Download objective question no: 1

COMMERCIAL GEOGRAPHY 2011
Commercial Geography
Time Allowed: 20 minutes
Paper: (Objective Type)
Maximum Marks: 15
OBJECTIVE
QUESTION NO: 1
NOTE:
Write answers to the questions on the objective answer sheet provided. Four
possible answers A, B, C and D to each question are given. Which answer you consider
correct, fill the circle in front of A, B, C and D with Marker or Pen ink to each question on
the answer sheet provided.
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(v)
(vi)
(vii)
(viii)
(ix)
(x)
Which country is biggest producer of rice in the world:
(A) U.S.A
(B) India
(C) China
(D) Japan
Where does U.S.A’s largest iron and steel industry center locate:
(A) Atlantic Coastal Region
(B) Pittsburg Region
(C) Lake Erie Region
(D) Western Region of California
Which district of Sindh is most thickly populated:
(A) Larkana
(B) Hyderabad
(C) Karachi
(D) Sukkar
How much area of Pakistan is under Forest:
(A) 15%
(B) 4.8%
(C) 25%
(D) 60%
On which river Chashma Hydel Power Project has been constructed:
(A) Kabul
(B) Sindh
(C) Jehlum
(D) Nelum
Which type of economic activity is furniture manufacturing:
(A) Primary
(B) Secondary
(C) Tertiary
(D) Quinary
Where does exist the best quality of fish:
(A) Saline Water
(B) Hot Water
(C) Temperate Water
(D) Cold and sweet water
Cotton Textile Industry is dependent on the crop of:
(A) Tobacco
(B) Sugar cane
(C) Cotton
(D) Wheat
In the World Saudi Arabia ranks in Mineral Oil Productions:
(A) At first position
(B) At second position
(C) At fourth position
(D) At not any position
In Pakistan which international Airport is most busiest:
(xi)
(xii)
(xiii)
(xiv)
(xv)
(A) Karachi
(B) Lahore
(C) Islamabad
(D) Multan
How many Nuclear Power Stations are present in Pakistan:
(A) 2
(B) 5
(C) 10
(D) 15
The word “Graphy” means:
(A) To explain
(B) To describe
(C) Write
(D) Read
Which country lies in the east of Pakistan:
(A) Iran
(B) India
(C) China
(D) Arabian Sea
Evergreen “Mahogany” plant is found in:
(A) Tundra Region
(B) Mediterranean Region
(C) Equatorial Region
(D) Desert Region
Which is the best quality of Coal:
(A) Anthracite
(B) Peat
(C) Lignite
(D) Bituminous
PRINCIPLE OF BANKING 2011
SUBJECTIVE
NOTE:
Out of Q.1, 2 and 3 write any Eighteen (18) short answers. While, writing
answers writeQ. No. and its part carefully. Each part carries two marks. (36)
SUBJECTIVE PART-1
QUESTION NO: 2
(i)
Ans.
(ii)
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(iii)
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(iv)
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(v)
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(vi)
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(vii)
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Define Geography.
The word Geography, comes from the two Greek words “Geo” “Which means Earth” and
Graphy’ which means ‘description’ or ‘writing’. Geography is therefore ‘the study of the
Earth’s landscapes’, which include both the natural and the cultural landscapes.
Define Primary Human Economic activity.
Primary economic activities are those that harvest as extract something from the earth.
They are at the beginning of the production cycle, where humans are in closest contact
with recourses and potentialities of the environment. Such activities involve basic food
stuff and raw material production. Hunting, gathering, grazing, agriculture, fishing,
forestry, mining, quarrying are examples.
Primary producers might by labeled redcollar workers due to outdoor nature of their
work.
Define the Deciduous Forests.
Deciduous forests are those, in which trees shed their leaves during summer or winter
season. Deciduous are found in those parts where temperature and rain fall are moderate.
Name the kind of industries.
Industries are very vast sector of manufacturing therefore these are divided into following
different types; (I) Cottage Industry (II) Community/local industries (III) Primary or
Simple Industries (IV) Heavy Industries.
Whome the feed is straw and plant of rice.
Rice straw is used as poultry feed and cattle feed.
Write the kind of cotton.
Cotton is plant of arid and semiarid regions of sub-tropical latitudes. Cotton has
following varieties according to environmental basis.
