Download BODY FLUID BODY- FLUID COMPARTMENTS Water is by far the

Total
body water (TBW)
Volume = 42 L
60% body weight
EXTRACELLULAR FLUID (ECF)
(Internal Environment)
Volume =14 L
1/3 TBW
INTRACELLULAR
FLUID
VOLUME= 28 L
2/3 TBW
INTERSTITAL FLUID
VOLUME = 11 L
80% OF ECF
PLASMA
VOLUME = 3 L
20% OF ECF
The body fluids are enclosed in compartments.
1. Extracellular fluid exists in two location
a. Intercellular fluid (interstitial fluid)
Approximately 80% of the extracellular fluid
surrounds all the body's cells exept the blood cells. It
lies between`cells.
b. Plasma
It is the fluid protein of the blood, in which the
various blood cells are suspended . 20% of
extracellular fluid is plasma.
2. Intracellular fluid
All the fluid inside a cell – in other words, cytosol
plus the fluid inside all the organelles, including the
nucleus.
Two-thirds of the body water is intracellular.
There is continuous exchanges between plasma and
interstitial fluid, concentrations of dissolved
substances are virtually identical in the two fluids,
except for protein concentration. With this major
exception – higher protein concentration in plasma
than in interstitial fluid – the entire extracellular fluid
may be considered to have a homogeneous
composition.
In contrast, the composition of the extracellular fluid is
very different from that in the intracellular fluid, the
fluid inside the cells. The differing composition of the
compartments reflect the activities of the barriers
separating them. The fluid in the body are enclosed in
compartments
The volumes of the body – fluid compartments are
summarized in figure in terms of water.
 Atoms
The units of matter that form all chemical substances are
called atoms . the smallest atom, is hydrogen . Each
type of atom - carbon , oxygen , hydrogen , and so on –
is called chemical element. A one – or two - letter
symbol is used as a shorthand identification for each
element. Although slightly more than 100 elements
exist in the universe , only 24 are known to be essential
for the structure and function of the human body.
Essential elements in the body
symblo
element
Major elements: 99.3% of total atoms
H(63%)
Hydrogen
O(26%)
Oxygen
C(9%)
Carbon
N(1%)
Nitrogen
Mineral elements: 0.7% of total atoms
Ca
Calcium
P
Phosphorus
K (Latin kalium)
Potassium
S
Sulfur
Na
Sodium
Cl
Chlorine
Mg
magnesium
Trace elements : less than 0.01% of total atoms
Fe (latin ferrum)
I
Cu (latin cuproum)
Z
Mn
Co
Cr
Se
Mo
F
Sn
Si
v
Iron
Iodine
Copper
Zinc
Manganese
Cobalt
Chromium
Selenium
Molybdenum
Fluorine
Tin
Silicon
vanadium
Atoms are composed of three subatomic particles :
Positive protons and neutral neutrons , both
located in the nucleus , and negative electrons
revolving around the nucleus .
 The atomic number the number is the number of
protons in an atom, and because atoms electrically
neutral , it is also equal to the number of electrons .
 The atomic weight of an atom is the ratio of the atom's
mass relative to that of a carbon – 12 atom . for
example a hydrogen atom has an atomic weight of 1
indicating that it has one – twelfth the mass of a
carbon atom.
 molecules are formed by linking atoms together. The
molecular weight of a molecule is the sum of the
atomic weight of all its atoms. When an atom gains or
loses one or more electrons, it acquires a net electric
charge and becomes an ion .
 Substances dissolved in a liquid are solutes, and the
liquid in which they are dissolved is the solvent. Water
is the most abundant solvent in the body.
 Substances that release a hydrogen ion in solution are
called acids.
 Those that accept a hydrogen ion are bases. The acidity
of a solution is determined by its free hydrogen – ion
concentration, the greater the hydrogen – ion
concentration, the greater the acidity.
 The PH of solution is the negative logarithm of the
hydrogen – ion concentration. As the acidity of a
solution increases, the PH decreases.
Acid solutions have a PH less than 7.0 whereas alkaline
solutions have a PH greater than 7.0.
 Carbohydrates are composed of carbon , hydrogen ,
and oxygen in the proportion Cn(H2O)n .
Carbohydrates are soluble in water. The most
abundant monosaccharide in the body is glucose
(C6H12O6) , which is stored in cells in the form of
polysaccharide glycogen.
 Lipids are insoluble in water. They could be:
Triacylglycerol , Phospholipids , or Steroids.
 Proteins, macromolecules composed primarily of
carbon, hydrogen, and nitrogen , are polymers of
different amino acids.