59-
The Passive Participle
P-S 48
G 48. The paasive'participle denotes something
something wh ch is.
It is used as an adjective or a noun.
"done".
For instance,
/maktu:b/ means something which ks written, hence "a letter".
/ Verbs of the form C-C-form their pass
after the fashion maCCu:C :e.g. /maktu:b/.
participles
The passive
,participle of quadriliteral verbs has the form muChCCaC
:
4
e.g. /mukassir/ "broken",
E 48:
Below is a list op passive participles and their
meanings
forms ar
.
Try to recognize the verb's from which thC-se
derived.
makut:b
"written, a letter"
mukassar
"broken up, smashed",
maksu:r
"brokeniC
meru:f
"known"
mawju:d
"found, existing"
masdu:d
"blocked"
maftu:h
"open" ?
muaabbas
"'circled, doatedo
murabbat
"4-pdp'entangled"
marbu:t
"tied"
0
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66
-6o-
4,0
Direct Object Suffixes
49; -
G 49., The direct object pronouns in Chad Arabic .are suffix-
es attached after the verb anelhe'subject marker.
These
suffixes are very close to the possessive suffixes discussed
earlier (see P-S 14). pllowing are the direct object- pro-+'
noun suffixes:
-ni
J
"me"
"you'(mas)"
- ki
"you (fell&
-u
"him"
-a/ -ha
"trier ""
- na
"us"
-kum
"you (plr
-um/ -hum
"them"-
.
.('
E 49.
t
Your'iristructor will compose sentences containing,
direct object suffixes.
Give the equivalent object pronoun.
4
0
In English.
0
0
O
0
.
0
cO
0
A
67
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-61-
P=S 50
G 5Q.
-Indeirect Object Suffixes
The indirect object suffixes are also used after
the verb anN the subject suffix.
They are similar in shape
to the pronoun /le:/ "to, for" as used with pobsessive suffix-0
es tsee2P-S 24). 'Followingsare the indirect object suffixes:
-ley
"to/ for me"
-le:k
"to/ for you (mas)"
-le:ki
"to/ for you (fem)"
-le:hu
"to/ for him"
-le:hi
"to/ for, her"
-le:na
"to/ fpr. us"
AS
af.
E 50.
-le Ocum
"to/ for gou (p1)".
40
-lum'
"to/ for them"
The fol./owing sentences contain indirect object suffix.
es.
Listen to your instructor read tlikase. sentences and.
give the equivalent object pronoun in EngliSb..
O
68
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at
F
P-S 51
G 51.
Verbs In Series
If two verbs
Linked together-n English, the second
takes the infinitive forl: esg. he camelto ieeline.
In
'Arabic, however, both verbs will b' conjugated to traritlate,
literally 'she came he saw me" or "he came he sees me".
4.
,
e.g.
V./
"he came to see me"
ja:
v
ja: sa:fni
"he came and saw me"
ytido:ra yunu:m
"ne wants to sleep"
xalli:na namsu
"lq us go"
Vd
E51.GivetheproperEnglishAranslationof.the following
sent6a-es:
41.
e.
6-9
L.
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);
-63-
Test 6
Listen to the following Arabic,tteran6es.
Give the
meanpg in English.
?ana nam'Si ?amba:kir.
?ani:na ga?idi:n nasrabu.
?indak kitaib..
?indum wled walla?
hu: ka:tib.
hu ma kaddia:b.
hi: katabat maktu:b.
?aktubley maktu:b.
xalli:na na:kulu.
O.
humana:fo:ni.
'et
#
.
4
I
70
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P-s 52
.G 52.
Conjunctions
ti
Conjunctions are function words which joial.words or phrasek
in some kind of relationship to Ach other.
Following are
some of th'e most common conjunctions in Chad Arabic.
wa, virj.0
"and"
walla
"or"
wala
"nor"
wala---wala
"neither---nor"
la:kin, wala:kin
"but",
Thee conjunction /wa/ is sometimes reduced to /w/ in
fast speech.
The /w/ becomes a /u/ if it falls next to
consonants.
n
E 52.
The following phrases and sentences contain conjunct,
ions.
.Give the Engliih equivalentspf the conjunqtions and
.
try to translate the phrases and sentences-,you,are faMitrar
with.
SP
.4
';
wf
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,
P-S 53
G 53.
Cardinal Nutbers.I
The numbers "one" and "two" distinguish betweeh the
feminine and the masculine. even though the distinction is
.
.
not always used.
wa:hid
"one (mas)"
wande
" one (f em )"
tine:n
"two (mas)"
titte:n
"two (fem)"
The dual form (see P-S 12) is sometimeS, used instead of
expressinghhe word for number "two".
/kita:b tiOuk
'E 53:
(1-10)
Thus we can say
44t.-Aita:be:n/ "two books".
Listen to 7dUr'insiructor red.the following rpimbefs,
and .learn their meanings.
,
wa:hid
li
?'one"
tine:n
tala:ta
?arba
.
a
xamsa'
sitte
"six'
sab?a
"!seven"
tama:nya
"eight"
tts?a
"nine"
?asara
"ten"
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4
-66,
E
Cardinal Numbers II
G 54.
The lumbers 11-20 are formed in two different ways 'in
.
Chad Arabt4
.
One way of doing it is to mention the word "ten"
1 1--
followed:by" the word for "One"; "two", "three" etc. 'to form the'
number required.
1
tine :n
?ash.
"ten two :1. e. twelve"
?asara xamsa
"ten five"; i.e. fifteen"
,
.
The other-way of forming numbers lip is by using the suffix
/-
V
a ?sar/
"ten!' plus a prefix that denotes the number which is
added to ten.
E 54.
>.
b
Listen to the following words and learnto associate the
word with. the meaning.
4
wihda?aar
"eleven"
?itnaSar
"twelve"
talitta?sar
"thirteen"
?arbatafgar-
"fourteen"
xamista?gar
"fifteen"
pitta?sar
"sixteen"
sabata2sar
"seventeen"
4'
timarita?sar
"eighteen"
(
tl.sata?Var'
"nineteen",
Ori:n
"twenty",,
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7
Learn the following numbers and their meanings:
tala:ti:n
"thirty"
?arba?i:n
"forty"
xamsirn
"fifty"
sitti:n
"sixty"
sab ?i :n
"seventy"
tama:ni:n
"eighty"
tis?i:n
"ninety"
4
"one hundred"
,
mite :n
"two hundred"
?alf
"olio thousand"
.?alfe:n
"two thousand"
milyo :n
"one million
milyo:ne:n
41
4-
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74
-68-
P-S 55
Ordinal lumbers
1 55: The Ordinal number "fir4t" distinguishes between the feminine
I
nu:la/and the masculine /?aw.wal/2 though /?awwal/ can be used
for both.'
/?awwal/ also has the Meaning "before, in the beginning".
Ordinal numbers above "tenth" ere not used.
E 55.
Learn the meaning of the following ordinal numbers.
Listen,
to your instructor use them in phrases and sentences°.
?awwal
"first"
.
4
ta:ni
"second"
ta:lit
"third"
ra:bi
"fourth"
xa:mis
"fifth"
sa:dis
"sixth"
si:bi
"seventh"
ta:min
"eighth"
ta:si
"nionth".
?a sir
"tenth"
75
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-69-
P-S 56
Fractions and Percentages
,
G 56.
The fractions Which are commonly used in Chad Arabic are:
nubs
"one half"'
tilt
one third"
rube
"one fourth"
.
.To express other fractions the wordi/Tilmiyya/ "percent"
is used.
I
E 56.
Listen to the followipg phrases and give their proper EngN.
lish translation.
4
/
4
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7 G.
O
P-S 57.
G 57.
Telling Time
To ask about the time the question /sa:?a kam ?/ is used.,
The answer is /sa: ?a /. The blank being filled with the proper
time.
sa:?a ?arba
"4:00 o'clock"
sa?a ?aY3ara
"10:00 o'clock"
After the hour the *minutes are given., fita.7 is used before
the ntitaber of minutes "past" the hour and / ?illa/ before the number
of miiiutes "to" the hour.
e.g.
?arba wa ?asara
"4:10"
sa.:?a. xamsa ?ilia ?iiiri:n
The words /rubil'i
/nussig,'
"4:40"
e respectirly used for 15
and 30 minutes past the hour.,
e.g.
sa?a wa Aid
"1:15"
sa?a tala:ta wa nuss
"3:30"
57. Listen' to your instrudtor give the- time and. write,..ihe
.equivalent in English.
.17
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A
iP
-71-
4eights and Measures
P-S 58
G 58.
This section contains words relating to weights and measure.
The dual form is used with join of these words, and the plural
is used with one of them.
In talking ibc4It weights- and meature
the,numbeT4recedes the unit:e.g.
e.
/7a
kitluf"tenkilograms"..
Following are the most common units.
gram
ngram"
kisli
"kilogram, 1000 grams"
to:n
!'ton, 1000 kilograns"
yarda
"yard"
yrdate:y1
"two yards".
t
yerda:t
"yards"
sentimitr-
"centimeter"
mitr
"meter, 100 centimeter"
kilumitr
"kilometer, 1000 meters"
litr
"liter"
i
I
1111
E 58.
Listen to.the following phrases off numbers and units of
measurement.
Give the meaning in Englilb.
/
_31
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A
4
P.S 59
:\ () 59.
Directions
It Chad Arabic one cannot express the ideas of north,
smith north east
etc. as in English.
Two words which express
east and west respectively are: /saba:h/ "morning" and /xa :rib/
"sunset" as translated literally.
4,
Following are some of the
most common words used to express the 'concept tf direction.
"east{'
"east
xa:rib
"west"
:dak azze :na
"to your right"
?i:dak atlisra :y
t! t6 your left"
fo:g
"above 2 up"
0
tihit
"below, dowiL"
A
gudda mak
-"before you"
.
wax'a:k.
"behind you"
gari :b
,near"
te ?i :d
"far"
(
E 59.. Listen to the folloft4ing sentences gifting directions.
Translate into'English.
7
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P..5 60
60.
Greetings,
FC1lowing are some of the common expressionapd as greet-
.
ings,.
salanualetk
"masculine singular"
sala:malerki
"feminine singular"
sala:male:kum
'"plural?
The expression, literally translat!td, means "peace on you" and
is used as a general form of greeting.
Other expressiona which
are used in the same manner are:
0
.taybi:n
"hope you are well"
?atfya
"good health"
Expressions equivalent to "how are you?" are:
ke:fak
ke:f ha:lak
"masculine singular"
ke
ke:f ha tlik
"feminine singular"
ke:fkum / ke:f ha:lkurn
The
"plural"
nswer to "how are you?" .is /fl?alhamdulilla:h/ 'Shank God" :
.
Other useful expressions are:
?ahlan wa sahlan
"welcome"
ma?a salarMart
"good bye"
(literally, "with safety").
an
"thank you"
E 60.
Listen to your instructor use the above greetings in con-
text.
Ggre the English equivalent.
4'
80
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-714-
Test T
.1
Give the proper English translation of the following.
?axu:y,wa ?axti.
v)
hu: masa wala:kin ma watal.
'?asra xamsa.
a
0
xamsa watala:ti:n
u miyya
sitte ruja:1
Huss sa:?a
sa?a ?arba wa nuss.
?isri:n graym
ma?a sala:mak
r
4
81
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NOTES
*P-S1.
There are twOsoundsArTITAS lesson which ar a little different
from their counterparts in English.
The /t/ and the' /d/ in Arabic
'"dental" while in English they are "alveolar".
re
This means that the tip
of the tongue-As closer to the teeth when.the Arab* /t/and /d/ are
w
i
r
pronounced.
The same sounds are ptoduced in English wi,hrthe tip of the
tongue against tle alveolar ridge.
This is a fine distiction.to make, but
it may be helpful in mastering Arabic pronunciation and teaching English
to native speakers of Arabic.
41
P-S3.
Those of you who will be teaching English will,discover that Aiai2c
speakers have difficulty'in prdducihg an English "retroflex" /r/.
The
0
Arabic /r/ is either,"flapped" or "trilled" and sounds very much like the
Spanish /r/.
P-S5.
Native,Speakers of English may not be used to hearingrand producing
"'ouble consonants.
This, however, is very important for Arabic, and the
process of doubling consonants is often used as a graMmatical featureAn,
4..
o
the language.
Arab students may pronounce words like "stopping" and
"umbrella" in a funny way because they think there should bea 1c6ble
consonantsin these words as indicated by. the spelling.
/
/-
9
!/
P-S7.
The lable given to these Consonants comesftom /sams/ and /qamar/,,
the A/-).bic.words for "sun" -end "moon".
v
,
The assimilatiop of the definite
.
`7.
article is conditivned. ht'the phdnologfr-ifhls can be more easily perceived
9
by, giving a phonemic, chart of Chad Arabic sounds According to their pointi
and manners of articulation.
The consonants within the box oh. the chatt
82
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are sun consonants, and the rest are moon consonants.
1
d
a
e
n
1,)
1
a
1
a
1
p'
v
a,
v
1
a
e
1
e
a
1
o
1
a
g
1
o`
a'
t'
t
a
a
1
1
(
9
,stops
t
d
b
k
sexh
s
fricatives
z
ri
t
semi-vowels
4111P
P-S 8.
,
1
n
resonants
X
?
r
yf
w
-Even though the shape of the-definite article is / ?al /, it is
sometimes reduced to /al/ or somply /1/ when preceded by a vowel
P-S 10.
Some nouns And adjectives form'their feminine forms by-Adding
/-a/ or /-ha/ to the masculine.
Feminine nouni'ending in /-a/ usually
add a/t/ before the possessive suffix. e.g. /mare/ Ilipmanl, but /marti/
'my wife',
.
P-S It .
The shap(V.of,these suffixes mmay vary with different speakers and
,
with different Words they are attached to.
777
However, there will always -be
a common element which gives a clue'to recognizing the right form.
For
instance,'The suffix /-i/ 'my' may appear as /-y/ or /-yi/Yafter a vowel.'your (fem)' may ippear as /-ik/, / -ha/ !her' may
appear as /-hi/,
4 and /-bum/ itheirlay
.
''
appear as / -um /.
4
4
4
.....'.
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P-S 17. ,Arab students usually have difficulty in expressing
the'verb "to be
,
,
.
.
#
it
lo
`S.
-77-
in the present;5hence producing sentences like " the boy a student". If
you teach,English this will be a major problem/tdeal with.
P-S 20.
Questions to which the answer/is "yes" or "no" Can also have the
r
sane form as statements, but with rising intonatipn.
a
\
,P-S 22.
/ka:n / takes subject/e/ uftixes (See PS 29) with certain changes,of
/7
the stem in the following fashion
kunt
'I was'
kunte
'you (mas) were'
/
f
P-S b3.
'you (fen) were
//1/unti
//
it
ka:n
!he was'
ka:nat
'she was!
kunna
'we were'
kuntu/kuntum
'you (pl) were
ka:nu
'they were' :
The verb form C1C2C2C 3 is actually a triliteral verb with the
medial consonant doubled.
This is a common process in most dialects of/'
Arabic, but it seems to be less common in Chad Arabic. ,To double the
medial consonant of triliteral roots is -to intensify the action or make
it passive. e.g.
'he broke'
!he smashed'
kasar
kassar
4
'he became cold'
'he cooled something'
.barad
barred
The process, tioweverf seems to be rare in Chad Arabic;.and very often
original triliteral root is not usepin the dialect.
behave like qtodriliteral verbs.
rr7
Thus C1C2C2C3 verbs
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p-S.16., The verb have is expected to ppse a learning problem for Arab
students learning English.
The probleM/witl be getting the concept of
have as a main verb, as wellas,an auxiliary verb to form the perfect
1.*
- tense which is not existent in Aratic.
P-S 59.
"
The expression /?i:dak aze:nari/literally means:y.04r right hand'
.
and /?1:dak al?isra:y/ Iyour'leit hand'. When talking toa.woman you should
c
use fli:dik/ and'to more thaworie 'person /?i:dkum/.,
0
w
/
6
ti
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7
A
-%,
'PHASE IIr-ACTIVE PRODUCTION
The active production phase-contains forty lessons which are.supple',
mented with taped materials to be used in the laboratory.
Each lesson
is intended to be covered inone day, but some lesions may'take longer
depending on their difficulty% and the students' progress. While the
pre-speech phase is intended for understanding the language, the.active
s
phase emphasizes production.
Learning a language
is a unique activity.
Every language con-
tains the potential for an infinite number of sentencess'and speakers
r of a certain:language are capable of understanding
sentences they have n6ve1 heard or said.
and producing
This implies that learning
a language involves more than memorizing a large number of sentences.
r
.
Two activities involved in language learning are imitation and
ihdtetion of the structure.
O
O
Imitation is a series of attempts, at approaching a mod el which,
in. this case, is the speech of a native speaker.
The main aim of
imitation is forming the articulatory habits of the language to be
arned. This is a task which is1N8he difficult to accomplish with
adults than with children who ari) more receptiyp to form
-..--
new habits.
.
When= imitation exercises are given;the
.
sequence to be ,followed
....
.
,
-,
iS teacher's model, student's repetionrteacher's model or correction.
Since the sentences Of a language cannot be memorizedsthe systei
F.
of .the language has to be induced if the language 'is to be used
effective
ly.
Children posses the ability.ofinducing the structure of a language,
even when it ip thrown at'tham at random.
Fora number of reasons
people seem to lose this ability as they grow older.
Hence, adults
4
need to be gilien the, rules according to which the-system of the
language'
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2"t
4
:
0
operates-if ).earning is to be efficient and meaningful.
The important
thing.here is not memorizIng the.rules,
b4 internalizing themiin such
a way to efiable the learner to use them
Unconscioulsy. In other,
words, knaWing the language is more than knowing about it.
Speaking
a, language involves knowing the units. which are sounds, forms and
wards;
the rules by which a sentence is formed out of these
units; and the
way these two elements (units .and rules) comhine.to,form the system
1
of the language.
A typical lesson in the active phase contains:the following:
0 dialogue
b) vocabulary
c) grammatical explanations
d) exercises
Genevally speaking, the function-of ttip dialogue is to serve
as an imitation model. Dialogues are not necessarily related to the
rest of the lesson, but they deal with topics of every day conversations.
.
For efficient leai'ning the lessons:should be studied
at home
and gong over orally in,class.
4'.
Classtime should be used for'practicing
-.the language rather than &xplaining the grammar.
0
ti
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s'
CONt;NTS
Phase II:
Active ProdUction
1.
PhcnOlo
21
The-D
3.
Gender
4.
Number
5.
Possessive Suffixes
6.
The Construct Phrase ,(P-8 16)
7.
Present Tense of "to be" Sentence%
8.