(i)
Asian cotton varieties.
(ii)
Egyptian cotton varieties.
(iii)
American coastal Plain varieties.
(iv)
American central plains varieties.
What are names of Provinces of Pakistan?
Punjab, Sindh, Balochistan, Khebar Pakhtunkhawa and Giltit Bilbustan.
(viii)
Ans.
(ix)
Ans.
How are the Karez made?
Karez is water tunnel or a narrow subterranean canal and is one of the important and
centuries old irrigation methods. Normally Karez formation is done in arid and semi-arid
climatic conditions within specific topographic conditions.
Write the uses of Sugar cane.
The primary product obtained from sugar cane is centrifugal sugar. The success of the
industry demands the utilization of various by products like alcohol, synthetic rubber, and
livestock diet as Vanda. Charcoal, fertilizer and many chemicals are manufactured by
using molasses. While baggers is being used for making chipboard and as a fuel in sugar
industry and during making Gur.
QUESTION NO: 3
(i)
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(ii)
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(iii)
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(iv)
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(v)
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Describe Socio-Economic factors which affect the agriculture development in the
world.
Like physical factors socio-economic factors also play vital role in the development of
Agriculture. These are following; capital, agriculture skill, latest fertilizers and high yield
seeds. Use of pesticides and Weedicides, government patronage, political & economic
stability, economic system, suitable price of crops.
Write down best suitable soil of successful Sugar cane crop.
For best sugar cane crop, deep fertile, well-drained soil is required. Soil must be inriched
with phosphorus, potash, lime and plenty of humus. Alluvial loamy and silty loamy soils
of river plains are most suitable for sugar cane cultivation.
Write down climatic conditions required for successful vegetative growth of cotton
plant.
Like all other plants, cotton plant needs specific environmental conditions and suitable
soil texture for better growth.
Cotton plants require 150C to 250C temperature and 180 to 200 days for its best
vegetative growth. Dry and Warm air is also favourable for cotton plant. During growth
period 20-50 centimeter (8-20 inches) rainfall is required. In case there is low rainfall,
irrigation is needed.
How natural Rubber is prepared?
Natural rubber is produced from the milk of the plant Hevea brasiliensis of the spurge
family. Its milk is called latex and it is raw material for manufacturing natural rubber.
Describe importance of edible oil in human diet.
Balance diet is need of every human being. While’ fats supply energy, for human body.
In the early stages of history, fats need was met by animal fat. Today, due to increasing
population animal fat is not enough for all population. Therefore fat demand is fulfilled
by edible oil resources. Edible oil supply fat but also they possess proteins, vitamins and
minerals.
Edible oil is used for manufacturing margarine and other products. Oils are also used for
manufacturing soaps, insecticides, perfumes, medicines and cosmetics etc.
(vi)
Ans.
(vii)
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(viii)
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(ix)
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Write down important gold mining countries of the world.
In the world, today 63 countries are gold producers at commercial level in world’s four
countries South Africa (17%); Australia (11%), U.S.A. (10%) and China (10%) produce
56 percent gold production of the world. Besides, Canada, Russian Federation, Peru,
Indonesia, Uzbekistan Papua New Guinea, Ghana, Chile and Brazil are significant gold
producing nations in the world.
Write down importance of Natural Gas among energy resources.
In the today world, natural gas is very important fuel source. It is very cheap and clean
source of energy. Natural gas is used both as fuel and as a raw material in the
manufacturing of chemicals. Natural gas is being used for power generation and
transportation.
In Pakistan, major rainfall depends upon which wind system.
Over a large part of Pakistan most of the rainfall is associated with monsoon cyclones.
Summer or monsoon rainfall is concentrated in July, August and September. The
monsoon activity is of a pulsating nature; because Pakistan receives tail end of the
monsoon, which enters Pakistan crossing India. It reaches usually in Pakistan in early
July and continues to blow up to October. Out of total annual rainfall 75 percent are
received in monsoon season. Maximum monsoon rainfall occurs in north-eastern
mountainous region, while towards south west rainfall decreases.
Write down on which rivers Mangla and Tarbeal Dams have been constructed.
Mangla Dam has constructed on river Jehlum while Tarbela dam has been constructed on
river Indus.
