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Stress and Health • Brainstorm 2-3 different stressors you encounter in a regular school day. Come up with at least two ways to cope. Stress and Causes of Death Prolonged stress combined with unhealthy behaviors may increase our risk for one of today's four leading diseases. Behavioral Medicine Centers for Disease Control (CDC) claim that half of the deaths in the US are due to people’s behaviors (smoking, alcoholism, unprotected sex, insufficient exercise, drugs, and poor nutrition). Psychologists and physicians have thus developed an interdisciplinary field of behavioral medicine that integrates behavioral knowledge with medical knowledge. Health Psychology Health psychology is a field of psychology that contributes to behavioral medicine. The field studies stress-related aspects of disease and asks the following questions: 1. How do emotions and personality factors influence the risk of disease? 2. What attitudes and behaviors prevent illness and promote health and well-being? 3. How do our perceptions determine stress? 4. How can we reduce or control stress? FEAR ●Learned through conditioning and observation o Conditioning – associating emotions with specific situations o Observation – watching others display fear in response to certain events or surroundings ●Biology of fear o We are biologically predisposed to learn to fear particular items because the fear response helps us survive o Amygdala – key role in associating emotions with specific situations If damaged, emotion is NOT associated with the situation, so the ANGER ●What makes us angry? oMany different factors…anything from misdeeds of loved ones to aches and pains ●Is anger good or bad? oChronic hostility is linked to heart disease oControlled expression of anger can be good…better than pent up anger or irrational anger ANGER ●Catharsis Hypothesis – releasing aggressive energy relieves aggressive urges o Research has shown that expressing anger can be temporarily calming, yet it usually does not clear the feelings of rage Need to be careful of how much rage is expressed and how often…expression of anger can lead to more hostility and cruelty due to reinforcement we experience (expression of anger can become a habitual behavior) Happiness ●People who are happy perceive the world as safer, make decisions more easily, are more cooperative and live happier, more satisfied lives o Feel-good, do-good phenomenon – people tend to be helpful to others when they are in a good mood Happiness o Adaption-level phenomenon – our tendency to judge various stimuli as relative to those we have previously experienced We adjust our neutral levels and then notice and react to variations up or down from these levels So if you won the lottery tomorrow, according to this principle, you would have a sere of happiness initially, but then you would adapt to the new lifestyle and come to consider it as your “new” normal and require something even better to give another surge of The Stress Response System Canon proposed that the stress response (fast) was a fight-orflight response marked by the outpouring of epinephrine and norepinephrine from the inner adrenal glands, increasing heart and respiration rates, mobilizing sugar and fat, and dulling pain. The Stress Response System The hypothalamus and the pituitary gland also respond to stress (slow) by triggering the outer adrenal glands to secrete glucocorticoids (cortisol). General Adaptation Syndrome EPA/ Yuri Kochetkov/ Landov A stress response to any kind of stimulation is similar. The stressed individual goes through three phases. Stress and Physical Health • Psychophysiological Illness: – Stress which creates physical illness. (Hypertension and headaches). • Psychoneuroimmunology (PNI): – The study of how psychological, neural, and endocrine processes together affect the immune system and health. Stress and Heart Disease • Frequent or chronic stress can cause damage to the heart and blood vessels • Type A personality – Competitive, hard-driving, impatient, verbally aggressive, and anger-prone people – Respond to life events with impatience and hostility – Correlated with development of heart disease • Type B personality – Relaxed and easygoing Stress and the Immune System Lennart Nilsson/ Boehringer Ingelhein International GmbH B lymphocytes (white blood cells) fight bacterial infections, T lymphocytes attack cancer cells and viruses, and microphages ingest foreign substances. During stress, energy is mobilized away from the immune system making it vulnerable. Stress and Colds People with the highest life stress scores were also the most vulnerable when exposed to an experimental cold virus. Stress and AIDS Stress and negative emotions may accelerate the progression from human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) to acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS). UNAIDS/ G. Pirozzi Stress and Immune Conditioning If the immune system can be suppressed through conditioning, researchers believe that immuneenhancing responses can be inculcated to combat viral diseases. Little Albert Reading/Reflection 20 PTS • Read the Little Albert study and summarize the study in a paragraph. • In a second paragraph connect this study to your life. Using our understanding of emotion and our fear response, summarize how you experience fear.