Personal Pronouns
§.
fiegationand Interrogation Oi "to, be" Sentences (P-S,19-
(P-S 1-:6)
Hite Article
(P-S 7-9)
P-S.2.0)
-S 11-13)
(p-S' 14, 15)
(P-S.17)-
(P-S 18)
..,
,
21)4.
.
10.' Past rense
(::.
"to be" Sentences(P-S2,2)
11. .Prepositions 4.(P-S 23);
.
.
12;
,
'Prepoeitiond- plus Possessive.Suffixes
<
(P-S A)
.13.. Demonstrative Pronouns. (P-S 25)
a
14.
Interroetive:PtonOunS '(P-S'26)
15.
The Vatisfe:Pron9141P-S 27)
16.
Possessilie contitxliction: ./hana/ .(P-8 28)
Ast Tense 76-C-C,Verbs:
.18.
ip
Past Tense
,
ubjeet jgtffi.X6/3
irtent Tpnpe
°
-t
<
(P S. 30)
_40 0.-01yerbs
Tcresentn.se. qub j igt ,r4018
('P
24. Inlperative of 0-Q-C' iferbs,,.r-Z3
22.
.
Negation ot
Verbs \2(>P .-$ 34)?'
23e.' Past ilense-12110Ii_JEm§...23_1.1
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24.
Presen)iand Impera4tive'of W-C7C Verbs
.
(P-.S 36).
4
25.
Past Tense of C-W-C,Verbs
26.
Pre..5ent and Imperative if C-W-C Verbs
27.
Past Tense of C-C-W Verbs
28.
Present and Imperative of C-!C-W Verbs
29.
30.
Past Tense of C 1 C C Verbs (P-S 41)
2 2
Present and Imperative of C1C2C2
31.
Quariliteral Verbs
(P-S 43)
32.
/hamza/ Verbs (M
44)
33.
Adverbs
34.
Expressing the 'Future and the Progressive
35.
"To haVe" Sentences
(P-S 37)
t
(P-S 39)
(P-S40)
(P-S 42)
//
U
(15.rS'45
(P -S :46)
36.. Active and Passive Participles
37.
(P-S 38)
(P -S. 47,48)
,
Direct and Indirect Object Suffixes. (PS 49,50.)
36.:Conjuncti'ons
(P-S 52)
39.
'Cardinal NuMbers
40.
Ordinal Numbers and Frac-pions
(P-S 53, 54)
4IP
(1'.-S 55,
.
44
_
.
.*The numbersI*.n parantheses refer to lessons iv,
thebPre-Speech Phase on which theActive.Phase lesecins
.
,
are based.
t
iv
.4
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0
A
DIALOGUE CONTENTS
Phase II: Active Production
Dialogues
,Lessons
A 1 - 4
= Greetings
.
4 5 - 8
Directions.,
A 9 - 11
New ,Ar#ival.
A 12 - 16
TheFamily
0
%t. 4'
.
c
A-17 - 21
Getting Around
A 22 - 2
Telling Time
1
Holidays
.410A 25 - 27
A 28
.
A 29
c
,
The Carpenter
,The Doctor
A 30 - 34'
The Market
..
: Departure
A 3j - 37
..
,
f.
...
,4- 38 , .9
A,40
/:
The Weather'
The Movies
a
e
4
4
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r
ir
PhonoiF
Al.
I.. Dialogue: Greetings'
A.
salarmale:k muhammet.
ftildetb Mohammad."
B.
sala:male:k ?aii. Acedak?
"Hello Ali.
k,
How are you?"
kwayyis: Ewa ?inta'ke:f ha:lakl
"Thank God, I am fine. And .how are ,you ?"
B.i' hamdulilla:h. wa.na:s be:tak?
"Thank.God. And your.family?"
A.
IC
kullumion6;si:n. pa?a salimak.
"They are all fine.
!I
Good bye."
B.,,ma?a sala:mak.
"Good bye."
II.
4
Vocabulary
hamduiilla:h-Thank God.
.
Literally: praise be-toGod
?inta-You,(masculine singular).
gs
kel-f-How?,
ke:fak-Haw are,you (masculine singular)?
ke:f ha :lak -How are you (masculine singular)?
Literally:
Howis your condition?
krill -All.
kulIumi-All of them.
'kwaysi:n7Fine *(plurai)".
-
kwaYyis-Fine (Singular).
ma?asalanmsi:665411k%masSuline singular
.
'with safety.
na:s-People
na:s be:tak4amily.
sala:male:kHello;
=
0,
Literally: The people of your\4ouse.
Literally: 'Peace be on you.
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wa-and.
to
4."
N.,
Grammar
A number of Chad Arabic consonant sounds are similar
A.
to those of English and should pose no difficulty. 'These consonants
te.
are: ,h,d,f,g,h,j,k,4m,n,s,s,t,w,y,z/..
The following Chad Arabic consonant sounds have'no
B.
,4
A
counterparts in .English:
Afi
.
similar to the German ch in "retch".
r.
similar to the Spanish r.
/ ?/ "hamza", similar to the pronunciation
in some American dialects.
els in Chad Arabic:0/i, e, a,
There are nits short
C.
tt in "bottle"
o, u/ and five long vowels: /1:, e:, a:, 0:2 u:/.
/e/ and /0/ are not very common in the language.
The short vowels
They are mainly
found in loan words.*
Emphasis is a phenomenon which affects thtwhol* syllable,
D.
The clue to emphasis is the civality
and is indicated by underlining.
of the vowel.
The vowel in 'a.4 emphatic.syllabli)sounds like /a/ in
"father", as opposed to the non.emphatic /a/ in "fan".
Doubles consonants occur in Arabic belonging to irwo different,
E.
p syllables when they are in word - medial. position /Mar-E2/,'but tfie
may belong to 'one syllable in word -final position hm.i.x.r
/i/
F.
d it/ may change to /y/ and hi/ respectively de-.
pending on their position-,th tie syllable.
Co vowels never occim
46.
beside each other in Chad Arabia. .Therefore, /i/ and /du/ occur-C6A ,
'
l
,
tiguous to consonants and-/y/ and Il./ contiguous to vowels.
0
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-t
IV. Exercises
it
(a
A.
4
Repeat the followipirrds after your teacher:
marra
be:t
jibna
?i:d
duiddin
ba:d
dakar
batb
.
bneyya
.
4
.xaza:1
4
Tiara
,rajul
le :1.
na:s
u?a:1
Radar
da:r
k
yball
:y
B. 'Listen to the follaWinivatreof
.
teacher.
Igo
nd repeat after your,
I
naLm
1141,171
.
mara
'
mass
00
.
I mar
xa:11:
xaat
xassala
hassala
sida
si:la
gu:3.
?akul
?a:kul,.
ba:til
tl
be:d
be :t
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r
In this exercise we will take words and phrases from the dia.
4
logue and change-them according to the person-addressed. We will
use two male proper names: /Muhamet/ and /?ali/s and two female
proper names: /fa:tima/°and /hawwe/.- Substitue the words given
by your tnstru4or and make t
necessary changes in the following
key examples.
1.
salamaleik muhammet
?ali
hawwa
P.
muhammet,
fa:tima
muhamet wa fa:tima
?ali
muhammet wa
2.
ma?a sala:mak ?ali
fa:tima
muhammet
hawwa
fatima wa hawwa
?ali
3.
wa ?inta ke:fak?
Ated,ha:14
?inti
kedip
?intu
ke:f ha:lkum
?inter
?intik
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c-,
I.
be:t.
?inta
4
?intum
7')
?inta
?intum
5.
?ana kwayyis (fem. kwaysei
hur
?ali
C
hum,
fa:tima
?inta
2inti
?intum
4
fa:tima wa ?ali
D.
Repeat the dialogue,in this,lesson making the following
substitutions in speakers:
o
1.
A. ?ali
B. 'fa:tima
2.
A. hawwa
B.
1
muhammet
3.' A.s fa:tima
B. muhammet wa hawwa
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I
The Definite Article
A2,
I.
Dialogue:
Greetings
.
A.
taybi:n.
"Hello."
a.
cf
A.
B.
.F
taybium ftmare'
"Hello Omar."
salauMale:k.
ke:f jildak?
"How are You?"
P
hamdulillaih, wa ?inta?
'"Thank God; and you?" "
A.
hamdulilla:h, wa na:s be:tak?
"Thank God, and your family?",
P.'
kullum kwaysi*:11.
S.
"Thur.-are all fine."
ter'
A.
B.
sallimum ley.
"Greet them,for me."
?insal?alla:h.
"I will.----
I/.
Vodabulary:
?in'sa:?alla:h- I will.
0,
Literally.
jildals-Your skin, ymir body.
ke:f jildak-,How are you.,
ley- To me,. for me.
\
1
sallimulmr. Greet them,
0,
.
sallimuum ley- Give them my-greetings:
.
,
,_
-,--- ,,,
\
taybi:n- Hellos. ,Literally:- I hope'You are fine:
96
.
.
NN
4. '
A
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1
4
F
-7-
Grammar:
III.
Arabic consonants are classified as'"sun" and."Moon"
A..
consonants (see-Notes: P-S 7).
s, j;
The sun consonants are
d,
:
The rest: '/ 71.b, m, f, k, g, x, h, w,
1, anderp/.
and y/ are "moon" consonants.
The definite article / ?a1 -/ is prefixed to nouns and adjectives..
B,
When Mat/ is added ,to a word beginning with a "sun" consonant,
the%/1/Cisassimilated into a consonant identical to the one that
begins the word. e. t.
ry
?atte:r-
.F ?al
but
?alkelb.,
kelb
The definite,article)ley have different phonetic shapes
C.
"S...according to the' environment it is in.
For instance, when / ?al/
4
ti
occurs in the middle of an utterance, it mar lose the /1/ "hamza"
in normal .speechA.
e.
/?arrajul ?attawi:1/' may be heard as
6
/?Fralui attawi:1/.. When a vowel precedes it, the / ?al/ may be
heard as /1/. e. g. /Sane
"th
?alja :j/' is*heird as /bane lja:y/
coming year."
An adjective podifiing a definite noun, must take the
definite dfttae.
rIC
IV.
Exercises:
A. listen to ffte following words 'and phrases in the indefinite
(
form.
kespond by giving the definite form.
N.1
e. g.
.
teacher
kelp b
kelb kabi:r
.Studentrs-Response
?alkelb'
?alkelb alkabi:r
,
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t-8-
"trees"
"camel"
"big country"
"long day"
"meat"
sadar
jamal
balad kabi
yo:m twit
laham
na:r
te:r s
huma:r
small bird"
"donkey"
"valley"
vyar
wa: di
galb
Repeat the following phrase after your teacher, then
to the words given by the teacher in their proper place
substi
in 't
phrase.
?alkelb ?alkabi:r
huma:r
ba:til
samt:n
jamal
"donkey"
"thin"
"fat"
"camel"
"long, tall"
"pen pencil"
"man"
"good"
"big"
"ram"
"country"
"house"
"red"
?
"bird"
"small"
"white"
°I
taws :1
galakt,
rajul
same
kabi :r
balad
be:t
?ahmar
te:r
saxayyar
?abyet
C.
Repeat the dialogue in this lesson making the following
substitutions in speakers:
2.
A,
A. fa:tima
B. ?all.
2.
A. '?ahmet
,
B. haww.a.
3.
A. ?ali
%
B.;^ muhammet wa hawwa
98
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I
9
A
I.
3.
Gender
Dialogtie:
A.
Greetings`
sala:male:k.
saia:malerk.
A.
min fadlak ,?usmak ya:tu?.
"What is your name, pldase?"
?usmi yu:suf, ma?inta?
94y name is Joseph, and yours?"
?usmi muhammet.
"My name is Muhammad."
B.
?ana farha:n minnak.
"Glad to meet you."
A.
sukran. ',Ita?a'salasmak.
"Thankyou.
Good bye."
ma?a sala:mak.
"Good-bye."
'
II.. idcabulatry:
.
.
....
earha:n- Glad, happy (madbuline, singular) -
min From
of
.
(
.
....
min fadlalc-If you please (mas. sing, ).
generousity.
-
Literally : from your
minnak- From, of you (mas. sing.).
sukran- Thanks.
?usm-N. Name.
(-
?usmak- Your name (mas..., sing.).
?usmi- My name.
ya:tu- What.
i.
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4
III.
Grammar:
A.
Chad Arabic nouns belong to two gender classes: masculine
and femininl.
This distinction applies to both animate and in.
animate nouns, and hence it is not based on sex.,
)
B.
4
*
The masculine feminine distinction applies to adjectives
which modify animate nouns. e. g. /rajul seme/ "a good man", but
/marts 'semha/ "a good woman".
"It
C. Many adjectives have ,the same form for the masculine and
the feminine,
Examples of this class of adjectives are the words
denoting color.
?abyet
"white"
"black"
"red"
"blue"
"green"
"yellow"
?wad
?ahmar
?azrag
?axdar
?asfar,
D.
Another class of.adjectives forms the feminine by suffix,.
ing /ralor /-ha /' to the ifiasculine
orm. e. g.
masculine
kabia.
feminine
tawi:1
samirn
targa:n
?amya:n
saxayyar
"big"
"generous"
"long, tall"
"fat"
"deaf"
"blind"
"small"
gisayykr
"short"
kariG
seme
.
kabi:ra
karima
tawi:la
sami:na
targa:na
?amya:na.
saxajyara
or
saxayra
gisayyara
or
gisayra'
i
"good"
/
semha
Note that Some adjectiv s undergo certain changes. when the
feminine suffix is added to ahem.
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11
.IV.
Exercises:
Substitution drill: make the following substitutions and
A.
chAnge the gender of the adjectives as needed.
wled kabi:r
bneyya
saxayra
rajul
kari:m
mara
7017a
"girl"
kelb
"dog (mas.)
"man"
" wom an "
ba ;til
kelba
sami:na
kabig
"dog ,(fem. )
"ram"
?ahmar
xanama :y
"ewe"
?abyet
?amya:na
huwn
"horse"
tarsa:n
faras
"mare"
B.
Make the following
substitutions/and add or delete the
definite article to fit the word which is substituted in the pattern.
?al kelb alkabi:r
?al kelba
?al sami:na
xanama:y
?al
ba:til
faras
?al husarn
rajul
tawi:l
?al mara
?amya:na
?albneyya
wled
?al wled
?il tarsa:n
'kelb
?al rajul
tarsa:n
is
0
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-12-
0
In this exercise you will be asked to respond,by substitut-
C.
ing a giisn word in a pattern and making the necessary changes-in
the pattern.
I.
Listen to your teacher go through the exercise firSt.
min fadlak ?usmak ya;tt?.
min fdlik
%maim,
min fadlak
?usmik
min fadlakum
4
?1113111a1C
?na farhaqt minnak
farha:na
minnik,
ti
I.
,A
)
:..
hu:
6
C
minnina
?inta
?inti
faLtima
...-
?tea
°
,farha:n
4_
_
f
,
'
4
._
?ahmet
D.
.
t
minnak
mtnnum
r-\
'.
.
i
,,,r
.
4
,
Rep6at the dialogue in thig'lesson making the following
w
substitutions in the Speakers:
1.
2.
A.
fa::tima
B.
hawwa
A.
hawwa
?ahmet
' B.
3.
A.
I B.
yu:suf
fa:tima
4
O
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Number
A 4.:
-
I.
1
Dialogue : Greetings
A.
taybi:n ?abd11.a.
"Hello, Abdallah".
B.
taybi:n se ?i ;d.
"Hello-, Said.
faddal, ?ahlan via sahlan.
welcbrhe ."
sukran kati :r
A.
1
l'Thanks, a. l6t. "
,
tesreb sa :y walla *gahwa?
B.
"Uoiid you drink tea or cqffee?"
9
sa :y min- -fadlak.
A.
"Tee, please."
murr walla ?asal?
"Black or sweet?"
B.
.
?a sal min fadlak.
"Sweet, please."
13.
-41db :re -si,7e
?
"Would you like a ci garette?"
)A6-
A.1: ma :
"No ,
II.
riisrab sigre :t.
I don 't, smoke c igaretted."
Vocabulary:
?ahlan wa sahlan- Welcome, feel at.homg,
?asal- Sweet, honey.'
faddali-' Come in.
gahwa- Co. ffee
.
kati :r- alot, much,. many.
.
s'
r
0
ma :- Not.
murr- Bitter,
da :y- Tea.
,
.
Cigarette.
sigre
,
tasreb- You mes., si ng.') drink. /nisrab/- I 4rink.
,
41,
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t
L
-14-
.
.
sr.i.oke 'a cigarette.
tudo :arra.- You (ma s
si. ng. )/c`r,rant; like
I
.
walla- 'Or.:
III.
Granunar.:
A.
Nouns in Chad Arabic have three different forms
deperiding on whether they are Angular, dual or plural.
There_ are no simple rules to predict the plural forms of
nouns; and "h,e.nce., they wave to be learned.
The dual, referring to mum
13i,
suffixing /-e :n/ to 'the singular,
two, is formed by.
eminine nouns ending
in /'-:a./ form their dual by adding the suffix /te
Adjec-tives modifying plUral or dual nouns are plural
C.
,
Again, the ,plurals of adjectives have to be learn-
in form.
ed since there are no simple rules for predicting them.
to
Note that adjectives in Chad Arabic have no *dual form.
IV.
Exercise
Study
A.
re-Speech Ell, E12, and E13 at home,Vt.
Do: the following exercises in class.
Your teacher will give you the singular form
1.
of the following nouns.
Respond by giving the plural ;forms.
to :r
be :t
dalcar
galb
jamal
rajul
:m
.
wled
?um,
?abba
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'sai,rwafa
yarda
sadra :y
dukka:n
4
Give the dual 'forms of the following singular
2.
.nouhs.
to :r
be :t
/
:
?i : d
galb
wled
jamal
huma:r
bneyya
marra
yarda
I.
_
3.
aye
the plural forms of the following adjectives.
st
kabi:r'
tawia
sami:n
ba:til
tagi :1
c
B.
-
Substituti9n afill:
pay attention to the use
of the definite .article, the number, and the noun-adjective'
aveeme4t..
te:rkabi:r
?atte:r
lb ?atte:re:n
?alba:tili:n
juma:1
?aljamal
?assami:n
?arruja:1
rajule:n
(
tuwa :1
mara
?assami:na
xanama:y
?aikabi:ra
be:.teal
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-16-
Substitution drill.
C.
Sa:y min fadlak.
1.
V.
1.
min fadlik
gahwa
min fadl kum
sa:Y mur
mien fadl k
gahwa ?asal
min fadlak
gahwa Turr
JI
la: ma nisrab Sigre:t
2.