QUESTION NO: 4
(i)
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(ii)
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(iii)
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(iv)
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What is meant by Spring Wheat?
Spring wheat, which is planted in the spring harvested in the late autumn, prevails in
areas where winters are extremely severe.
What is meant by Census?
Counting of human resources (population) for update human resources is called
population census. It takes place almost in every country of the world after ev3ery ten
years. It provides bench marked data for development planning and its evaluation.
Because without accurate population statistics, economic development and exact
planning is not possible for any country.
What are edible oil seed crops?
Soybean, sunflower, Corn, Oil palm, Olive and Safflower etc.
Define commercial Geography.
Commercial geography is that branch of Human Geography which studies the trading
activities in the world.
(v)
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(vi)
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(vii)
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(viii)
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(ix)
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How mineral oil was formed?
Scientists are not certain how petroleum was formed, but many believe that petroleum is
formed under Earth’s surface by the decomposition of marine life, animal or plant both.
These remains were entombed in the briny mud of shallow sea floors at the edges of land
masses. Such marine sediments cover a considerable fraction of the Earth’s surface. Such
deposits, which are rich in organic materials, become the source rock for the generation
of crude oil. The process began many millions or years ago with the development of
abundant life, and it continues to this day.
Name mountain ranges of Pakistan.
North eastern mountains and North western mountains.
Name eight wool producing countries.
China, England, Japan, Australia, New Zealand, South Africa, Argentina and America.
Describe advantages of Transportation.
The transport is of basic importance in the development in process of a country. If means
of transport are developed, they promote internal and external trade. The means of
transportation helps in benefiting from mineral and agricultural resources. Mobility of
labour becomes very easily and industrial development can be promoted.
Write a note on Korokorum Highway.
Karakoram highway — N35 is all weather 805 Km long road, which connects
Rawalpindi / Islamabad with XinJiang province of China and runs through N.W.F.P and
Northern Areas. This road connects the cities of Abbottabad—Mansehra—Thakot,
Besham—Pattan Sazin—Chilas—Gilgit—Hunza to the Chinese frontier across the 4,733
meters high KhunJerab pass.
This road has been described as a marvel of civil engineering. The Eighth wonder of the
world, was completed in 20 years, with undeclared accost in rupees and human loss.
SUBJECTIVE PART II
NOTE: Attempt any THREE questions from the following:
5
Ans.
Describe the importance and scope of Economic and Commercial Geography.
A study of economic activities is, in fact, a study of man in relation to resources. We may
consider the earth as the abode of Man and its resources are his legacy.
The study of the manner of explanation of the earth’s resources and the limits set by
physical environment is the proper scope of Economic Geography.
Humboldt, a famous 19th century German geographer, remarked that, the diversified
riches of the4 earth are a vast source of human enjoyment, and therefore, man’s highest
development requires that we put these riches into a common world stream of
understanding and use. This can only be achieved through the study of Economic
Geography. In this way Economic Geography contributes to international understanding.
 The main objective of Economic Geography is, to examine man’s economic
achievement interms of productionand consumption in light of his environment.
Economic Geography, fundamentally, maintains a very close relation with the
man’s economic welfare as other social sciences do, but the approach is radically
different.
 Economic Geography makes a comparatively humble and integrated approach for
problems. It describes a country or region in terms of his natural, human and
cultural environment with relation to man’s economic way of life.
 Economic Geography serves the purpose of identifying the influence that the
environment extorts or man through the preservation of the multiple geoeconomic conditions of different parts of the world. Any attempt that aims at the
balanced development of economy could not succeed without the complete
understanding of man-environment inter-relationship. Economic Geography,
therefore, serves as an essential toll for reducing and finally eliminating world
society’s disparity gap by scientific study of the economic resources, modern
needs and cultural heritage.
 The prime objective of the subject is to make a proper understanding of functions
and operations of resources in the aspect of economic development of a country.
Every country shows great interest for resources within its geo-political boundary
and development of her resources, be it natural or human or cultural.
 A sound knowledge of geographical concepts and global facts helps to improve
the way in which we think about and deal with issues in our environment.
 Economic geography examines the distribution and occupations of people in
different parts of world. It gives us better understanding of where people are and
what activities they are engaged in.

6
Ans.
Great changes are taking place around the earth. Good background knowledge
about the earth we live in will enable us to understand these changes better.
 Geography is a study of inter-relationship between man, resources and its
environment. Therefore, it enables us to look closely at environment and evaluate
its resources and the opportunity it offers. In fact, the study of economic
geography could help us consider why some regions can produce food while
others are too cold or too dry to support life.
 Economic Geography provide information about world population, distribution,
occupation, density and other characteristics, which help us in understanding
economic activity and how human resources are being utilized for better
economic development.
 Economic Geography provides true global picture of agriculture, minerals,
industrial, forest and livestock resources, and their utilization.
 Economic Geography provide true picture of international commodity trade and
how they benefit the mankind and from where you can export or import for the
betterment of your country.
 Economic Geography tells us about international commodity trade and
transportation and communication network over the global village.
 Economic Geography provides true guideline for commerce students, traders,
farmers, planner’s, economists. It provides information about labour force their
unemployment and future planning.
 Last not least, Economic Geography promotes curiosity and enthusiasm, which
provides solutions of many economic problems.
Explain the favourable physical conditions of wheat in the world.
Climate is the major factor, which specifies the growth of wheat. Therefore specific
amount of rainfall and temperature is required.
(i) Temperature: Wheat is sown at the start of winter season during cooler and drier
months and ripens in the warm dry months of early summers. North to the Arctic
Circle, wheat is grown in spring and harvested before winters. For vegetative
growth of wheat, at least for 100 days, temperature range must be between 15 0C
— 170C (600F to 660F. during ripening period, hot days (700F — 800F) are
required.
(ii) Rainfall / Irrigation: Wheat is produced by dry farming in semi-arid lands and
by irrigation in arid lands. Humid tropical regions are not suitable for wheat
cultivation. Well distributed rains must come during the vegetative growth and
sunny days at the ripening and harvest period.
In dry regions 4 — 5 irrigations are required for wheat crop.
(iii)
Soil: Wheat does best in the well-drained clayey loams having plenty of humus.
While Chernozems of temperate grassland are most suitable. Chestnut, Volcanic
and the loess soils are also most suitable.
7
Ans.
Write down important iron and steel producing countries in the world with
theirproduction.
There are following important iron and steel producing countries in the world:
(i) Brazil
Brazil has largest iron ore reserve in the world. Its iron ore production during
2006 was 300 million metric tons second after China. Its 75% iron ore reserves
are located in the Quadrilateral Zone of Minas Gerais. Other deposits are located
at Itabira and Carajas. These are high grade iron ore reserves. Brazil exports large
amounts of iron ore, U.S.A is largest destination of Brazalian iron ore.
(ii) China
China possesses more than 10,000 million metric tons iron ore reserves. Ranking
first in the world, it mined 520 million metric tons ore during 2006. High grade
magnetite and hematite, iron ore deposits are widely scattered in China. The
largest amount of iron ore deposits occur within Manchuria - Anshan deposits.
While the Yangtze Balley and south-west of Beijing rare important for iron ore
deposits.
Due to large consumption China is not self-sufficient in iron ore therefor3e
imports large amounts of iron ore.
(iii)
Australia
Australia stands among those countries, which have large iron ore reserves and
produce high amounts of iron ore. During 2006, it produced 270 million metric
tons iron ore and ranked 2nd in the world. Due to small local consumption, it
exports large quantities of iron ore. Japan is largest importer of Australian iron.
Western Australian region provides bulk of iron ore. While old miners of Middle
Back, Iron-Knob and Iron Monoarich are valuable, iron reserves in Southern
Australia.
(iv) India
India has more than 21,000 million iron ore reserves, which are high quality
hematite and magnetite in grade. Iron ore are widely distributed in the country;
nearly 90% of national output is contributed by the states of Goa, Madhya
Pradesh, Orissa, Bihar, Karnataka, Maharashtra and Andhra Pradesh.
India is fourth largest iron ore producing country in the world. During 2006, India
mined 150 million metric tons iron ore and ranked fifth in iron ore. India export
large quantities of iron ore Japan is largest buyer of Indian iron ore.
(v)
Russian Federation
Russian process huge deposits of iron ore, and ranks second in the world. During
2006 Russia produced 105 million metric tons iron ore and ranked fifth in iron ore
production in the world.