?ayye
gahwa
la:
nisrabA
tigrab
sa,:y
nisrab
?ayye
sigte:t
4.1
la:,
D.
Repeat thOdialogue in this lesson making the
following' changes in speakers.*
1.
2.
A.
B.
fa:tima
A.
B.
hasah
hawwa
A.
fa:timahawwa.
?all
4
3.
B.
06
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c.
Possessive Suffixes
A5.
I.
Dialogue : Directions
A.
Inin fadlak naS?alak su ?a :1 .
B.
ha :dlr.
"Please do (I am ready )" .
A.
B.
.
"Please, I would like to ask you a question."
.
ti
ta?arfa We-:-n ga : ?id ssafa :ra hana ?amri :k? .
"Do you know where the American, Embassy is?"
?ayye. ?imsi fi : ?-i :dak al ?isra :y, ba,?de :n fi :
,
?i :dal: azze :na.:y.
"Yes.
A.
.
Walk ito your left, then to your right."
we :n rain ?i :di azze
"Ibere about from my right ?"
ddirib. al ?awwal
:
"In the first 'street "-
\ I.
A.
sukran 1-c. ti :r.
Thank you very much."
13,,
ma fi :
ey ?,
"For 'nothing (Don 't mention it );"
Vo-calulary :
.
.
?arari :lc- America.
?aloftwal- First.
?ayyd- Yes.
.
. ,
.
*
ba ?de :n- Afterwards, then.
d'irib-t Street, road.
..
,
',8
'1,7--
Ii: -.In, on.,
ga : ?id- ,Literally : d:tting, situated?
ha :direr Literally; I am ready-tb help.
hana- Of . hana ?amri :k- Of
pea,, .Arnericft.
,
,
),
/
,
?i :d- !land
?J, :dak al %isra :y-,- To you? deft , Literally : you left
-
,
hand.
?i dal: azze :ha :y-1 To your fight. L'ite rally,: your
tri,ght hand.
?imsi- Walk, go
ma : fi- There is no --,-;
naS?al- Ask (I ). /nas ?alak/- Ask you.
safa :re,- Embassy.
sey?- ti thing, soirletshi-ng. /ma :fi : sey?/- Don it
mention it, Literally : there ins nothing.
ta?arfa- You know. Do you know? .
-
1
1
-\
we :n- Where.
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III., Grammar:
X
.
?
1.4
A.
,
The possession of nouns in Chad Arabic is done
.
4
.
h
.
.
.byqadding the following pronominal possessive suffixes:"
-i/ -yi
-ak
"yo
-ki. /-ik
-a
.
"her"
-ha /-a
-na
-kum
-hum /-um
hinna(
B.
(masculine) "'
(feininine)"
'Jour".
"your"
"their (rrisculine).
"their (feminine).
The suffix /-yi/ occurs when 'the possessed. noun
The other suffixes which have two forms'
ends' in a.vowel.
are difficult to predict since they -very with different
sPeakers.. Learn to.recognizeipoth forms.
C.
-,
47.
An adjctive modifying a possessed noun, takes the
definite article.
Possessed noun's, however, never take the
ddfinite article.
They are dePinite by virtue 9f being
possessed.
IT':
Exercises:
A.
Repeat after your. Vstructor.
kelb
kita:b
kita:bi,
kita:bak
a
kitabik
kelbak
kelbilc
kelba'
kelbha
kelbna',-
kita:ba
.
kita :bna
kelbkum
kelbum
kelbhinna
kita:bkum
kita:bum
kita:bhinna
4-
r
108
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V
41.
-196
3
B..' Substitution drill.
?aljamal alkbi
s
alba :tit'
jam'alak,1
jamaLa
4
as sami n'
jamalna,
jamal kum
j amal
L'ar"
um'
41.
ralkabi,:r
?i :di a
az ze :na
:dak
?i :dik
?i da
:dha
al?isra:y
?i .:dna
?i :dkum
?i ;glum
?i
C.
4,"
,8uh%stitution drills.
1.
?id ssafa :ra hana ?amri :k ?
ta ?arfa 14e :n
.1
ssafa :ra hana tsa :d
hana, faransa
to 6rfi
Tut" :1 du park
leko :1
to ?arfu
ssafa :ra hana
:k )
ta?arfa
2.
fi.ddirib al?awal
be;'
to :ni
)
?aww-al
dukka :n
to :lit
dirib
?awal
ee*,
:
:u:1
Pgi
t :n
109-
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q
-20-,
*
D.
:
Repeat the dialogue in this lesson making the
following changes in sneakers.
1.
A.
B.
?umar
hawwa
1
2.
3.
B.
hawwa
fa:tima
A.
fa:tima
B.
?ahmet
A.
I
4.0
O
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to
1
1
1.21-
The Construct phrase
A.6.
I.
Dialopue: Diredtions
A.
tin fadlak ta?arfa we :n gaPt.d al mu:ze':?'
"Please, do you know where the m eum
B.
wa fi: ?i :dak,
?amsi ?adi:1 gidda'
azze:na:y.
your right."
Walk straight Ahead and then
"Yes.
A.
fe:n? fi: ddirib da: walla?
"Where? i';In this street?"
D
?ayye.
B. .1a:, ?almu:ze: ga:?id fi: ddirib atfta:ni.
"1,o, the museumis on.the second street."
A.
sukran ya: seyyid.
"Thankyou, sir."
B.
ma: fi: sey?
2
"Dontt mention it.'t
A..' ma
13.
Cu,
"a sala :mak.
ma 'ea sala
Vocabulary:
'
?adi:1- Straight.
da:--This.
fe:n- Where.' Same as /we:n/.
gidda:mak- In front of you.
?adi :1 giddamak- Straight ahead.
mu:ze:- Huseum.
seyyid -, Sir, Tentleman,
ta:ni- Second.
ya- Voca'tive particle hich recedes the name or
title of the perso adoressed,
4atilar:
A.' The construct phrase represents a possessive re,
lationship between two nouns.
The first noun in the phrase
4-
is indefinite Ili ile the second is definite. c.
e. g. kita: albneyya.7
11[
The book of the girl."
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-22-
B.
-2_
The second noun in a construct phrase can be a
posSessed noun; in which case the definite article is
not prefixed to it.
e. g).4kita:b binti
4
"Liy daughter's book.".
Exercises:
A.
Substitution drill:
kita:b alwled
galam
albneyya
arrajul
be :t
?axu:y.
?uxti
alwled
al xanama:y
su:f
'B.
Make ,a construct nhrEse out of each oP-4he ollo-
in; pairs of words.
kita:bhusa:n
kursi
ral4v
ba :b
ba :b
be :t
?axu:y
b:tum.
mara
?i:d
?i:d
Anartak
kelb
ra : s
kelbkum
ra:s
alb
?uxti
C. ,Substitue-the following words in their rinht posit ion's in the sentence:
'almu:ze:
?ayye
?alute:1 ,
;F`: ?id fi: ddirib atta:ni.
10
r
?assafa:ra
leko:1
al?awwal
la:
-?assafa:ra haria ?amri :k
atta:ni
?almu:ze
atta :lit
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11 2,
o
Repeat the dialogue making the' following changes
D.
in sneakers.
B.
yu:suf
maryam
2.
A.
B.
hawwa
?abdalla
3.
A.
B.
hawwa
maryam
1.. A.
1(3
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/
Present Tense of "to be" Sentences
A7.
I.
Dialogue:
Directions
A.
ndofra n s?alak su?a:l.
"I would like to ask, you a qUestion."
B.
hadir
A.
ta?arf
"Do yo
B.
?ayye
resto:ra:n alkabi:r da: gidda:m hana
mu:ze .
"Yes, thiS big restaurant in front of the.
muse
A.
wa
4
restorra:n seme gari:b min ine? Nknowa good restaurant cl e to here?"
min hine walla?
Is the museum far ,from here?"
4.
b?i:d larkin ma: b?i:d kati:r.
it is far, but riot very far."
B.
la
A.
gukran. ma?a sala:mak.
B.
ma?a sala:mak.
-
II.
Vocabulark:.
b?i:d- Far.
gari:b- Near
hana- Of
hine- Here
la:kin- But
ndo:ra- I want, I would like.
resto:ra:n- Restaurant
semeGood, nice.
-III.' Grammar
A.
in Arabic.
The presenttense of the verb "to be" is not expressed
"TO be" sentences in the present are formed
out
of a definite noun followed by an indefinite noun or adjective.
The definite nounNin a "to be " sentence cantbe
noun plus the definite article, a noun plug a possessive suffix,
or a construct phrase.
114
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is
-25-
C.
So far we have covered three diTferentConstructions
which are easy to confuse:
.
1)
nouns plus adjectives
2) the construct phrase
3)
present tense of "to be" sentences.
Following are distinctive grammatical features which distinguish
these three types Of constructions.
1)
In anoun phrase where' an adjective modifies a noun)
both should be either definite or Indefinite. e. g.
kelb kabi:r
?alkelb alkabi:r
2)
In a construct phrase where two nouns have
relationship.
at possessive
The first houn (which is possessed) must be
indefinite while-the second (which is the possessor) must be
definite: e. g.
kita:b alwled
kita:b ?axu:y
3)
In a "to be" sentence, the first noun which ,is the
ssubject muptobe'4 definite.
The complement cannot Stake the
definite article, but it can be a possessed noun or aconstruct phraser.e. g.
?alkita:b kabi:r
?alkita:b kita:bi
it
kita:bi ?ahmar
?axu:y ?abu :ha
-
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IV.
Exercises?
A..
a,
a
Substitue the folloking words in the subject position.
talkita:b kabi:r ati:r
'kita:b ?axu4y.
?rrajul
?abu ha
?ajjamai
_jamalum
jamalyabu:na
hu:
?abu:
?alhuma:r
B.
Substitute the following\words in the complement
position.,
?rrajul kabi:r
h?i:d kati:r
wled xa:ii
kari:m
?abu:hum
-?axu:k
xa:lak
?abu fa:tima
kari:m
battil
mu ?allim
C.
Substitution drill.
ta?arfa resto:ra:n gari:b min hine?
ta?arfi
ksinema
b?i:d
ma: b?i:d
ta?arfu
?ute :1
gari:b
ta?arfa
mu :ze:
resto:ra:n
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...
D.
Itepeat the dialogue making the following changes
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-28r,
,
Personal Pronouns
A8:
pialgoue: Directiols
I.
A.
saba:h ale :r ya:.seyyid.
"Good morning, Sir."
B.
saba:h alxe:r.
"Good morning.
nagdar na ?a:wriak walla
Can I help you?"
A. min fadlak wen
pOst?
"Where is the poet office, please?"
B.
ta?arfa we:n.ga:?id alute:Wde park?
"Do Youknow Where The Hotel de Park is?"
A.
la: ma: na?arfala:kin na?arfa gria:,nt ?ute:l.
uNo'l don't, but I know where GrantAptel is."_
B.
ba?d gramt ?ute:l Timsi ft ?i:dak azse:na:y wa
ba?de:n kanjir fi: ddirib al?awwal.
"After Grant Hotel go to your right then turn on
a
,
,
the, first,
street."
A.
hassa fihimta.- sukran.
"Now I ,understbod. Thanks?
B.
ma: fi: sey% ma?a sala:mak
A.
ma?a sala:ma:k.
e
4
II.
Vocabulary:
ba?d- After.
ba?de:n- Afterwards; then.
fihimta- I understood.
Kassa- Now.
kanjir- Turri
na?trwin- I help.
na?arwnak- I help you
nagdar:. I can.
post- Post office.
saba:h- Morning
saba:h alxe:r- Good morning.
p
),
:11
.
4terally: morning of goodness.
.118'
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dir
,
I
-29-
III.
Grammar:
A
A.
4
Independentapersonil pronouns are used as subjects
of sentences,. They have to be expressed when the sentence
However, they may be omitted when
is S "to be" sentence.
the sentence his a_yeri-J which carries the subject marker.
B.
Following are the indepen dent forms of the-personal
(:>
pronouns:
"I"
?ana
?irta /,;?inte
?inti
hut
hi:
?ani ma
?intu
human.
hinna
You (masculine)"
"You, ( feminine )"
"He"
"She"
Ven
"You" ,
"They (masculine)"
"They (feminine)"
J
1W.
Exercises:
A.
Shbstitute the following-pronouns in the subjedt,...
poSitio
.
'Change the adjective to fit the number and
gender' of the subject: Acariall, karimal karimi:n/,
arrajul kart :m
?ana
?ihta.
?inti
hut
.4E
?ani:ns
?intu
human'.
hinna
B.
Substitution drill:
make the necessary changes
to fit the number and gender of the subject.
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-.30-
'?anat.kari :m
ta
rajul kari:m
kari:m kati:r
hi:
hu:
human
sumam
'kt
hinna
kubar kati:r
?ani:na
ruja:1 kuba:r
human '.
?intu
.11
hut
es,
?inta.
?ana
xa:lak
hu:
hi:
?ummak
?ana
C.
Substitution.. drill:.
1.
nagdar na?a:7,:rnak wa11'a , ?
na?a:wnik
nudo:ra
xalli:ni
nagdar
na?a:winkum
na?avinum
na?a:wna
na?a:wina
nudo:ra
na?a:winkbm
na?amnik
nagdar
na?a:wnak
2.
la:-ma:-na?arfa, la:kin na?arfa,gr\a:nt ?ute:11
post
nisi:fa
/
niri:da.
mu:ze:
?ute:1 du park
na?arfa
safa:ra hana.?amri:k
ndo:ra
grant ?ute:1
na?arfa
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c
D.. Repeat the dialogue making the following changes
ins speakers.
1.
2.
3.
B.
maryam
yu:suf
A.
B.
11.6wa
A.
B.
hawwa
maryam
A.
?dhmad,
-
AO.
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-32-
A9. Negation and Interrogation of "to be" Sentences
I I.
Dialogte: New ArriAl \
A.
13,
.
ke:f min jildakZ
"How are you?"
kw'dyyis,
Tam fne, thank Godw"
A. min we:n ja:y?'
Vhere do you come from?"
B.
ja:y min ?amri:k.
"I come from Ametica."
A.
'tikallim kala:m ?arab seine.
"You speak good Arabic:"
B.
sukran kati:r.
"Thank you very much."
A.
warn ?allamt kala:m ?arab?
"Where did you learn Arabic?"
B.
?allamt kala:m ?arab fi: ?amri:k.
"I learned Arabic in America.,"
Vocabulary:
II.
?allamt- I learned, I tatight.
?arab- Arab, Arabs.
ja:y-'Coming (singular).
ja:yi:n- Coming (plural).
jildi kwayyis- I am fine.
kala:m- Speech
kala:m'?araly- Arab speech, Arabic.,
How are you? (same. as /ke:f jildak /.)
ke:f
min we:n ja:y- Where do'you come from? Literally:
From where are you coming.
tikallim- Speak.
.
Gramyr:
III.
A.
"To be" sentences form their negative
adding
the negative particle /ma:/ "not" between the verb phrase
and the noun,phraae which contains the subject: e. g.
?ana ma: kabi:r
?arrajul alkabi:r ma: kari:m
I
"I am not big."
"Thal:pig man is not generous."
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122,
-3,r
B.
"To be" sentences form their "interrogative' by
---,-
adding the interrogative particle Milo./ "or" at the
end of 'the sentence.
e. g.
hu: kabi:r walla?
C.
"Is he big?"
"To be" sentences can combine negation and interrogation
by adding /ffia:/ and Aralla/ in their proper places as
described above. e. g.
Al
hu: ma: kabi:r walla?
IV.
"Isn't he big?"'
Exercises:41i
e-
A.
.
Your teacher will say the following sentenc46.
Respond by giving their negative forms.
.
?ana rajul kabi:r.
hu: ?abu:k walla?
?al mara di: ?ummak.
human kari:mi:n.
?inta ja:y walla?
?ana ja:y min ?amritk.
?arruja :l ja:y1:n min tsa:d.
?alwled da: ?axu:ki.
da: ?abu:hum walla?
martak sami:na walla?
B. Give the interrogative formsof the following
sentences:
- PR
?arrajul da: ?abu:ha.
hu: !pa: lekorl.
kita:b'?axu:ha
?ana ja:y min -?amri:k.
?al?ute:1 ma: gt?id Nine.
jildak kwayyis.
humin ma: jayi:n.
hinna ma: ba:tili:n.
?ummum xa:lti.
ja:yi:n min faransa.
human
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,
-34we
C.
Substitution drills.,
1.
?ana ja:y min ?amri:k.-
min faransa
?inta
?abu:k
?uxti
hu:
hi:
tsa:d
?ani :na
hinna
?arruja:1
2.
N
tikallim kala :m ?arab seme.
kalarm faranset
kwayyis
nikallim
kalarm ingli:z
swiyya
yikallim
seme
'
kalarm ?arab
tikallimu
tikallim
'3.
?allamt kala:m ?arab fi:
#
faransa
kalalm faranse:
?allamna
Za lamta
?ak.lamti r
kal :m-ingli:z
fi ?anglite:r
.
?Alma s
?allamat
?allamu
D.
°
Repeat the dialogue making the following substitutions
in speakers.
C,t
1.
A.
B.
fa:tima
?ahmad wa'hawwa.
2.
A.
B.
hawwa
A.
B.
maryam
fa:tima
3.
?ali
l2
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35
Past Tense of "eolbe" Sentences
A10.
Dialogue-:
I.
A
Nell Arrival
sala :male rk.
B. -salannale:k.
A.. ?inta min wean min ?amrik?
"Where are you from in America?"
?ana min New York.
"I am from New York."
B.
kike:f ji:t Nine?
."How aid you come here?"
A.
ji:t bittayya :ra.
B.
O
"I came by plane."
A. ,tawwalt fir t*Sa:d wal1.a?
"Have you been in Chad for long?"
la:, sahir
"No, for one month."
B.
yocabulary:,
II.
bi- By, in. (same as Afir/).
ji:t- Came.
kike:f- How, (same as /ke:f /').
sahir-
month.
tawwalt- Stayed for a long time.
.
tayyerra- Plane. ,-"N\
warhid:. One.
III.
Grammar:
A.
The past tense of "to be" is exPressedby using
one of two words:
Azama:n/
or /ka:n /. While
/izarnam,
is not infleCted, Asmichanges according to the subject
.(see Notes P-S
e: g.
/25.
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'?abu:y zama:n sami:n
"My father was;fat."
hu: ka:n fi: leko:1
"He was in school."
B.,
The past notion is sometimes ekpiessed byjusing
an expression or time which iefers to the past, e, g.
sanalfa:t
?ana fi: lekorl
"Last year I was
a studentl"
I
IV.
Exercises
A.
Substitution drill:
hu: ka:n fi: leko :l.