Iron ore deposited are although distributed throughout Russia, but Ural
Mountains, Eastern Siberia and Southern region of Moscow are most important.
(vi)
(vii)
(viii)
(ix)
Within common wealth of Independent states (CIS) Ukraine is very important, it
possesses large iron ore reserves and is 6th largest iron ore producer, with 73
million metric iron ore production. The Krivol Rog is largest iron ore producing
region in possesses large iron ore reserves.
United States
United State is an important iron ore producer in the world. During 2006, U.S.A
mined more than 54 million tons iron ore and ranked 7th in the world. U.S.A is not
self-sufficient in iron ore needs, it imports iron from Brazil and Australia.
Iron ore deposit of U.S.A. are distributed in northeastern Pennsylvania,
Southeastern Alabama, Birmingham and Tennessee states, the western Rocky
Mountain region and Lake superior region.
South Africa
South Africa is one of the outstanding country and ranks 8th in iron ore production
in the world. It possesses more than 10 billion metric tons iron ore reserves. South
Africa mined 40 million metric tons iron ore in 2006.
In South Africa, Transvaal ore region possesses large high grade iron ore reserves
and here more than 65% iron ore of the country is mined. South Africa exports
large quantities or iron ore in the world market.
Canada
Canada is an important iron ore producer and possesses large quantities of iron
ore reserves. During 2006, it produced 33 million metric tons iron ore, and it
exports large quantities of iron ore.
In Canada, iron ore deposits are concentrated around the Lake Superior region in
Octario Province. Qubic-Labour and Newfoundland also possesses high grade
iron ore reserve.
Sweden
Sweden is largest iron ore producer in the Western Europe. Sweden possesses
best quality iron ore deposits in the world and is an important iron ore exporting
country in the world. During 2006, it produced 24 million metric tons iron ore.
The Kiruna and Malmberget mines produce bulk of iron ore. Sweden produce
very high grade of magnetic ore and earns sizeable revenue through the export of
iron ore.
South Africa, Sweden, Brazil, Australia, India, Canada, U.S.A, Kazakhstan and
Maurijania are some iron ore exporting countries. While, Japan, China, Korea,
U.K, Italy, Poland, France, Germany and Pakistan” are iron ore importing
countries.
8
Ans.
Who many parts has Pakistan been divided as per its climate. Discuss in detail.
Cold Weather Season – (December to March)
In cold weather season, over Central Asia and Middle East a high pressure with anticyclonic conditions are established. This season is characterized by fine weather, low
humidity and large diurnal range of temperature. But cool season is generally effected by
cold waves Western Disturbances. These western disturbances cause fairly widespread
rain over the region with occasional heavy rainfalls.
In Quetta and Kalat region more than 75% of the total rainfall is received in winter
season but in Indus basin its amount is very small, but vital for the crops. In these cold
waves, temperatures below freezing point are experienced. Along the coastal areas of
Sindh and Baluchistan due to maritime affect temperature remain quite high. The
mountainous areas of north and west, winter low temperature and snowfall are common,
sometimes very low temperature is recorded.
Hot winter season – (April to June)
In summer season, the western disturbances move in northerly latitudes and cause
thunderstorms over mountainous areas and dust raising winds over the plains. The air
pressure due to advent of summer falls rapidly and low pressure beings to appear over the
Indo-Pakistan. In May and June temperature over 400C is not uncommon – 400C to 500C
in Jacobabad, Sibi and Turbat, 530C temperature are recorded in May and June.
Pakistan is characterized by extreme continentally in hot season. High temperature and
low relative and low relative humidity is common. The area along the coast enjoys the
pleasant sea breeze and moderate temperatures. While north-eastern and western hilly
region experiences pleasant weather, the hot season temperature occasionally exceeds
300C temperature.
The weather from April to June is dry and rainfall varies between 1 to 3 inches (2.5—7.5
cm). Sometimes, Arabian Sea winds bring heavy coastal areas rainfalls.
The Monsoon Season – (July to September)
During monsoon season low pressure over subcontinent in May and June attracts winds
from Indian Ocean. Pakistan receives the tail-end of the monsoon winds, which enter
Pakistan after crossing India. The monsoon gains strength until July, remain constant to
the end of the August. In some years the monsoon remains active even in September.