?ana kunt
albe:t
?anta kunt
?anti kunti
al?ute:1
hi: ka:nat,
?ani:na kunna
leko:l
?intu kuntu
human ka :nu
B.
Substitute.the following words where they fit
in the sentence.
?ana zama :n fi:
kunt
?ants
fi: tda:d
sanalfa:t
?anti
subu: airs-rt.
?amis
zama:n
?awwal ?amis
?ana
,
C.
40'
Substitution drills:
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37
?inta min we:n min ?amritk?
1.
?inti
tsa :d'
?ana
MIrs
hi
nige :r
?ani :na
?intu
?anritk
human
?ana jirt bittayyara.
2.
?inta jilt
?inti ji ;ti
but jat
biwati :r
hi: jart
?anima jitna
bilmarkaba
?intum jirtu
biljaward
huinan jot
3.
tawwalt fir tsa:d walla?
,
D.
tawalti
tawwalat
tawwal
fi: misr
tawwalna
fi: suda:n
tawwaltu
fi: tsa:d
tawwalt
0,
Repeat the dialogue making the following-
changes in speakerst
1.
2:
A.
B.
maryam
A.
B.
fa:tima `
?ahmad
A.
?ali
B.
hawwa.
?ayse
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f
38..
4,
Prepositions
I.
Dialogue: New Arrival'
A.. min mata ?inta ga:?id hine?
,
"Since when are you here?"'
B.
A.
min subur tala:ta.
"Since three weeks."
?inta min ?amri:k walla?
"Are. you from America ?"
B.
?ayye, ?ana min California.
"Yes, I am from California."
A.
kike:f safar hana:k
"How was your trip."
B.
pafari kwayyis xala:s.
"My trip was very good."
A.
?ablan wa sahlan;
"You are welcome."
B.
su
a
Vocabulary:
I
hana:k- Your, of you.
mata- When
min- Since, from.
min mata- Since when.
safar- Trip, travel.
subu:- Week.
tala:ta- Three
xala:s- Well, very.
kwayyis xala:s- Very good.
,
Grammar:
III.
A.
Prepositions are used with definite'And'
indefinte nouns to express location, direction
1'2 8
L
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Following are the most common. preposition.
or possession.
in Chad Arabic.
ba?d- After
bi-. By, in.
fit- In, at,.
fo:g- Above, upon.
gabil- Before
\.
gidda:m- In front of.,
hang- Of.
?ind- At.
jamb- Beside..
le:- To, for.
ma?a- With.
0
min- From, since,
tihit- Under.
?asut- Inside, in the middle of.
ware- Behind.
B.
The English glosses given above cover'only certain
areas of meaning which
the Arabic prepositions have.
In most languages, prepositions are used idiomatically
and hence, cannot be translated literally or out of context.
)/
:
IV. Exercises:
A.
Repel)? after your teacher.
t
ba?d leko:1
,
bittayys4ra
"by plane"
biljawa:d
"on horseback"
1 21)
..-
e"'
"after school"
.
v
4.,
.
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4'
"in the houSe"
fi: lbe:t
/VP
B.
fi: tta:bl
"on the table"
fo:g lbe:t
"above the house"
gabil al?akul
"before eating"
gidda:m pute:1
"in front of the.hotel"
hana ?axt:lak
"your sister's"
jamb alkursi
"beside the chair"
le: ssafavva
"to the' embassy"
ma?a ?abutk
"with your father"
?usut ddirib
"in the middle of the street"
wara lmurzel
"behind the museum"
Substitution drills:
1.
?ana ga:?id pine min subur talata.
xamsa
tine :n
?inta
hu
sahir
?asara
wa:hid
?anima ga:?idi:n
sana
sitte
human
?arbor
sab?a
hinna
?ayya:m
?intu
subu:
tamanya
?ana ga:?id
tis?a
2.
p
I
?inta min ?mnrirk walla?
i 4:3
d
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?ana
?inti
tga:d
hu:
nige :r
hi
?ani:na
masr
?intu
faransa
human
suda:n
hinna
?axu:kum
?amri:k
fa:tima
?ana
?ahmet
human
4
martak
D.
Repeat the dialogue making the following changes
in speakers.
1.
A.
B.
2.
A.
fa:tima wa ?ali
?ahmet
A
B.
hawwa
maryam
A.
B.
yu:suf
?ali wa hawwa
/
3.
Cr
f
13 i
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<
Prepositions plus possessive Suffixes
Al2.
a
Dialogue:" The Family.
I.
A.
?inte 4:ndak mara walla?
"Do you have rUTfe?" 4r 1J.
B.
:Wye, ?indi mara.
"Yes, I have a wife. "_
A.
min mata ?axadt mara?
"Whin did yo4 get married?"
B.
?axadt mara gari:b ?asra sana.
"I got married about ten years ago."
A.
?indak ?iya :l walla?
"Do you have kids?"
,1
B.
4
?ayye, ?indi ?iya:1 xamsa.
"Yes, I have five kids."
?awla:d walla bana:t?
°Boys or girls?"
B.
?awla:d tine:n wa bana:t tala:ta.
"Two boys and three girls."
A.
sallimum ley.
"Give them my greetings."
sukran.
"Thanks."
Vocabulary:
II.
?ara fi?asara- Ten.
?awi:n-, Women, Wives.-
?awla:d- Boys. (plural of Med, walad/).
?axadt- I took, I married.
?axadt mara- I married, T took a wife.
?axadt rajul- I married, I took a husband.
bana:t-Girls, daughters. (plural of- /hint, bneyya/).gari:b...About, clOse to.
?iya:1- Kids, Children.
,
rajuli.. Man, husband.
.
rajua:1- Men, husbands.
sana- Year.
tine:n- Two.
xamsa. Five.
i3'
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III.
Grammar:.
Bes(des being'used with nouns, prepositions-are also
o
used with possessive suffixes- When this is the case,
very often the shape of the preposition as well as the
suffix is chaAged.
Some of the most common prepositions
have been lilted in NS 24.
IV.
Exercises:
A.
Substitution drills::
1.' ?ana ma?a:y kita:b.
?inta ma?ak
anti ma: ma?a:ki
hu: ma?ahu
hi: ma?ahi.
walla
?anima ma?a:na
?intum ma?akum
human ma: ma?a:hum
hinna ma?a:hum
?ana mali
hu: ma: ma?ahu
?allcursi Jambi.
2.
jambak
ma: Jambi
jambak walla
jambik
ma: jamba
jambina
jambakum walla
jamb atta:bl
jambah
ma: jambahum
11.
?al?ute:l gari:b minnak.
3.
N
minni
minnijc walla
b?i:d
minhu
minha walla
b?i:d minhi
,
)133
,,..
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gari:b minnina
minnukum
'
m.tnnum walla
minhinna
Your teacher will "give you two words:
B
and a
pmcatar
as attached
(or ..noun).
Respond by giving the preposition
o the right suffix.
cher
m n
ma?a
tr
a preposition
e. g.
4
?anina
Student
minni
ta?ana
4
?ana
_?inta
le:
f
n
-burlap
in
e:
fo:g
ma?a
fo:g
tihit
fo:g
tihit
?usut
lamb
?usut
C.
?ahmet
?ahmet.wa ?ali
?ani:na
hu
?inta
fa:tima
yy:suf
human .
?inti
?ana
?ahmet
hu:
SubitAution drills
1.
?inte ?inda
-
mara,walla?
?ana ?indi
?inti ?indiki
hu: ?axador
human
I
hinne
ma ?axadna
?inte ?axadt
hu: ?inda
2.
?ayye, ?indi ?iya:1 xamsa: '
la: ma:
?awi:n
sitte
?ayye
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-450
bana:t
?awla:d
C
?a.aara
?indak
tine:n
?indi
D.
Repeat the dialogue making the following changes
in speakers.
1.
2.
3.
A.
B.
hawwa
'?ali
A.
?ali
13.
fa:tima
A.
B.
maryam
hawwa
-1111.
r
a
I 9
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s,
I
=46
.
Demonstrative Pronouns
A13.
I; ,Dialope.: The Fanny
A.
?inta ?axadt walla lissa?
"Are you married, or not yet?"
B.
la: lissa ma: ?axadt. wa ?inta?
"No I am not married yet. And you?"
0
?ana'?axadt min sAte sana.
"I have been married for six years."
A.
?iya :l kam ?indak?
B.
"How many kids do you have?"
?indi walad
A.'
wa:ht wa bneyya wa:hid.
"I have one 'boy and' one girl."
kam sana ?indum?
B.
!'How old are they?"
?alwled ?inda ?arba sana wa lbneyya ?inda sanate:n.
"They boy is four years old, and the girl is two
years old,"
A.
?usmumya:tu?
B.
"What ar<their names ?"
?alwled ?usma?ahmet wa lbneyya ?usma fa:tima.
"The boy's name is Ahmad and the girl's iw.Fatima."
A.
II.
'
Vocabulary:
?arba- Four.
da- This (masculine).
da:k- That (masculine).
de:1- These (feminine).
de:la:k- Those (feminine
di:- This (feminine).
di:k- That (feminine).
do:1- These (masculine).
do:la:k- Those (feminine).
lissa- Yet, so far.
kam- How much, how 'many.
kam sana ?indak- How old are you? Li terally: How many
.
years do you have?
sitt e Six.
.
6c
6
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Aft
Grammar:.
III.
A.
Demonstrative pronouns in Chad Arabic are distinguished
according to number,(singular,or plural) and gender (masculine
or feminine). nee vocabulary for a list of demonstrative
pronouns.
.
B.
The demonstrative pronouns fun&U.o4 as adjectives
when they follow a noun.
e. g.
?alwled da kabi:r.
However, unlike other adjectives, they do not take the
definite article.
<
IV.
Exercises:
A.
Complete the following sentences by adding the
11.
proper demonstrative pronoun as subject.
1.
ti
Demonstrative pronouns corrispoliding tots
or these.
da
rajul kari:m
markkari:ma
?awi:n kari:mi:n
ruja:l kartmi:n
bneyya kabi:ra
bneyya saxayrd:
wled kabi:r
?awla:d kubano
bana:t saxayyari:n
led saxayyar
bana:t kuba:r
N-
.2.
Demonstrative pronous corresponding to that
or those.
da:k
jawa:d ?ahmar.
faras ?ahmar
1) /
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-48-
kita00 ?abyet
kutu:b bird
?awi n suma:n
mara sami:na
bneyya bA:tila
rajul ba:til
ruja:l kuba:r
bana:t kuba :r
?awla :d saxayyari:n
B.
Substitute the following demonstrative adjectives
and change the subject and the compline t to fit in number
(Change "rajul/to
and gender.
tofit ;le gender).
,4
4
?arrajul da: kabitr
di:
de:1
do :1
da:
dark
dirk
de:1'
do:la:k
de:la:k
di:
de :1
da:k
do:l
di:k
6
C.
Substitution drills: Ngtethat when a noun precedes
/kam/ it is plural, and when it follows it is singular.
1.
?iya:1 kam ?indak?.
bana:t
kila:b
:.kutub
?awi:n
?awla:d
?indik
ruja:1
buyu:t
rijle:n
'13
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-49-
2. km sana ?indum?
yo :m
?indak
sahir
subu:
sa:Za
?indik
sana
kita:b
'inda
riya:1
e
D.
Repeat the dialogue using the following as speakers:
1'
1.
A.
B.
sa:lah
?a:se
2.
A.
B.
hali:ma
hawwa
3.
A.
B.
maryam
jami:1
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-50-
A14.
I.
Interrogative Pronouns
Dialogue:
t.
The Family
A.
keLf ha:lak?
B.
hamdulilla:.h.
de:f martak wa ?iya:lak?
"Thank God, How are your wife and kids?"
A.
kwaysi:n,
B.
wledak yamgi leko:l wplla?
"Does you kid go to school?"
A.
?ayye, hu: gara tala:ta sana fi: leko:l.
"Yes, he has been in school for three- years."
B.
bineyti ma: tamsi fi: leko:l.
- "My daughter does not go to school..."
A.
ma:la?
" -thy not?"
B.
II.
hi: lissa bneyya saxayra.
"She is still- a young girl."
Vocabulary:
gara- He reads.
leko:t- School .3
ma:la- Why not?
saxayra- Young (feminine).
tamsi- Walk (she).
yamsi- Walk (he).
yam 4i 1eko:1- Go to school..
Grammar:
The fro/loying-interrogative pronouns are used to
ask questions for which a yes or no .answer cannot be
given.
sunu
"what"
ya:tu
"who, whom,Iwnat"
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-51-
we:n
"where
mata
"when"
we:nu
we:n
ke:f V kike:f
"which"
"how"
Exercises:
A.
Substitution drills:'
1.
?usmak yatu?
we:n
?abu:k
we:nu
?usmu
sunu
ya:tu
?usmik
we:n
sunu
?usma
2.
mata mage:t
we:n
maga
sa: far
ke:f
safarti
kike:f
mata
mabe:ti
maa.
ke:f
B.
Ask questions to which the following sentences
are answers.
?usmi ?ahmet.
ji:t bittayyara.
?usmi fa:tima.
ji:t bilmarkaba.
?usfiim se?i:d wa hawwa.
?usmi fi: alba:b.
?axadt gari:b xamsa sana.
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-52-1.
?abu:k fi: tsp,:d.
i=
, ,
,
?allamt kalalm ?arab fiaskA
--.
?allamt kala:m ?arab min\s'Itt,g'41.6?_',C.
Substitution drills:\
1.
4;,
ke:f martak wa?iya:lak?
we:n
?ummak
wa?abu:k
wabana:ta:k
?ubu:k
wa?awla:dak,
it*
?abu.:ki
rajulki
wa?iya:lik
ke:f
2.
hu: gara tala:ta sana fi:
hi: garat
hum garu
sitte
hum masu
hu: masa
?amri:k,
?ana mast
?ana gare:t
tis?a
ri: leko:l
D.
Repeat the dialogue making the following,
changes.in speakers.
1.
2.
3.
A.
B.
ra:kya
hali:ma
A.
jami:l
B.
.fa:tima
A.
B.
ha.Wwa
o
mu:sa
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S
-53-
The Relative-Pronoun
A15.
I.
Dialogue:
The Family
A.
ke:f na:s be:tak?
B.
hamdulilla:h, kwaysi:n.
A.
min tzama:n ma: siftak:
"I have not seen you for a long time."
B.
ga?adta,fi: ?oro:p sanate:n.
"I was in Europe for two years."
A.
ke:f ?axwa:nak wa ?axwa:tak?
"How are your brothers and sisters?"
B.
kullum kwaysi:n. wa ?inta ke:f ?abu:k wa
?ummak?
"They are all fine. And you, how are your
father and mother?"
A.
?abu:y sa:far le faransa.
"My fathei went to France."
B.
?ana ?axu:y yagra fi:-faransa.
"My brother studies in Frdhce."
A. ,sunu ga:?idagra?
"What is he studying?"
B.
II.
hu: yagra leyabga dakto:r.
"He is studying to become a doctor."
Vocabulary:
?axwa:n- Brothers.
?axwa:t- '&isters.
dakto:r - Doctor.
Plural of//?axu/.
Plural of ?axt?.
ga?adta- I stayed.
Progressive particle.
ga:?id- Staying.
le- In order to
min Ikama:n- For a long time.
,?oro:p- Europe.
siftak- I saw
yabga- Become.
long time.
zama:n.
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\".
-54-
Grammar:
III.
There is only one relative-.pronoun in Chad
Arabic corresponding. to the Bn lish.Who,' whom, that
ind which.
The relative, pronoun is /?al/ aid is
-'9ed rith adjectives, nouns and verbs regardless
of'number and gender.
Note that both.the' relative
pronoun and the definite article have the- same form.
'IV.
Exercises:
A.
.t
Make relative clauses out of the following
pairs of words:
wled
bneyya
mara
rajul
huma:r
kursi
dakto:r
bana:t
ruja:l
wled
B.-
axu:y
?axti
?ummak'
ja:
?abyet
?ahmar
ma6a
jo: 0
masu
tawi:1
Substitution. drills:
1.
min zama:n ma: siftak.
-'sanate:11
Aiftik
6ifitkum
sahir
9ifna:k
sahre:n
/.
_aifna:ki
zama:n
-difna:kum
tala:ta sana
2.
ke:f ?axwa:nak wa ?axwa:tak?
1
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?axu:k wa'?axtak
k
?axwa:nik wa ?axw:tik
?abu:k wa ?ummak
?abu:ki wa ?ummik
imartak wa ?iya:lak
rajulik wa ?iya:lik
?axwa:nkui wa ?axwa:tkum
?awi:nkum wa ?iya:lkum
?iya:lkum wa ruja:lkum
xa:lak wa xa:ltak
xa:lik wa xa:ltik
-?axwa:lak wa xa:la:tak
?abbahatkum wa ?ummaha:tkum
)
771717:dak wa bana:tak
?awla:dik wa bana:tik
C. Repeat the dialogue making the following
changes 'in speakers:
1.
A.
B.
jibri:n
ra:kya
2.
A.
hali:ma
mu:sa
4
maryam
B.e mu:sa wa
A.
o
°
0
a
OP
,
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Possessive Construction: /hana,
A16.
Dialogue:
I.
The Family
a
A.
xallini na?arrifak le ?axu:y jami:l.
"Let me introduce to my brother Jamil."
B.
e:sala:male:k seyyid ,jami:l. ?usmi ?abbakar.
"Helli, Jamil. My name is Abbakar.d
A.
.
A.
°B.
?ana farha:n siftak.
"I am glad to see you."
sukran kati4r.
"Thanks a lot."
tudo:rp tSi:f da:rna?
"Would you like to see our house?"
?ayye.
A.
ta?a:1 faddal.
"Please come."
B.
?indak best kwayyis waCjinena semha.
"You have a nice house and,a beautiftl
garden."
e
.
A.
II.
sukran.
Vocabulary:
da:rTaTria:11 Sifta4- Glad to see you
jine:na- Garden.
ni?arrif- I introduce.
ta?a:1- Come (mas. sing.)
ta?a:li- Come (fem. sing.)
ta?alu- Come (plural)
ta?a:1 faddaf- Please come, come in.
Let me.
xallina- Let us.
'Or
Grammar:
III.
A.
One way of showing.possession in ChadArabic
A
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-57-
is the use of the prepodition /01Eina/ "of" preceding
the noun which isthe,possesor.
t. g..
ot.
"My brother's book"
?alita:b hana ?axu:y
4$
The pr4osition /hiana/ Cis be used with
.
posbes6ive suffixes resulting in the, follo ing forms:
hana:y
"yours (mas)"
hana:k
hana:ki
("yours (fem)"
,
hana:w / hana:hu
.
IV.