The mountains and hilly areas receive more than 20 inches (50 cm) of rainfall and
amount decreases sharply in plain areas towards southwest. The highest rainfall during
the monsoon season is received by Murree (85cm / 34 inches) and the lowest by
Nokkundi (1.25 cm / 0.05 inches).
The Post Monsoon Period – (October and November)
The post monsoon period is a transitional period between the monsoon regime and winter
cold season. It is driest season and prevails from the middle of September to middle of
November. In this season temperature prevails between 340C to 370C. October and
November constitute by for the driest months all over the world.
9
Ans.
Describe the means of irrigation in Pakistan.
Pakistan lies in arid and semi-arid region, therefore due to low rainfall, without irrigation,
agriculture is not possible. Irrigation s an ancient practice, dating back 3,000 years, but
modern irrigation system started during mid: of the 19th century. The first modern
irrigation canal – “Upper Bari Doab Canal” was opened in 1859 and improved by 1900.
In Pakistan, important means of irrigation are as follower:
(1) Ponds
Water storage in ponds during rainfall and their use for crop irrigation, livestock,
and population is very old and is primitive method in sub-continent – Pakistan.
During heavy rainfall water flows down the slope, it can be usefully intercepted at
suitable place to be stored in ponds / tanks and small dams. This impended water
can be used for providing irrigation to the rain fed crops.
The basis objective of farm ponds besides controlling run off is to irrigate fields
below it by natural flow and upward fields by forcing up the water by pumps. The
pond size vary from 100 to 3000 cubic meters, according to run off of rainfall
water. Ponds are life-saving in Potwar, Cholistan and Baluchistan, because they
provide water for irrigation and drinking purpose.
(2) Small Dams
Small / mini dam is modern replacement of ponds and their importance in
semi=arid and arid regions of Pakistan is increasing day by day due to variability
or rainfall over the years and increasing population has also intensified their need.
Pakistan has a valuable potential for construction of mini dams in rain fed
cropping areas of Baluchistan and Potwar plateau.
In Potwar region a number of small dams have been constructed for irrigation and
drinking purpose and number is increasing while in Baluchistan work is in
progress.
For construction of small dams, scientifically planned hydro metrological network
of station is very essential for design of dams.
(3) Lift irrigation
Lift irrigation is also another oldest and useful method for irrigation of crops.
Among these methods the Shaduf, Charsa and Persian Wheel are century’s old
primitive methods, while tube well and hydro-pumping are latest and modern
irrigation technologies.
(a)
Shaduf or Dhenkli is one of the earliest methods of irrigation, practiced in
areas of shallow surface water and now this method is not in practice.
(b)
Charsa is next step forward for lift irrigation. In this animal power is used.
This method is out dated and it is out of practice in Pakistan.
(c)
Persian Wheel: Lift irrigation method was introduced during Muslim rule
is the sub-continent. It remained an effective irrigation method for
centuries. In this method, water from 20-30 meters depth can be lifted.
(d)
After the introduction of tube well irrigation system, it has become outdated and it is being used in Potwar region at limited scale.
Tubes wells: tube well irrigation was introduced after creation of Pakistan.
It emerged as an effective mean of irrigation within short time. Now it is
second most important source of irrigation after canals. Among the
provinces, Punjab made rapid strides in tube well for irrigation due to
reclamation projects and additional supply of water for irrigation. After
1980, the Sindh, NWFP and Baluchistan made notable progress, especially
in Baluchistan are irrigated by tube wells increased by 11.5 lakh hectares,
and production of vegetable and fruits was quadruped within the span of
20 years.
(4) Karez
Karez is a water tunnel or a narrow subterranean canal system for irrigation and is
confined to Baluchistan. It is centuries old and it was introduced form Iran and
Arab Countries.
Normally Karez formation is done in arid and semi-arid climatic conditions
within specific topographical conditions.
The construction of a Karez starts from the base of the mountain and hills, where
seepage sub-soil water is present. It runs underground one to ten or more kms
before it comes out on the surface. The length of the underground journey
depends upon the distance between the source of Karez and the command area.
The throughout its subterranean length is dotted with vertical shafts. The shafts
are constructed to clean and to repair the Karez.
Karez irrigation is practiced only in limited area of Baluchistan – Quetta, Pishin,
and Mastung and in some areas of Makran. About 15% of the total irrigated
Landis being irrigated by Karez.