"his"
.
hana:hi
"here
hana:na
"ours"
hana:h.uni
"yours"
hana:hum (an)
"theirs"
4
Exercises:
.A.
rut ihe following pairs of words ih a possessive'
relationship using'/hana/.
The first word must be
'Po'ssessed and the second a possessor:
kita:b
jawa:d
dawwa:fa
kursi
'?i:d
ra:s
4
dukka:n
safara
be:t
B.
?awla:d
rajul
mara
bana:t
?abu:y
ta:jir
tsa:d
?axu:ki
Substitution drill:
?albe:t.da: hana:y
hana:k
kita:b
hana:ki
hana:y
hana:v
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a
?ute:1
hana:k
hana:hu
hana:hi
marku:b
hana:na
hana:w
hana:hi
a
a
kutub coo :1
hana:kum
hana:na
hana:hum
buyu:t
hana:huthan
)
,
hana:kum
C.
r
Substitution
1.
tudo:ra tsi:f da:rna?°
tudo:ra tSi:fi
tudo:ru tsi:fu
dari
7054ra tsi:f
da:
a
u o:td. tgi:fi
be:ti
tudo:ru tsi:fu
tudoLra tsi:f
2.
?indak beet seme
kwayyis
jine:na kwayyse
semha
?indi
/indik
da:r semeh
WiEgyiS
?indak
?ihdakum
buyu:'t'kwaysi:n
?indum
?indik
?indakum
?indi
?inda
1
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-59-
D.
Repeat the dialogue making the following
substitutions in speakers:
1.
A.
B.
hawwa
paryam
2. 4A.- jamiA
3.
B.
hawwa wa ?ali
A.
faltima
B.
?ahmet,
O
k,
r
st
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-60ti
Past Tense.of C-C-C Verbs
A17.
I.
Dialogue: ,Getting 'AtOund
A.
B.
min fadlak su?a:l.
"A question, i4ease "
faddal.
nigdar na?a:wnak alla?
Can I help you
71-6727Read.
A.' ?ayye, we:n nigdar
sigre:t?
"Yes. 'Where can I buy cigarettes?",
B.
A.
ddukka:n alga:?id hina:k.
"In the shop overthere."
Alwe:n?
"Which shop?"
.
B.
jamb al ?ute:l de park%
"Near Hotel de Park."
A.
nigdar nibi: ?A;me:t kulla?
"Can I buy a match, alsb?".
4
B.
II.
:?ayye.
A.
sukran ya veyyid.
B.
ma: fi: sey?
Vocabulary:
?alme:t- klatch`
alwe:n- Which
hina:k- There, overthere.
kulla- Also, too
nibi:-
A
Grammar:
III.
A.
Arabic verbs are made out of a root contain-
ing consonants which carry th)e gerieral meaning and
vowAs which carry different grammatical meanings.
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:The word /sirib/ "he drank" contains a consonantal
root (g:.-c-c) wade out of /6-r-15/.
It also contains vowels
.
inserted in between
the consonants and carrying the tense of the verb
ashlell as the subject..
B.
The past'tense of C-C-C verbs is formed by
inserting /i,a,u/ between the consonants.
If no
Suffixes are added to the verb, it is understood
that the subject is a third person masculine singular.
Exercises:
IV.
F
A.
Repeat the following verbs after your teacher
and learn their meanings:
sirib
"he drank"
datab
"he hit"'
katab
"he wrote'
fihim
"he understood"
ragad
-
.
B.
daxal
"he slept"
"he entered"
b
libis'
914..wrote"
matag
"he passed"
dihik.
"he laughed,'
zagal
"he threw"
Substitute the following words in the sentence:
lalwled sirib gahwa.
4
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4
f
-62-1
ns
ar
hu:
darab ?axu:
katab kita:b
fihim
?ahniet
ragad
?arrajul
daxal
el
,ibis
hu,:
marag min hine
dihik
?assafi:r
zagal alkita:b
-
hu:
Substitution
C.
1.
.
Xi: claukka:n alga:?id
le:
?ute:1
hine
fd:g
mu:ze:
min
.daka:ki:n ga:?idi:n
4
wara
dukki:n
fi:
hina
gabl
Zote:1
hina:k
2.
nigdar nibi: ?alme:t kulla?
tigdar tibi:
sigre:t
kutub
?agla:m
?akul
yigdar yibi:
kursi
wati:r
nigdar
kita:b
,
4
Repeat the dialogue making the folluing.
I
changes in
eakdre:
1.3
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1.
2.
A.
B.
?ali
hawwa
A.
B.
fatima.
lahmet
. A.
.
maryam
?a:ge
-B.
S.-
I
O
.14
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.4
Past Tense Subject Suffixes
A 18.
Dialogue: Getting Around
I.
A.
naorra pake:t hana sigre:t min fadlak.
"I want a pack of cigarettes, pleaak."
B.
nafar sunu?
"What kind?"
A.
sigre:t hana ?amri:k walla?
"Do you have Arprican cigarettes?"
B.
la:r ?illa agre:t hana tSa:d.
"No, only Chadian cigarettes."
?alti:ni pake:t hana basto:r wa ?alme:t kulla.
"Give me _pack of Bastour and a match too."
.A.
II.
B.
do:I human kullum.
"Here they are."
A.
sukran. kam?
"Thanks. How
B.
?asara riyarl.
"Ten riyals."
A.
faddal.
"Here it is."
Vocabulary:
mach ?"
.
?anti- Give.
?anti :ni - Give
. do:1= These.
human- They
Onlk, except.
hafar-, Kind, brand.
pake:t- Pack, package.
Owe
GTammar:
A.
I
Verbs in the past tense express the subject by
re.
a
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41,
4
0
-65
adding the following subject suffixes:
-t
"I"
4
"you (mas)"
"you (fem)"
- ta
-ti
"he"
B.
- at
"she"'
-na
-tu
-u
"we".
"you"
"they"
Two of the above suffixes may have variations which
you should be ,able to recognize, even if you don't use
them.
The first person singular suffix can be /-t/or
/-fa/2 aid the third personjasculine singular suffix scan
be Ae, "zero" or /-6./..
Iv, Exercises:
A. tRepeat after your teacher..'
?ana siribt
?inta siftbta
siribti
hur sirib
hi: siribat
4
?an :na' siribna
?intu 4irihtu
human siribu
hinna siribu
?ana
fihimta
?inta fihimta
?ipti fihimti
hur fihima
hi: fihimat
n.
?ani:ha fihimna
?intu fihimtu
human fihimu
ff
B.
-
Use the correct form of the following verbs with
different subject suffixes:
-
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-66-
drab
katab
ragad
daxal
libis
marag
dihik
zagal
r
C.
Substitution drill.
?anti:na pake:t hana sigre:t.
?anti:ni
?antu:ni
pake:t tine:n
hana basto:r
4
?stiti4s4
°
,
?anti:hum
?anti:
?antur
?antuma,'
hana sigre:t
pakert
1
tftla:ta pakert
Vantima
oY
pake:t
Repeat the dialoguemakrng the Allowing,eubstitutions:
.1.
A.
,B.
2.
A.
B.
jami:1
maryam
maryam
fm:ttma
4;.
I
ar
)3
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-67-
Present Tense of C-C-C Verbs
A19.
I.
Dialogues
A.
Getting Around
taksii
"Taxi l"
B.
?ayye. tudorra we :n nviaddi:k?
"Yen. Where do you want me to take you?"
A.
waddi:fii fi: grasnt ?utesl.
"Take me to Grant Hotel."
B.
?aI?ute :l ga:?id we :n?
'There is the hotel?'
?ana ma:ni ?a:rfa.
I don't know it."
A.
?al?ute:1 g : ?id. jamb almu:ze:.
"The hotel s beside themuseum."
B.
?ayye, fihimta,
"Yes, I .understo0."
A.
da: hu:, wisilAa. kara
"flere At is, we arrived.
B.
?arbi:ft riys:l.
"Forty riya1s;"
II.
How much?"
7
A.
da: hu: ?arbi:n
"This.is forty riyals."
B.
sukran. ma?a salasmak.
"Thanks. Good bye."
1$ c*1
I
*V "4
Vocabular10
?asrfa- knowing it:
"he knew".
active participle of
arafa?
?arbic:n- Forty.
fihimta- I understood,
ma:ni t'aM not: /ma:/ plus the possessive suffix.
°
4.0P
nwaddi- I-take.
taksi- Taxi.
wavidt-,,Take. (imperative).
144...',' He arrived.
wintlAa- We arrived.
e."
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-68.
Grammar:
III.
There ip no'distinction in Chad Arabic between the
present and the future tenses, and the form which 'expresses
The pattern of0C-C-C verbs
both is called the present.
in the present is -CCVC- for singular subjects and 4VOCfor plural subjects.
Here the V stands for any vowel which
may be inserted between the root consonants.
The hyphens
indicate that prefUes and suffixes are attached to the stem
to express the subject.
IV.
Exercises:
A.
'
Learn the present tense formsof the following
-
verbs:
7
,j,,.
.1
,:,
, ,
present _plural
root
present singular
a-r-b
-srab-
- earb..
d-rub,
-drub-
-duib-:
k-t-b
-litub-
-kutb-
f-h=m
-fham-
r-g-d
-rgud-
d-x0a.
-dxu1-
..
.
...
.
"tahmi
-rugd-duXi-
1 -b-s
-lbaa-
-libs-
m-r-g
-mrug-
'..murg-
d-h-k
-Oak-
-dahlk-'
ti -g -1
-ziu/-
-zagl-
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B.
Substitution drill:
waddi:ni fi: grant ?ute:1,
waddu:ni
almu:ze:
agsafa:ra hana ?amri:k.
waddu:na
arresto:ram al ahl.:r
waddiina
waddi:ha
waddi:hum
be:tak
waddi:
lekorl
waddi ?ahmet
waddu ?iya:lkum
albe:t
waddi:ni
C.
4
Repeat the dialogue with the followin
changes in
speakers:
1.
2.
P.
A.
B.
A.
B.
jami:I
I' a : tima
?ali
?ahmet wa htwwa.
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-70..
A20.
Present Tense Subject Affixes
Dialogue: Getting Around
I.
A.
taxi, nudorra !cask fir alpo:n.
"Taxi; I want to go to the bridge."
B.
?ayye
A.
kam?
"How much?"
B.
xamsi:n riyall.
"Fifty riyals."
A.
xala:s
la:kin ga:si ka:n nimsi fi alpo :n.
"Yes, but it is expensive to go to the bridge."
O.
B.
I-
namsu
we go."
we:n'ga:?id alpo:n da?
"Where is this bridge ? "'
A.
jamb assafa:ra, ma: b?i:d min hine.
"Near, theOfibassy, not far from here."
B.
da: hu: walla`?
"Is this it?"
A.
?,ayye, da: hu: xamsi:n
"Yes, this is fifty."
10B. -tukran.
"Thanks."
A
II.
Vocabulary:
ga:si- Expensive, costly.
ka:n- To, if.
porn- Bridge.
xamsi:n-
III.
Grammar:
A set of affixes are attached to the present form
of the verb to indicate the subject.
While the prefixes
J
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-71-
tell us about: the person, the suffixes indicate the number
stands for' the feminine form of the
Tbmb
or. gender.
second person silikar, and /-u/ stands for the plural
form.. Following are the present tense subject affixes:
.
singular
plural
1st. person
*,___Irl.,}
2nd.
nV-
2nd.
"
tV.. -i
nV.. -u
tV - -u
tV - -u
3rd.
"
yV-
yV-...gu
3rd.
it
tV -s.
yV- -Ai
tV...
(f
.)'
(f.)
z.
4
IV Exercises:
A.
Use the verbal'roots,in the previous lesson (III4(i.)\--
with different present tense subject affixes.
S.
Substitution drill:
?assafa:ra ma: b?i:d min hine..*
?anute:1
gari :b
min be:tna
'min ddirib al?awwal
?arrajul
b?i:d
min hina:k
?almume:
b?i:d kati:r
min assafa:ra
!:.11
C.
Repeat the dialogudmaking the following changes
in speakers:
1.
2.
A.
B.
A.
B.
?ali
fa:tima
Janda
maryam wa rahmet
161
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".72..
Imperatives of 0...0 -0 Verbs
A 21.
Dialogue :
A.
Getting Around
sa:Ttak kam ?
'What tine do you have?'
B.
sa:?a talasta wa nuss.
'It is 3:30.1
j
ma: ?indak sa:?amalla ?
'Don't you have a watch?!
A.
las' laszim nibis wathid.
'No, I should buy one,'
B.
fi: dukka:nSeme ?inta sa:?ast kwaysi:n.
,
'There is a nice shop which has good watches,'
A.
ga:si walla hayyid ?
'Is it expensive or cheap?'
?attaman mas.battatl.
'The price is not bad.'
A.
la:zim nam;i hinuk alyo:m.
'I should go there today.'
B.
<14
namk ma?a:k.
'I will go with you.'
0
na?ai"fa baka:n da:
10'
.
know this Place.'
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0
-.73-
II. Vocab4ary :
baka:n
Place.
batta:l
Bad.
fi:
There is, there are.
hayyin
Cheap inexpensive.
la:zim
Must, should.
' sa:?h
sa:?a kam
.t.
Hour, watch, clock, olclock.
-What time, what time is it?
sa:?tak kam
What time do you have?
taman
Price.
yo:m
Tay.
/alyo:m/
'Today.'
(
III.
Grammar:
A.
The imperative form of,C-C-C verbs is the same
_
as that of the present:
-CCVG- or -GVCC-. The prefix which
.
Ls always used with the imperative is
B.
?V -.
o
The suffixes used for the imperative ire:
zero
a., and -u for the thirdperson masculine siDgular, the
7
0
0
third person feminine singular,_ and the third person plural
respectively.
2
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fd
N. Exerdises:
A.
Learn the imperative form of the following verbs:
.E
Root
Masculine
Plural-
Feminine
)
0-4
gar-b
?agrab
?agarbi
?agarbu
d-r-b,.2
?adrub
?adurbi
?adurbu
k-tb
?aktub
?akutbi
?akutbu
f-h-m
?afham
?afahmi
?afahmu
rg-d
- ?argud
?arugdi
?arugdu
d-x-1
?adxul
?aduxli
?adux111
1-b-s
?albas
-?allb
?alibsu
m-r-g
?amrug
?amupti
?amurgu
d-h-k
?adhak
?adahki
?aleffku
z-g-1
?azgul
?azagli
?azaglu
le.
7
40
Substitution Drills
B.
1.
sa.7a tala:ta wa nuss
00
wa ruba
?arba
A
?ilia rubs,
xamsa
wa ?isrim
e
A
164
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-75-
wathid
waqagara
tina:n
x
wa ?asra wa xatisa
2.
fit dulcka:n seTe?inda sat?a:t kaysitn
A
baka:n
kwayyis
4
b atfa: 1
dukkitn
some
tabla: t
semhitn
battatlign
sat?att
kwaysi:n
3.
la:zim namgi hinatk alyotm
2
taai
hire
?amb:kir
fit lbe :t
yamsu
ba ?a batkir
namgi
1
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4
I
6.."
fit ssu:k
alyotm
hinatk
C.
Rep6at the dialogue making the following
substitutions in speakers:
1.
A.
fa:tima
B.
hawwa
2. -A.
B.
fa:tima wa rahmat?ali
4
O
tz.
166
.0
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-11
Negation of Verbs
A 22.
I.
Dialogue :
Telling Time
ti
,
A.
sat?a kam min fadlak ?
'What time is itl.please?'
B.
sat?a 2agara.
lit is.ten o'clock.:
A.
sefii: walla ?.
04
'Are you sure?'
f
B.
la: xallitai nisi: fa sal ?ti.
'No) let me look at my uatch."
sat ?a ?agara wa ?agara tama:m.
1r.
'It is Tan past ten) exactly.'
A.4v1atzimnaMgt fi: ssinema fi: siaaa ?agora wa nuss.
tI have to go to the movies at 10:30.!
.?arja gwiyys.) nainsi meatk.
Nait,a little) I will go with you.'
A.
nigi:lu taksi walla ?,,
'Shall we take a cab?'
*
B.
la:
ssinema
nine.
llloy the movie theatre is doorsill
A.
xallitna namgu
'Lit us go.'
6
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II.
Vocabulary:
.
Wait.
?arja
see.
nikau
We take,
sehi:
Sure, right.
sinema
Cinema;
.6.14iyya
A little, little.
tama:m
Exactly;
xafli
Let me.
III. Grammar
A.
:
The negation of verbs is accomplished' by adding
the negation particle /ma:/ in front of the verb.
B. _The negative imperative is accomplished by
adding the negation particle /ma:/ to the present form of
the Verb, e.g. /?a'grab/ 'drink*
but /6.:.ta'grab/ 'do not
t,
drink'.
IV.
Exercises:
A.
negative t.
Put the following. sentences in
?ana
.
0
'hu:
168
N
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?a;rab gahwa,
.0^
?a;arbu ;aty,
?adahku.
?ana na :kul.
?intu ta:kului
human ya
?a:kuli.
?anima na;arbu.
B..
Substitution Drill
?arrajui ;irib gahwa.
;a:y
ma:
?akal
?e:;
hut
se
,tama:ttm
r
hi:
siribat
gahwa
sa:y
C.
Substitution Drills"
1.
let xallitni nth:fa sa:?ti
Jayye
,sa:?tak
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0
be:tak
x
x)411ina nigitfu
.
,e
be:tum
1
sa:?atum
xallini nIsmfa.
da:ri
sa:?ti
2.
sa:?a ?agara wa ?agara tamatm.
tagrisban
4
xamsa wa ruba
xamSa7wa nuss
?agara wa:hid ua tilt
a
tama:m
tamalnya.wa tis?a
tagri:ban,
wa:hid wa sitte
tama:m
,
takeaa wa tilt
3,
1a:zim namt fi
ba:lik
ssu:k
ddukka:n
tamgi
Id
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#
C
1a:zim
ka:n
namsu
t
it
.
ddirib
.1
1a:zim
It
lbe:t
,a.
c
namsii
.4.
e
k
..,
/
0
."
r
:e
'...,........
o
NI---i--
e
I,
.
.s
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e
?get Tense of W-C-C Verbs
A 23.
I. Dialogue t
Telling Time
O
V
ma:si we:n alyo:m ?
A.
'Where are You going today?'
4
ma :si fi: ?ibe;e:
B.
'I am going to Abeche,'
fajur walla ?asiyya ?
A.
'In the morning or the afternoon?'
v
fajup fi: ssa:?a)?asara wa:hid wa nuss.
B.
,'In the morning sat 11:30./
sa: ?a kam hassa ?
A.
\
B.
!What time' is it now?'
hassa ssa:?a ?asara wa:hid ?illa rubu.
'Now it 4:s 10:45.'
.
A.
e
B.
ma: ff: wakit, la:zim ni;i:lu taksi
'We don't have time, we should take a cab.'
kala:mak ?adi:l. sala:male:k.
'You are right.1Good-by.'
IT
Vocabulary:
? adi:l
-)Straight, right,
4
7asiyya
Afternoon, meaning;
fajur
Morning, dawn.
L
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.4
-83O
?illa
Minus,
kalamak
Your speech, what you say.
kala:mak ?adi :l
You are right;
.
Literally: What you sai-laright.
Active participle of /ma5a /:
ma:si
r
going, walking.
Timer-
wakit
III.
/fit wakit/
There is time.
Grammar :
A.
The W-C-C verbs in Arabic contain an initial
weak consonant whiCh is either /w/ or /y/. These verbs
behave differently from the previous C-C-C verbs.
B.
The past tense form of W-C-C verbs,
however, is the same as thait-of the C-C7C-verbs.
IV.
Exercises
A.
Listb:i tp.your
acher suhititute the
' correct form of /wasal/ in the following sentence.
Repeat after your teacher.
.?ahmat was 1 fi: lbe:t.
?ana,
?iota
?inti
hu:
sit
hi:
a
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-84?ali
?intu
human
hinna
0
B. Do the same as in A,with the following
sentences:
.
?ali-wilid.
mu:sa wagad na:r.
C.' Substitution Drills:
1. ma:si we :n alyo:m ?
tamsi
ba?d ba:kir
?amba:kir
.
A-
tamsu
sanalja:y
°yamsu
ma:si
subu: alja:y
al
2. tRa:si fi: ?abess.
ma:si:n
masr
ma:sye
fra:ns
tamsi
,
4
.174
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-85tamsu
ddirib
namsi
namsu
ssu:k
yamsi
lbe:t
ma:si
?abase
J,
4
cs
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-80..
A 24.
verbs
Present_ and
-
Telling Time
Dialogue:
.
A.
v
sa:?a kam ga:?id tamsi fi: wadda:y"?
'What time are you going. to Ouddai?'.
B.
sa:?a ?asara w nuns fi: ?asiyya.
'At 10:30 in the evening.'
4
A.
wakit da: ma: muta?axxir walla ?
.'Isn't it late now?'
B.
lissa badri,
la:
!No, it is still early.'
A.
la:zim namsi fi: lbe:t
fi: ssa ?a sitte wa ?isri:n.
s
B.
should go home at 6:20.'
ma:la ?
'Why?'
A.
(
?azzamta rufga:ni fi: 1 ?asa
'I have invited some of my friends
for-dinner.l.
B,
nwaddi:k hina:k
'I shall tike you there in my Car.,
A.
sukran kati:r.
ThaAks a lot.'
/N.
II.
Vocabulary:
s,
?asa
Dinner (evening meal).
?azzamta
I invited.
4
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-874
badri
Early.
ga:?id
Going to (future particle).
Yet, still.
alissa
muta?axxir Late.
rufga:ni
My friends'
wati ')r
Car.
(singu]ar : /rafi:gin
Grammar:
e
The imperative as well as the present
form of the W-C-C verbs is always - WCVC -. The
affixes Iihicleaccompany this form are the same
as in the case of C-CSC verbs.
IV.
Exercises:
..
0
A. Listen to your teacher.subistitute
the correct form of /wagal/ in the following
sentence. Repeat after your teacher:
?ahmat yawsal fi: lbe:t.
?ana
?inta
?inti
hu:
hi:
,
-
?ali
?ani:na
?intu
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le°
-88-
O
*bp
human
fa:tima
war
B. Repeat the same as in A using-the
following sentences:
?ali wind.
mu:sa wagad na:r,
C. "Substitution Drills:
1. sa:?a kam ga:?id tamsi fi: wadda:y ?
mata
ga:?dt:n tamsu
abase:
e
sa:?a kam
fra:ns
?amri:k
ga:?ida tamsi
4
mata
ga:?di:n namsu
ga:?id namsi
fi: tsa:d
sa:?a kam
ga:?id yamsi
fi: wadda:y
tamsi
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'*;..
s.
I
,
.:89-
v
e
.,
2. sa:?a ?asara w nuss fi: ?as
...
?asara tine:n
pallta w tilt
fi: fajur
V
v
xamsa wa ?asara
sitte wa tama:nya
?arba w ruba
.
,
___//
fi fajur
0
...
sab ?a ?illa ?isri:n
iamsa ?illa tilt
fi: ?ai;iyya
/
v
3. ?azzamta rufga:ni fit.l?asa.
rafi:gi
,
fi: lxada
e
rafi:gti
fi: 1?a;a
?abu:y
/
rufga:fii
.;
rufga:ti
fi: lfutuir
?abu:y
?Etxu:Ii
I
is
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free on livelingua.com
11
Verbs
3ast Tense of
A 25.
"I. Dialogue:
Holidays
C
?amis ?i:d hana sunu ?
A.
'What feast was yesterday ?''
?amis
B.
'Yesterday was the big feait.,'
A. lisd bixe:r.
'Happy feast.'
4
yanti:k alxe:r.
B.
'Happy feast.0
sunu sawwe:ta ?
A.
4
'What dli you do?'
mase:na ruxna.
B.
140.
'We, went,for a walk.'
mase:tu wean ?
A.
'Where did. you go?
mase:na fi:
B.
.
A
A.
11..Te went to the bridge.'
ga?adtu lyo:m kulla hina:k walla ?.
'Did you stay there the whole day?'
B.
la:
ga?adna hina:k ?aiiyya bes..
-1Nol we spent the afternoon there only.0
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t
0
a
Vocabulary:
II.
God.
?alla
Only.
'bes
You (pl.) stayed; sat.)
ga ?adtu
,
.
/
r
e
.
We sto.yed, sat.
74:1i)
Feast (Religious or, national holiday).
?i:d alkabi:r
Byram. Literally: the big feast.
?1:d bixe:i
HapPy feast., Literality: May
your feast be good.
mase:na
We walked.
matp:tU
you (1510 walked.
ruxna...
A walk.
sawwe:ta
You did.
'toodness, bliss.
.xe:r
yanti:k
III.
4
ga ?adna
He gives you.
Grammar:
A.
This class of verbs has a weak cottenarit
in the middle. If the weak.corisonant is 101w/1
as in /g-w-1/ Isayll-the form- of the past wilpl
be CuC....
B.
, e.g. /gulna/owe said'.
If the weak consonant is. a /y /,
/s-y-r/ Ilwalkv, the form of the past will. be
e.g. /sirta/ 'you walked'f
CiCC.
The above kules apply to the first and
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'second persons only. The third,peiscai, in
different numbers and genders, has the form
Xalt . Thus we get the following: /gd',11/ 'he
said', /sa:ru/ 'they walked!":'
solo
IV. 'Exercises:
Listen to your''instructor read the
A.
different forms of the verb, and repeat after
him.
?ana gult
?inta gulta
?inti'gulti
hu: ga:l
hi; ga:lat
?ani:na gulna
Lire
?intu gultu
S.
'human ga:lu
,
hinna ga:lu
Do the same as' oosi* A with the following
B.
4
verbs:
'410
4
1.
sa:r -
2.
to :r
'flew'
3.
sa:l
'took'
4.
ja:b.
'brought'
5.
sa:f
O
- 'saw'-
1
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-93-
C.
Substitution Drills:.
1. ga?adtu lyalm-kulla hina:k walla
ga?adta
ssubu:
hine
fi: tpa:d
lle:l
ga?adi
0
.
ssana
hina:k
ga?adna
fi: '1136:t
ga?adat
Eisahir
o
giOadtu
4
hina:k
lyo
2..la:
ga?a
hina:k Tasiyya bes.
?4YY43
ga?adtaP
hine
4
fajur
0
kama4in
la:
,a-
ga?adti
r.
V
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-94ssu :k
fi :
iyo
ga?ad
hine
bes
a7adna
asiyya
h
a:k
z
r
a
..
1
11
.1
ti
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j
-95-.
a
6,
Present and Imperative of C-W-C
A'26.
I.
Dialogue:
A.
rbs
Holidays
fa4 ddal
si:1 ka:k.
'Have some cake.1
B.
aukran. sunu dd:
A.
da: ka:k hana ?i:.
'tibia is the feast cake.'
B.
?i:d bixe:r.
'Happy feast.'
A.
xe:r ?insa:?aila.
1Sameto you.'
B.
ka:k same wa halu.
"The cake is nice and sweet;'
A.
si:1 ziya:da.
'Take some-more.'
B.
kaTas ?akalt kati:r.
'That is enough. Iate a lot.
0
)
A.
tudo:ra kubba:ya°hang'airo: ?
'Would you like some syrup?'
B.
la:
4
ibkran. nudo:ra
'No, thanks. I prefer coffee.'
II.
Vocabulary:
halu,
Sweetsnice.
?insa:?a114 If God please
185
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401k
kafa
.Enough,..
A
Cake, cookies.
cka:k
A glpss, cup,
si:1
Take'(iinperative).
siro:
Syrup, soft drink.
ziya:da
More.
III. Grammar:
A.
The form of C-W-C verbs In tho present
and the imperative is -Cu :C- whcn the medial
consonant is /14 and tiCt:C= whnix the media'.
consonant is a /y/. Thus
f /g-,Arli we get
/gu:l/ and for /s-yur/ we
et fai:r/.
0
B. 'The imperqtive of this clas of vprbs
takes no prefix, but the suffixes are the
same as for previousli-studied Verbs:,zero,
.
*
/-±/
and /-u/..The present tenae affixes Are'' the
e
same as' those mentioned before.
IV.
Exercises:
A. 'Repeat the followin4aft." your
teacher.
Pr
?int& tagu:l.
?inti
hu:yagua.
a
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-97-
hi: tagua.
?ani:na' nagu:1u.
1
?intu tagu:lu.
human yarlau.
gua.
IP
gu:li.
gu:lu.
B.
Substitute the) following words in thekey_
sentence. Make the,necessary chAnges in the verb
td' agree with thd"subject.i,
?ana nisi:1a kita:b.
?inta
tisi:fa
?inti
tisi :li
hu:
hi:
4,
tisi:1
?ani na
.4
nisi:fu
?into,
human
yisi :fu
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#
-98-
%
1
fa :tima
tisi:f
?ali wa,fa:tima
yi;i:lu
C.
Substitution Drills:
I
,
t
.
1. fagdal si:1 ka:k.
faddali
?a:kuli
?e:s
?Aatbi sirol
faddalu
?a:kulu ?e:s:"
si:lu
faddal
?e:s
?a:kul.
141
off
?asrab siro:
2
gahwa
sa:y
-
p
faddali
faddalu
2
la :
sulcr an ,
nudo:ra gahwa.
?ayy
sa:
-or
Biro:
,
1"
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188
1
-99-
la :
*re :s
:k
ma : nudo :ya.$041(
sa 1 y
L,
kubba:ya hana siro :
gahwa
D.
Repeat the dialogue maki
the following
a
substitutions" in speakers.
9
1.
4
A: ?ahMad
. *
B. fa : tima
2.-
fa : timai
B. hawwa
3.
A. hawwa wa
*t.
13; fa : tima wa
S
SO I
A
It
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PaIst Tense of C.4.4f Verbs
A 27.
Holidays
?amba:kir xidma ma: fi:
A.
.
1Tomoerow is a holiday.'
B.
?
'
'Why?'
v
t
A.
fi: sa:n ?amba:kir ii:d alhurriyya.
'Bebause tomorrow is Independence Day.'
B.
P
sunu tisawwi ?amba:kir ?
'What are you going to do tomorrow?'
A.
namsi nsi:fa ?ahli.
,'I am 'going to see my parents.'
ga?idi:n b?i:d min hine.
B.,
'My parents are far from here.'
A.
tudo:ra taji ma?a:y walla ?
'Would you like toicOme with me?'
B.
sukran. ?ayye nai ma?a:k.
Thanks. I will go with you.
A.
kwayyls. ta?a:1 n ?arrifak ?ahli.
'Good. I will introduce you'to my parents.'
II. Vocabulary:
e
r
?ahli
.
MY parentsil-elatives.
.
r
.
.
fi.: sa:p
1
.
Bedause.
1
r
hurriyya
Independence. Literally: freedom.'
190
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Y.
-101-
naji
I come.
na?arrifak
I introduce you.
ta?a:1
Come (Imperative).
taji
You come.
xidma /, xidme
Work.
xidma ma: fi:
Holiday. Literally: there is
no work.
III. Grammar:
Verbs containing a final weak consonant usually
take the form CVCV- in the past. It is diffiOUlt to
(
predict what the vowels are, but the second vowel i
for the third person is short while it is
ong for
the other persons.
P.
IV...Exercises:
A.
Your teacher will substitute the following
pronouns in the key sentences. Listen and repeat.
1. mu:sa masa fi: lbe:t.
hu:
?ana
?inta
?intr
hi:
?ani:na
?intu
hUman
hinna
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-4102=
,2.
?ali ligiya kita:b.
hu;
?ana
lr
?izita
hi:
?ani:na
?intu
human
hinna
13. Substitution drill:
r
?ana badevt.
4.
-Ss
sareevt
Y
'hu
4,
bads
rama
?ana
gare:t
rame:t
baddt
sarate
?ani:na
r
er
J
-..----
.
10
rame:na
hi:
7
q 2,
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/**7\
Low..
-103.
garat
.
.
r
7inta
bade:t
sare:t
human
badu
garu
hi:'
badat
human
saru
ram'.:
C. Substitrution drills:
1. sunu tisawwi ?an:km:kir ?
tasrab
alyo:mC
tasarbi
ba?d ba:kir
ta:jeul
ta:kulf
?amba
v
yasrab
N.(
1
tasrab
tisawwi
193
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4
2. namsi nisi:fa ?ahli.
ni?azzima
'rufga:ni
rufga:tZ
nzu:ra
4
rafisgti
rafi:gi
nL. allim
?ahli
?axu:y
ni;i:fa
3. ?ahli ga:?idi:n b?ird min.hine.
sa:kini :z
. ma: b?i:d
-s;
gari:b
a
?axwa:ni
?axwa:ti
min leko:1
ma: b?i:d
ga:?di:n
rufga:ni
?ahli
0
194
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so
105-
A 28, Present and Imperative of C-C-W Verbs
I
The Carpenter
Dialogue,:
ma:
xidme
?asiyya walla ?
cDonit yoti have anything to do. in the evening?'
B.
?indi xidme. la:zim namsi fi: lbe:t.
II have some work. I have to go home.,
A.
ma:la ?.
!Whys?"
.
v
.
Pa4,,
fi: -sa:n annalja:r ja:y ya?addila
hana be:ti.
.
-1Because'the,carpwater is coming to fix
the door-q my house.
A.
ilunu bigi ?
!What happened?!
B.
ba:bi,kassar wd la:zimiva?addila
,
trly door brOke'and I have to fix it.!
A.
)471:tu naka:rak,?
!Who is your carpenter?!
jatrak ?ahmat:.
,
.
!Yovi. neighbor Ahdad.!
4
A.
?ahmat.najjasi kwayyis.
!Ahmad is'a gbod carpenter.
B.
CZayiel kwayyis kati:r.
!Yes, he is very gobdel
Ii
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-106,
a
.
)
Vocabulary:
II.
.
,ba:b
Door,
bigi
,
,Happened.
a
.
ja:rak
.
Your neigh or.
III.
a
4
ja:y
Coming (active participle).
kassar.
Broke
'najja:r
Carpe ter.
y?addila
He fixed. Past / ?addal /..
as broken.
.
Grammar:
C-C-td Verbs in the present and imperative
.
have the
orm -COY, Again 'it is difficult-to
4
predict the shape-:of the voWel..
IV.
Exercises:
A. Listen to your instructor' making substitutions.
in the following key sentences. Repeat afier your.
instructor.
1. ?Ana namsi fi: lbe:t.
Viiota
tint i
yam;i
hi:'
'
namsu
?intu
V
yamsu
,
196
a
.
e".
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?ahmad
?ana
hi:
2. ?ana nalga kita:b.
?inta
Ointi
.
yalga
hi:
?ani:na
talgu
hfiman
rahmad
?ana
?intu
rr
B. Substitution drills:
v .
1. ma: ?indak xLdme fi: ?asiyye walla ?
f
4
?indi
ruxna
?inda
ft /fajur
?amba:kir
?indum
?indi
ba?d ba:kir
fi: ?a;iyye
197
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-108-
<
'2. ?ahmat najia:r kwayyis
?ali
NN
241
da15to:r
1
seme
mu:sa
sulta:n
kwayyis
ti
?abbiiker
mu?allim
).
seM.
,
4
C. Repeat, the dialogue making the foilosang
40 4
Itubstitutfons:
I
S
/
C.
1. te. favelinSi
IN
B. hawwa4,1
/26 A. ?ali
,
-
-14
fa :tima'wa hawwa
I
,r'
9
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C
.109
A29,,
Past tense of C
1 2 2
verbs
°
Dialogde:
,The Doctor
ti
A.
ti
'?amba:Uir la:zim namsi fi: ddokto:ry
'Tomorrow I should go to the dOptorel
.
rti
B.sfr sunu ja:k ?
O
A,.
'What the'matterifith
you ?'
?i:di yo :ja?nie
'I have pain .in my hand (arm).'
t
B.,
p
sums
'What is the matter with your arm ?''
.
.
A.
wage:ta, wa ?i:di kassar.,
II fell, and my arm waebroken0
B.
?indak waja kati:r walla ?.
'Does it hurt very much ?'
hassa ma: katiLro la:kin ?awwal yo:ja:ni
kati:r.
01...
!Now it ,does not hurt much, but `at first
se'
B.
yiji:ba 17a:fya.
'God hive you he.alth.I
A,
sukran. ?alla yanti:k 1?a:fya,
'Thanks,. God keep you, healthy.'
196
0.
f
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-110-
..
r.
11.
Vocabulary:
?a:fya
Health.
ddkto:r / dakto:r
Rector.
?i:d
,
Arm, hand.
Came.
-
ja:k
Happened to-you. Literally:
camt /to you.
sunu ja:k'
What happened to you?
What is the matter with you?
g-
waie:ta
1 fell- down.
waja
Pain.,
yanti
He gives.
yo:ja?
Hurts
yiji:ba
III.
Past /?anta/.
He lmrivgs.
Past /ja:b/.,
elloe: II II
't
A. C C C
1 2 2
,
verbs contain
r
.
and final
'
consonants which"are identical. The pant tense
form of such verbs is C1aC2C2 -.
B. The vowel /e:/ is inserted
be1ween the
-.
.
.
stem of the 'verb and the subject suffixes of that
"V
first and second persons. /a/ is inserted between'
the 0e:if-and-the third perion singular.
1Vb
Exercises:
listen to your teacher and repeat after him.
200
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r
4
?ana maddest
madde:t ?i:dak.
?inti padde:ti ?i:dik4
hu: madda ?irda.
hi:.maddat ?i:da.
.
viani:na madde:na 7i:dna.
?intu madde:tu ?i:dkum. /
I
human mdddu ?i:dum.'
?ali madda ?i:da.
40
fa;tima maddat ?i:da.
B. Substitution drills:
1. ?ana lamme:t.
hu:
hi:
mahammat
hawwa
?iota
(
?inti
?ani:na
?inti
human
?ana
2.' Do the same as in B.1. with the
following:
?ana habbe:tak.
?ana dagge:t lbabt
I
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20i
-112-'
C. Substitution drills:
v
1, ?amha:kir ia:'iim namsi fi: daokto:r.
(ba:lik
'
leko :l
f
L
sanaljas.Y
?amri:k
4),
ba?d batkir
ssinema
,la:zim
subulalja:y
tsa:d
sa?a ?asara
2. ?indak waja kati:r walla ?
I.
?indik
swiyya
kutub
?inda
guns
kati:r
?indum
buyu:t
?indi
waja
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1
-113-
,A 30.
.
Present and Imperative of C1C2C2 Verbs
I,. Dialogues o The Market
ta?arfa we:n ssu:k ga:?id?
A.
'Do you know where the market is?'
G
v
?ayye, sunu tOo:ra tibi: ?
B.
'Yes, what do you want to buy?'
nudo:ra nibi: marku:b.
A.
'I wailt to buy shoes.'
.
B.
tudo:ra tibi: biga:si walla ?
LDo you want to buy something expensive?'
la:, nudo:ra soxol ma: ga:si.
'No, I want something'not expensive.'
B.
na?arfa baka:n yi7/ajjibak.'
'
'I know a place you will like.'tagdar tuwaddi:ni baka :.n da: walla ?
'Can yo
//,B.
take me to that place ?',,
Tayye, lulumMu fi: .ssq:?a ratba,?illa rubu.
'Yes, w4i will meet at 3 ;45.'
A.
kwayyis,
'Good, I will see you.''
B.
mOassala:mak.
'Goodbye.'
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I
-114-
II. Vocabulary:
biga:si
With an expensive (price).
marku:b
A pair of shoes.
nulummu
We meet'..*Past'71amma/.
L4
p
soxol
Thing, something.
su:k
Market.
yi?ajjibak
Pleases you.
t
I
Past /?ajjab/.
III. Grammar:
The present and imperativ) form ofC1C2C2%
verbs is always
-C1VC2C2-1 and
V
is either
/i/ or /u/, e.g. the third person singular imperative'
for /madda/ is:)Midda/, and for /dagga/ is /ftggai.
.
IV. Exercises:
"yr
A. Repeat after
our teacher.
p
?ana nimidda ?i:di.
?inta timidda ?I:dak
fJ
?inti timiddi ?i:dik.
C,
hu: yimidda ?i:da.
.
e"
hi: timidda ?i:da.
?ani:na nimiddu
A
?intu timiddu ?i:dkum.
c
human, yimiddu ?i:dum.
midda ?i:dak.
middi
middu ?i:d)cumt
-
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.4115-
B. Substitue the following for /nimidda ?i:dij
in exercise A.
4
L. nilimma,
2. nisidda.ddiriba
3. nadugga lba:b.
C. Substitiitlbn drilks:
1. ta?arfa we:n ssu:k ga:?id ?
ta?arfi
ddirib
0
ta?arfu
leko :l
almu:zd:
na?arfa
.1
ddakto:r
I
,
na?raf
ya?raf
ddukka:n
tagdar twaddirni-baka:n da: walla ?
.4re
1fi: ddukka:n
tagdari twaddimi.
twaddi:ha
4
tagdar
twaddi:hum
fi: ddirib
nagdar nwaddi:k
4
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nwaddi:ki
nwaddi:kum
0
l'aka:n*
nwaddi :ha
tagdaru twaddlyina
twaddu:ni
tagdari twaddi:ni
tagdar
D, Repeat the dialogue( making the follOwing
substitutions in speakers.
1.
2.
A.
?ali
B.
hawwa
A.r hawwa
B.
?ali wa ?ahmat
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A 31.
Quadrilateral VAits
I. Dialogue:
The Market
A.
sala:male :k.
B.
sala :male:k.'nagdar na?a:wnak ?
*Hello. Can I1:13.1pyau?*
A.
.
?ayyes n udo:ra marku:b seine.
)
sYeps I would like a good pair of shops.*
da yi?ajjibak walla ?
B.
'Do you like this One?*
-
A.
'
t.
da: stmes la:kin ma nudo:ra lama.
I
*This is fines but I don't care for its color.
B,
alweln tudo:ra ?
114h/A
A.
color do you want?*
?erswad walla ?ahmar.
'Black or red,(brown),*
B.
da markU:b ?aswad wa tamana hayyin.
This is a black pair of shoes which is cheap.
A.
tamana ka ?
'What is its price?*
B.
Aiyya riya:l.
*One'hundred riyalss'
II. 'Vocabulary:.
?ahmar
?aswad
Red or brown.
.
Black* The word / ?azrag/ *blue*
is also used in, Chad Arabic to
mean 'black*,
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-118-
lo:n
Color.
lo:na
Its.colo
miYyit
One h a.dred.
tamana
Its price.
III. Grammar:
A.
Quadril teral ver s contain four
consonants in tie root.
e shape of such roots
can be: C1C2C 'C3,,C1C2C
form of qua
iliteral
form
B.
2
or C1C2C3C
4°
The
erbs in the past is Ca.oCaC-.
the present and, the imperative
/
is -CaC
C ./.The s b ,ject suffixes are the same
as for tlitora verbs.
IV.
xercises:
A.
L =ten to your teacher use the following
erbil with different pronouns: /kassart42 /nagnag/I
blaglab,
e.g
kassart ba:bi.
? nta kassarta ba:bak.
inti.kassarti ba:bik.-
hu: kassar ba:ba.
hi: kassarat
?ani:na kassarna ba:bnal.,;
?intu kassartu ba:bkum.
human kassaru ba:bum.
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-119i.
B.
For the verbikassari in the following
exercise substitute /nagnag/l /laglag/ and
v,
/saglab/.
?ana nikassir.
?inta tikassir.
?inti tikassiri.
hu: yikassir.
hi: tikassir.
nikassiru.
?intu tikasiru.
human yikassiru.
kitssir.
kassiri.
/ kassiru.
C. Substitution drills:
lo:n alwe:n tudo:ra
marku:b
tudo:ri
C
tudo:ru
04,
).*
kita:b
cinema
hudo:ra
tabl
mu:ze:
yudo:ra
2O9
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yudo:ru
tudo:ru
dukka:n
4,
tudo:ri
ft'
lo:n
tudo:ra
D.
Make the following Substitltions in
the dialogue:
1.
al
2.
A.
fa:tima
B.
hawwa
A.
?all wa fa:tima
B.
mu:sa
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S.
-121-
A 32.
"hamza" V rbb
I. Dialogue:
A.
The Ma ket
Itam tudo:ra
:How much
B.
ttabl da ?
\
o you want for this table?'
Miyyavi ? srien riya:l.
'One hun
A.
4.
0
ed and twenty riyals.'
da: ga:si kati:r.
'This Ls very expensive.'
4
B.
nanti:k be miyyaw
'I'll give it to you for one hundred and ten.'
A.
la:, nikaffi:k tis?i:n riya:l.
''No,'
B.
pay you' ninety riyals.'
la:, ?antily. miyya. da: ?a:xir taman.'No, give me one hundred. This 1s the
last mica.'
A.
a: lissa ga:si.,nanti:k xamsa wa
,
,
I
'This is still expensiVe.
give you
ninety-five.,
B.
kwayyis,
0.K.1\take it.r
Vocabulary:
?anti:ni
Give me.
?a:x0a.
Last.
be / bi
For, in, with.
.
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4.
=122:
le
For.
nanti:k
I give you.
nipaSfi:k
I par you. Past /kaffa/.
tabl
t Table:
(
III. -Grammar:
A.
Iliamze- verbs contain /?/ 'glottal stop'
.
as one Of their consonants. If the /?/ is medial
the verb behaves like a strong C-C-C verb. Final
.
.
/?/ are not common in7Chad Arabic verbs, and
they are usually deleted before subject sufgixes.
B.
If the /7/ is the first consonant it is
deleted in the preient and the imperative, resulting
in a long vowel. For example, /?-kT1/ + /nat-2--,
V
.
/na + ?akul/. When the lhamzett is deleted we get
/na+akul6 which is the same ,as
/nAkul/.
t,
IV. Exercises:
C
A.
Listen. to your teacher make the ,following
substitutions and repeat after hill.
1. ?ana ?akalt mange seme.
04
'Sw
.1,
?inta ?iitkalta
.
.
?inti ?akalti
hu: ?akal
4
hi: ?.akalat
?ani :na ?akalna
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-123-
?intu ?akaltu
human ?akalu..
?umar ?akal
falmata ?akalat
2. ?ana na:kul Wanga4seme..
?inta ta:kul
?inti ta:kut li
A
hu: ya:kul
hi: ta:kul
4
?ani:na na:kultC.
7intu ta:kulu
human 'ya:kulu
?a:kul
?a:kuli
?a:kulu
B.
Do the same as in A with the followtia.g.
1. 44ana sa ?alt su?a:l.
2.
?ana nas?al su?a:l.
2":
?amabade:t xidme.
?ana nabda xidme.
C.
Substitution drills:
1. kam tudo:ra le ttabl da ?
tudo:ri
-4
.marku:b
kilo .lmanga
tudo:ru
kilo tama:tum
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213
ft.
14%
-12 k-
t
paks?' hat a sigre:t
e
tuici:ra
gami:s
surwa:1
tudo:ri.
0(
sa:?a
O
;
2, nanti:k ttabl da: be miyya.,
nanti :ki
marku:b
tis?i:n
,
0
nanti:kum
I
sapa
miyya w ?isri:n
nanti:ha
paket
-minte:n w ?asra
nan.ti :hum
kiLlo ?anab
xemsa w sitti:n
tabl
sab?a w fama:nirn
L
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-125-
Adverbs
A 33.
I. Dialogue:
.
The. Market
bi:ta t'tabl da: f
'I bought this ,tabfe at the market
B.
bikath bitta 4-
,'For hdW mucki did 06 buy
A.
xamsa wa tis ?i:n riya:1,
'For ninety-fi've riyals.'
B.
da: galst kati:r.
'This is too expensive.'
A.
la:kin da: tabl,seme.
'Silt this is a nice table.'
-4
B.
fi: tabla:t ?a:xari:n fi: baka:n.da: walla ?
'Are there other tables in that place?'
A.
7ayyel fi: tabla:t nafar ke,tpr.
'Yes, there are many kinds of tables.'
,tudo:ra wa:hdi:n walla ?.
411
'Do you want some?'
B.
?ayyet tagdar tsawwifni baka:n da: walla ?
'Yes, can you show me tha4 t place?'
A.
?gyyel nwaddi:k lamba:kir.
'Yes, I'll take you to orrow.-1
I,
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Ars
a
C
-126-
tI. Vocabulary:
?a:xar
Other,, -another,
?a:xari:n
Others, other.
bikam
For how-much?
bi:ta
I bought (it), or you bout (it).
nafar
Kind.
tsawwifni
You show me. Past /;awwaf/.
4
Some. Plural of /wa:hid/
t.
III. Grammar:
Adverbs in Chad Arabicf-lip in English,
A.
)
,
tell us something aboUtthe verb or the adjective.
Four main-categories of adverbs are those which
indicate manner, time, pIaCe and quantity.
B.
'Adverbs of manner ars,u0ed after the
verb to tellsomething about the way the action took
pltice or was performed. In the following examples
y
y
/bise:s/ and /?ajala/ are adverbs:
y
y
?amsi bise:s
walk valloicly.$
ya:kul ?ajala
.
C.
.11.1e eats in a hurry.'
Adverbs of time can be' used anywhere in
-
A
,
the sentence even though they ale related to the
verb. They can be single words likes /fajur/
l'morning' or /?asiyya/ 'evening', a combination
of two words like Panyal ?amis/ 'the 'day before
yesti:rdayf or /subu: alfa:t/ 'last weeks, or they
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-127Thfl
can be prepositional phAse
like /fi: lle :l/
'at night' and /ba?d ba:ki / 'the day after tomorrow.'
b.
Adverbs of
place J can be single
word' as
./gA4:b/ 'close' and /baii:d/ 'far', a combination
of words as /ma: ba?i:d/ 1nd:fir', or-a prepositional
phrase as in /fi:
E..
lin the house'.
Adverbs of
vanfityk
like /kati:r/ 'much,
and4wiyya/ 'little' modify verbs and adjectives,
e,g, hu:,kabi:r kati:r
"He is very big'
(1
hu: ?akala swiyya
IV.
ate fa l*ttle1
Exerciacei
A.
Substitute the following words and phrases
in the follo4ng serttence:
mu:sa ja: ?ajala.
ja:ri
be rijla
bise:s
?akal
?ajala
masa
fi: lbe:t
Tahmat
N\ fajur
.?asiyya
V
ja
21T
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fi: Ile:1
?amba:kir
na:m
4
lamis
gayll
masa
sana lfaA
?amis
?ajala
B.
Substitute the following words in the
sentence:
?aiaa gare:t kwayyis.
same
hus'gara
?ajala
kwayyis
?akal
some
libis
?ana libist
?ajala
.kwayyls
ti
C.
Substitution drills:
1.
0
da: gatsi kati:r.
swiyya
hayyin.
7
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0,
e
-129-
helu
di:
ga:si
N'
swiyya
1
da: kwayyis
kati:r
seine,
swiyya
2.
?ayye, nwaddi:k ?amba:kir©
nwaddi:ki
ba?d.ba:kir
sub: 1,/aly
?asiyya
nsi:lik
fajur
sa:?a
V
nsi:lak
?amba:kir
sanalJaty
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ri
1-
=130=
A 34.
I.
ressin
Dialogue :
A.
Future and the P
essive
The Market.
?indak zra: jadi:d walla ?
'Do you have flOsh vegetables ?'
B.
?ayye, tudo:ra sunu ?
'Yes, whet would you like?'
A.
nudo:ra tama:tusm wa basaiwa faggu:s.
'I want tomatoes, onions and cucumbers.'
B.
?indi manga wa. lemu:n wa ?anab kulla.
'I also have mangoes, lemons and grapes.'
A.
bekam alki:lu liana tama:tum ?
'How much is a kilo of tomatoes?'
B.
?isri:n riya :l.
'Twenty riyals.'
A.
dat Bassi
'This is very expensive.'
B.
da: tama:tum same.
'But these are good tomatoes.'
A.
nakaffi:k xamista?;ar
'I will give you fifteen rigials.'
B.
?ayye, ?azzila altudo:ra.
'O.K., pick what you want.'
0
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II.
,vocabulary
Y
Grapes.
?azzila
Pick, choose.
basal
Onions.
faggu:s
Cucumbers.
1jadi:d
New, fresh.
ki:lu
kilogram.
lemu:n
Lemons.
mange
Mangoes.
tama:tum
Tomatoes.
J.%
1
xamista?sar.
zra:
,
Fifteen.
Vegetables.
III. Grammar:
A.
.
The future idea is expressed in Chad
Arabic by using soy.kadverb of time,which refers
,/
N
1
to the futVre, with the present tense of the verb;
B.
, The progressive idea is expressed, by
using the auxiliary iga:?id/ with the present form
of the verb. /ga:?id/ is inflected for .gender` and
number in the following manner:
/ga:?id/
(masculine singular)
/ga:?ida/
(feminine singular)
/ga:?idi:n/
(feminine plural)
.2211
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IV.
gxercises:
,1
A. Substitute the fblApwing words and phrased
in the key sentence:
?ali yamsi fi: lbe:t alyo :m.
?iMba:kir
bead ba:kir
sanalja:y
subu: alja:y
V
ssa?a ?asara
fi: ?amri:k
sahr alja:y
sanalja:y
?amba:kir
fa:tima tamsi
ba ?d ba:kir
sanalja:y
fi: lbe:t
subu: alja:y
ssa?a ?asara w nuss
B.
Repeat the followidg sentences after
your teacher.
?ana ga:?id nagra darsi.,
?inta ga:?id tagri darsaki.,
?inti ga:?ide tagri darsiki
hu: ga?id yagri darsa.
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iV
?ali ga?id yagri darsa.
hi: guaide tagra darsa.
.
.fa :time ga:?ide tagra darsa.
?ani:na
nagru darisna.
?intu ga:?idi:n tagru dariskum.
human ga:?idi:n yagru darsum.
O
C.
Substitution drill:
wala :kin da: tama:tum seine.
?anab
kwayyis
la:kin
zra:
jadi:d
same
wala:kin
basal
jadi:d
faggu:s
seme
lemu:n
kwayyis
jadi:d
manga
D.
Repeat the dialogue making the following
substitutions in speOari:-
Cl
223
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-134-*
1.
2.
Q.
fa:tima
B.
hawwa
A.
?ali wa fattima
B.
mu:sa
1
,t
tof
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4
-135
A 35.
"To
ei.v " Sentences
e
I.
Dialogue:
A.
Departure
0
mata ttayya, a hana:k yamsi ?
'When does,
\iga:711
plane leays/4-
sab ?a wa nuss fi: ?a;iyya.
'At 7:30 p.m.'
A.
0
bissa:?a kam la:zim tamsi fi: mata:r ?
'What time do you have to go to the airport?'
.8.
sa:?a sitte wa rubu.
'At
6 :15.'
0
?ahsan tamsi min be:tak fi: ssa?a sitte.
'You'd better leave your house at six.'
B.
?ayye, nabga ja:hiz fii ssa:?a-xamsa w nussg
ready at 5:30.'
'Yes,
0
A.
?indak soxel altudo:ra kulla walla ?
'Do you have everything you need?'
B.
?ayyd, ?indi taskara, paspo:r, kart
hang dokto:r, kulla Eley?.
Yes,, I have a ticket, passport, medical
certificate, everything.'
A.
ma:si ?adi:1 fi: nuyofrk walla ?
'Are you going straight to New York?'
y
B.
'la:, nagif fi: pari: ?ayya:m.
'No, I will stay in Paris tsor a few days.'
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-136
t
Vecabulari:
II.
?adi:1
Straight.
?ahsarie
Better, it is better.
?ayya:m
Days, a few days;
bissa:?a kam
At what time.
ja:hiz
Ready.
kart
Card, certificate.
kart hana dakto:r
Medical certificate. Literally:
4
.
a
a doctor's card.
kulla
All of it,Pagee.
kulla sey?
Everything.
mata:r
Airport.
nabga
I will stay, I will be.
0--
nagif
I stay, stop. Past /wagaf/.
paspo:r
Passport.
tamsi min be:tak
Leave yourliouselkaterally:
walk from your house.
.
taskara
Ticket.
yamsi
He walks, leaVes.
III. Grammar:
A.
The concept 'to have' is exprfessod in
Chad Arabic by using the preposition / ?ind/ with
different possessive suffixes.
B.
When attaching possedsive suffixes to
/?ind/, we get the following forms:
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?ana ?indi be:t
?inta ?indak kita:b.
k
4
?inti ?indik kab.ss sami:n.
-
hu: ?inda farasy
hi:
?inda taskara.
?ali ?inda paspo:r.
?ani:na ?indina buyu:t.
4
?intu ?indukum be:t.
4.6
",
human ?indum ?awla:d.
fa:time ?inda jamal.
B.
Substitute the following words in the
key sentence. Pay attention to the agreeiient
between the subject and the pOssossive suffix.
?ahmat ?inda jamal sanalfa:t
fa:time
?ani:na
kabis
human
subu: alfa:t
?ana
?ali
hi:
faras
?ani:na
A
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4
-138-
7
huma:r
?inta
?infi
Substitution drills:
bissa:?a kam la:ztm tamsi fi mita:r ?
\s
u.'
t
yamsi
,
dr
dirib
tsa:d
yamsu,
V
namsu
-
nams.i
sinema
tamsi
tamsu
?oro:p
2.
?ahsan tam;i min befak fi: ssa:?a sifts.
,
.
Join be:tik A;\
4
/
.z
namsi min be'vti!
namsu min be:tna
tammei lath besta
xamse w nuss
tamsi minbe:tak
.
tamsiumin be:tik
6
v
.
yamsi min beta
e
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?asara wa tilt
tamsi min be:ta
yAm;u min be:tum_
tamsu
in be:tkum
min da:rkum
tXs?a wa ruba
tamsi min da:rak
r
N
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1
-A 36i
Active and Passive Participles
vp
Departure
1.
.
A.
seyyid ?ahmat sa:far walla ?
'Did Ahmad leave?'
B.
la:, yam;i6ba?d ba4:kir.
%plot he leaves the day after tomorrow.'
A.
tuwaddi: fit mata:r walla ?
'Are you taking him to the airport?L
B.
- ?ayye, tudo:ra tiji ma ?a:na walla ?
'Yes, .would you like to come wit) us?'
v
ba:lik namsi.)
A.
'Maybe I will go.'
tiji baka:ni tisi:lni walla ?
F
M
'Will you come to my place to pick me up?'
B.
ha:dirc. we:h ga:?id be
?
'With pleasure. Where is your house?'
be:ti gari:b le sinema ryo.
A.
'My house is clOse to Cinema Rio.'
1
niji fi: be:tak fi: ssat?a ?arba.'
'I shall come to your house at four.'
A.
kWayyis, nulummu hina:k.
-1Good, we will meet there.'
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.
0
-441-
II.
Vocabulary:
ba?d ba:kir
The day after'tomorrow.
ba:lik
Maybe.
He left, travelled.
0
You come.
You take him.
4
III. _-----,
Grammar:
A.
The active participle refers to one
who "does" or is "doing" something. For example,
./ka:tibi is the active participle of the verb'
/kataba/ and- it means 'writer'. On the other band,
the passive participle refers to a meone or something
which is "done". For instance, /maktu:b/ is the
passive participle of /kathba/ and it means 'letters.
B.
The active participle of C-C-C verbs
has the shape CalCiC- e.g. /kataba /.-- -* /ka:tib/,
For C-C-W verbs the active participle form isk
Ca:Ci - e.g. /masa/
/ma:si/. Qua.driliteral
verbs form their active partiCiples according to
the form CaCCa:C-- e.g. /kassar/ > /kassa:r/.
2
C.
O
The passive,articiple form of C -C-C
verbs,is maCCu:C
/kataba/ ---> /maktu:b /.
Quadriliteral verbs form thdir passive participles
according to the form muCaCCaC
e.g,;"tYkagsarh/
--4
/muassar/..
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IV.
Exercises:
A..
Repeat the following after your
teacher.
1;
ka:tib
haww ka:tiba
human katibi:n
?ahmat ga:ri
fa:time ga:ri
human ga:ri:n
hu: nagna:g
hi: nagna:ga
human nagna:gi:n
?ana ma:si
?inti ma:si
?ahi:na ma:81:n
mu:sa kadda:b
maryam kadda:ba
human kadda:ki:n
2.
I
ba;bi mukassar.
ba:bi maksu:r.
?axu: ma?ru:f.
v./
?axtu ma?ru:fa.
ru'ga :ni ma ?ru:fi:n.
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(t
-143+IP
?ide:ni mukaasari:n.
?ide:ha murabbati:n.
?albneyya murabbata.
?alba:b masdu:d.
4
?abwa:bak masdu:di:n.
darsa maktu:b.
9
ba:ba maftu:h.
?abwa:bi maftuali:n:
?alwle&marbu:t.
kita:bak mawju:d.
B.
Make the following substitutions'paylng.
attention to the agreement between the subject and
ti
the subject suffix of the verb.
?ahmat sa:far walla ?
masa.
fa:time
human
sa : faru
maryam
hu:
-'
?aria
?luta
?inti
-
mase:ti
?int
r
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?into
sa:fartu
?akaltu
human
?ahmat
fa:time
'?ana.
?inta
C.
Substitute the foLiowing words and
phrases in the ke,j sentence:
tiji
Aka:ni tis
in
walla ?
fi: be:ti
fi: da:ri
baka :ni
yiji
yiju
yizu:ru:ni
tiji
yiji
tiju
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-145-
v.
A
I.
Direct and Indirect Object Suffixes
Edalogue:
Dep1/4ture
4
A.
:,-qo'.4._
-
mata tathia'fi: baladak ?
'When do you leave for your country?'
B.
ba?d subu:?e:n.
r
'Two weeks from now.'
A.
ka:n wisilta fit ?amri:k ?aktubley.
''rite the when you get to America.'
B.
naktuble:ks wa ?inta kama:n ?aktuble:y.
'I will. And you write me too,'
A.
tagri ?arab walla ?
'tan you read Arabic?'
B.
swiyya.
1A. little.,
A.
naktuble:k nuns bikala:m ?arab wa nuso
bikala:m ?ingli:z.
7
'I will write you half Arabic and half
English.'
B.
kwayyiss wa ?ana ?aktuble:k bikala:m
?arab swiyyai
'Goods and I.will' write you a little
Arabic.'
A.
wean ?allamta kala:m ?arab ?
'Where did ypu learn Arabic?'
B.
fit leko:l.fi: baladi.
'In school at home.'
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235
-146II,
4,
Vocabulary:
?aktubley
Write me,' Past /katab /.
baladak
Your country, homes
bikala:m ?arab (?ingli:z)
kama:n
Also, too.
ka:n
If, _when..
imktuble:k
,
In Arabic (English).
I write you.
subt41.:
Week.
subu:?e:n
Two weeks.
tagri
You read: Past /gara/.
III. Grammar:
A.
The direct object pronouns are suffixes
attached to the verb after the subjecemarker.
Following is a list of these suffixes:
t
B.
-ni
'me'
-ak
'you (maw.)'
-ki
IYoulfem.)I
-u/a
'him'
-a/ha
'her'
-na
'no'
-kum
'You (pl.)2
-um/hum./N
'them'
The indirect object pronouns lre'suffixed
to the verb.after the subject marker, They have
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the follTring forms:
11
;qi
-ley
'to /for me'
-le:k
- le:ki
'
You (mas.)1
"
11
"
11, you (fetn.)2
-le:hU
u
- le:hi
"
I
him'
"
her'
-le:na
IV.
-le:kum
u
- lum/le:hum
".
you (plOt
"
them'
Exercises:
A.
Your instructor will give you a noun
or a pronoun whiCh you areto change into a
direct object suffix in the following sentence:
wassilni fi: lbe:t.
e.g. ?ani:nh wassilna fi: lbe:t.
?ahmat
?ana
?inta
9
?ani:na
?inti
hi:
fa:tima
hu:
human
?intu
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4
B.
Do the same as,in A above changing the
nouns and pronouns given7 into indirect object
suffixes,
katabley maktu:b.
c
--
?ahmat.
fa:tima
?ani:na
?ana
hu:
human
I
hi:
?inta
?intu
?inti,
C.
Substitiltion drills:
1.
mata tamL fi: baladak ?
fi: 'amri:k
i
yamsi
bAlada
fi: ?oro:p
yamsu
baladhum.,
fi: fra:ns
S
tamsi
,
baladhtl
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";1496
baladik
fi: tsa:d
namsu
baladna
fi: nige:r
tamsu
baladkum
2.
wa ?ana ?aktuble;k bikatam
?arab swiyya.
L
?ingli:z
?inta ? aktubley
kati:r
?inti ?aktubiley
faranse:
2intu ?aktubu:le:na
ikulla
hu: katabley
swiyya
?arab
Repeat the dialogue making the
f6.lowing substitutions in speakers:
1.
2.
.A.
fa:tima
B.
hawwa
A.
?ali wa ?ahmat
B.
_wa ?ali
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-150s
a
-
A.38.
I..
Conjunctions
Dialogue:'
The Weather
wata ha:mi kati:r alyom.
A.
'It is very hoX today,'
?ayye, da:yman ha:mi fi: sse:f.
AO
'Yes, it is always hot in the summer.'
wata ha:mi fi: kull tsa:d'?
A.
'Is it hot all, over Chad?,
B.
la:, wata ma: ha:mi fi: jjuba:1,
'No, it is not hot in tAe mountains.'
$
A.
k kam digre: fi: jjuba:1 fi: sse:f ?
('What'is the temperature in the mountains
during thd summer?,
B.
tagri:ban tala:ti:n digre:.
'About thirty degrees.'
A,
wa wata ke:f fi: fo:r lami: ?
'And how is the weather in Fort-limy?,
B.,
fi: sse:f tagri:ban tama:nya. w talatti:n.
'About thirty-eight degrees in the summer.'
A;
fi: lle:l kama:n ha:mi walla ?.
'Is it also hot at night?'
B.
?ayye, wata ha :mi fi: lle:1 kulla.-
rYes, it is also hot at night.'
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-151-
II,
Vocatulary:
9
fi: kull tfla:d
All over Chad. Literally:
in all Chad.
ha:mi
Hot.
julaas1
Mountains. Plural of /jabal /.
le :l
Nighty
se :,f
Summer
tagri:ban
Nearly, about, close to.
wpta
Weather.
III. Grammar:
A.
Conjugations are function words which
join two words or phrases'in some kind not relation-
ship. Usually the things that are joined by a
conjunction have similar grammatical functions:
i.e. both verbs or nouns or adjectives, etc.
B.
The most common conjunctions in Chad
Arabic are:
4WEI, w,
'and'
1.1
walla
1 or I
,
Wi
wala
wala
.'nor'
wala
'neither .4,4, nor'
ft
la:kin, wala:kin
'but'.
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IV.
Exercises:
A.
Repeat after your teacher:
?ana w ?axu:y mase,:nat
hu: ?akal wa
?inta ?akalt walla ma: ?akalt ?
da:
? axu:y walla ?axu:ha ?
?ana wala ?akalt wala sirib4;14
wala ?alia wala 7abu:y mApesna.
?ana kabi:r wala:kin ma: kabi:r kaki :r.
?akal Ia:kin(ma;
4
B.
0
SubstituM the following words and-
phrases,in the key7isentenc:esi
.4)
?ali'?akal kati:r*Til
--1
fa:tima
wala
waj.a
?ahmat
ti
wa
A
Iv
la:kin ma:
hawwa
t
-
walla
wala:kin ma:
yet,
C.
Substitution drills:
1.
wata ha:mikati:r aLyo :m.
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242
-153.4.
ba:rid
44s
swiyya
4
ma: ba:rid
irk
F
?amba:kir
ma: ha:mi
kati:r
?ams
ha:mi
k
swiyya
alyo:m
2.
?ayyet wdta ha:mi fit llet1
la:
ba:rid
fi: nnaha:r
bes
fialet1
-4
kama:n
ma: ha:mi
ba:rid
kulla
?avye
104
4,
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A 39.
I.
Numbors
Dialogue:
The.Weath'ar
A.
wata ba:rid alyolm.
4
'It is coliOtoday.0
B.
yayyes
ma: ba:rid 1Fatise.
I.
'Yes, bul not Very cold.'
fi: baladak wata ba:rid min hine walla ?
A.
-'Is it colder than here in your country?'
8.
?ayyes ba:rid-kati:r min hine fi: ssita.
'Y/es, it is much colder in the winter.'
A.
matar ysubb katitr -fi: baladak walla S-
'Does it rain very much at home?'
,
?ayyes wa ?indana talj kulla.
B.
'Yes, and we have snow too.'
?indakum talj kull assana walla ?
A.
'Do you have snow all year round?'
N.
B.
?illa fi: ;;;;ita,
-
A.
'No, only in the winter.'
wakit talj yaga wata'ba:rid kati:t.
'When it snail; it gets cold.'
B.
?ayyes sehi:
'Yeas you are right.'
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II.
Vocabulary:
baorid
Cold.
ba:rid min
Colder than.
ba:rid kati:r.min
Much colder than.
matar ydubb
It rains. Literally:
potws.
b
sehi:
Right,
sehi: kala:mak
You are right. Litg.ally:
What you say is right,
7
v
sita
Winter.
.
.
tali
Snnw.
talskrga
,It snows. Literally:
Snow falls.
°
wakit
When, at the tpu.
yaga
It ,falls.
ysubb
It pours.
Grammar:
A.
Refer to p-s 53 and 54 for a list of
the cardinal numbers. Notice that )the numbers
t
I-1.9
can be expressed in two different ways.
B.
When the numbers are used with nouns,
the nouns are usually singular after iho number.''
and plural before its e.g. /kila:b talasta/ or
'three dogso;q1owever, one also
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-156-
4
encounters phrases like / tala:ta kila:b/ and
to,
"alb
IV.
I
tala:ta/.
Exercises:
A.
1
Repeat after your%teaeher:
Zado -a ?asara ki:lu tamatum.
tlido:ra ?i;ri:n riya:1;
nudq:ra miyya.wa xamsa riya:l.
ssa:?a xamsa
?indi kila:b
nuss.
tii la:ta.
?inda tala:ta kila:b.
?indum ?arba iardctt:
fi: sadara:t tama:nya,
?ihdb. tala:ta ;adara:t.
a
nudo:ra tabla:t sitte.
B.
Substitute the following words and phrases
in the key sentence,
?ado,:ra wihda?sar yarda.
nudo:ra
6
e
V
xamista?sar
ki:lu
tudo:ra
t
tis ?a
4fr,
kila:b
sitta?sar
marku:b
?46
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-157talattitn wa xamsa
nudo:ra
xamsa wa ?arba?i:n
kita:b
......,'-'
9
milyo :n
riya:l
?alfe:n
C.
Substitution drills:
1.
fi: baladak 4ata: ba :rid min hine.'
fi: baladik
min baladi
fi: tsa. :d
J.%
ma: ha:thi.
min ?amri:k
ma: ba:rid
fi: baladna
min baladkum
ha :mi
2.
?indaktutt tali kull assana.lwalla'?
indana
matar
assahir
?indum
wata ha:m0.
4
1\.
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ns
le
..158..
i'
ee
.
wata ba:rid
alyo:m
_
----
,
I
*
?inda-
tali
assana
N
s
6
\
1
0.
41
4
r
.1
.
a
l'
.-
It.
(
(
t
1
t
\
I
a
.
1
it
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mi
,
71.59-
A 4.0.
I.
Ordinal Numbers
Dialogue:
The Movies
.
c
A._
41
sunu t'sawwi lyo:m fi: lle:l ?
,
/What are you doing this evening?
B.
v,
a..
.c
nudo:ra namsi fi: ssinema.
\
II want'to go to the movies./
A.
sinema alwen4ma:si tisi:fa ?
Which movies are you%going to see.
B.
ma:si fi: sinema norMandi:.
!I am going, to pormandi\Theatra.!
A.
?alfilm sunu lyo:u ?
/What is the. movie today?!
B.
.
film faranse: sem. tams, ma?aty walla ?
/It is a goOdrench movie. Would you
I
like, to come ?
A.
.,?ake:r dat ya:tu ?
/Who is the actor ? -/'
B.
fernande:1, hu,dahha:k&
/Fernandel, he is' very funny. /to'
A.
1,?etyye, namsi ma?a0r.
'10.1(.1, 1 will go with you./
II.
VocabUlary:
A
?akteir
Actor.
dahha:ki
Fun*, comic, comedian.
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film
Film.
sinema
Theatre, movie, film.
/>
III. Grammar:
A.
Refer to P-S 55 for a list of the ordinal
numbers. The most frequently used ordinal numbers
are "first - sixth", and "seventh - ninth"-are seldom
used. Ordinal numbers above *tenth" do not exigt
in Chad ArabiC,*
B.
Ordinal numbers are 0sed wtthsingular
nouns only. They come before indefinite nouns and
after definite nouns, e.g.. ixa:mis kita:b/ 'fifth
book' but /aliqta:b alxa:mis/ 'the fifth boOkt.
IV.
Exercises:
A.
Repeat after your teacher:
?awwal dirib
ddirib al?awwal
ta:ni wled
alwled atta:ni
ta:lit
alkita:b etta:lit
ra:bi beft
4
. albe:t arra:bi
xamis jabaA
ajjabal alxa :mis
-25u.
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-161-
sa:dis barb
alba:b assa:dis
13.
Substitution drills:
1,
sunu tsawwi lyc:m fi: lle:1 ?
?amba:kir
fi: nnaha:r
ba?d ba:kir
ti
fi: ?asiyya
nsawwi
fa'
fi: fajur
tsawwu
str.3)\110: alja:y
fi:'lle:1
ysawwi
?amba:kir
ysawwu
2,
sinema alwe:n ma:si
?
belt
yi;i:fa
n.
nisi :fa
fr.
safa:ra
ma:si:n tisi:fu
leko:l
nisi:fu
mu:ze:
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251
41A
,
-162-
dukka:ii
ma:si tisi:fa
sinema
C.
` Repeat the dialogue making the
following substitutiolis in speakers:
1,
?ali
4ssAw.1
B.
hawwa
maryam
1
B.
h,wwa wa MU:SO
4k,
r4
4
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