(5) Kole
Another primitive and traditionally old method of irrigation in north and northeastern hilly tracts of the country is Kole irrigation purpose. In Swat, Dir, Chitral,
Gilgit and Azad Kashmir snowmelt and spring water of streams is canalized for
irrigation purpose. This irrigation system is constructed and practized on cooperate basis and all share-holders dig and maintain Kole system irrigate their
fields.
(6) Flood Water Harvesting Farming System
The sailaba and torrent (irrigation) farming system is only implemented in
specific areas. In arid and semi-arid regions such as Potwar plateau, D.G khan D.I
khan Rajanpur Baluchistan and Kohistan this farming system is being practised.
These areas receive torrent water from the mountains during the rains. This rain
water is stopped and blocked in the bed of the torrent with the help of temporary
diversion. With this method moisture preserved in the soil is used for crop
production. This farming system is known as “Rod-I-Kohi” in the piedmont plains
in the west of Indus River and “Bandit” farming in Baluchistan. It has been
estimated that only 20% to 30% of the flood water is utilized. There is great need
to properly harness this flood water for crop production.
(7) Hydro – Turbine Pumping Irrigation
A modern useful and cheap irrigation technology is being used in Pakistan, but in
only pilot projects in Potwar region, which is named as Hydro Turbine Pumping
Technology. This method is highly valuable for high and undulated rain fed areas.
In this system turbine works with the hydro-power of the stream or rainwater
stored in reservoirs dams, where perennial streams are not available.
The hydro-turbines lift the water for irrigation along the higher banks of the
streams is not available.
The hydro-turbines lift the water for irrigation, along the higher banks of the
streams. Second important aspect of this system is to generate power, which can
be used for agricultural purpose and for home use. This system is being used in
Rawalpindi division.
(8) Canal Irrigation in Pakistan
Although rainfall is deficient in Pakistan, however, country has splendid system
of irrigation. The Indus River and its tributaries provide excellent opportunities
for canal irrigation.
Pakistan has long history of irrigation canals, Feroz Tughlak dug inundation canal
in India for irrigation. During colonization, these canals were converted into
perennial canals. The first modern canal the “Upper Bari-Doab” canal was opened
in 1859 and considerably improved by 1900. In 1885, small irrigation canal
Sidhani canal in Multan district was taken off from the river Ravi. After this a big
challenging project, the lower Chenab Canal (1887-92) was constructed at
Khanki, with irrigation capacity (missing)million hectares, while Lower Jhelum
was completed in 1901. Sukkar Barrage on Indus River was developed in 1930.
COMMERCIAL GEOGRAPHY 2012 (GROUP I)
Commercial Geography
Time Allowed: 20 minutes
Paper: (Objective Type)
Maximum Marks: 15
OBJECTIVE
QUESTION NO: 1
NOTE:
Write answers to the questions on the objective answer sheet provided. Four
possible answers A, B, C and D to each question are given. Which answer you consider
correct, fill the circle in front of A, B, C and D with Marker or Pen ink to each question on
the answer sheet provided.
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(v)
(vi)
(vii)
(viii)
(ix)
Which continent of the World is densely populated:
(A) Africa
(B) Asia
(C) Australia
(D) North America
Which is the leading producer of Gold in African Countries:
(A) Kenya
(B) Union of South Africa
(C) Uganda
(D) Egypt
Which city of Pakistan gets higher amount of rainfall:
(A) Lahore
(B) Murree
(C) Peshawar
(D) Karachi
According to census of 1998 how many people are living in urban areas in Pakistan:
(A) 40%
(B) 25%
(C) 32.5%
(D) 35%
According to experts how much area of a country must be covered under forests:
(A) 50%
(B) 25%
(C) 40%
(D) 10%
In which type of economic activity Cotton Textile Industry can be included:
(A) Tertiary
(B) Secondary
(C) Primary
(D) Quinary
Where the Equatorial evergreen forests are found:
(A) Tundra region
(B) Equatorial region
(C) Hot desert region
(D) Mediterranean region
Which type of fuel is mostly used for melting of Iron Ore:
(A) Wood
(B) Coal
(C) Mineral oil
(D) Natural gas
Which is the most densely populated country of South East Asia:
(A) Thailand
(B) China
(C) Vietnam
(D) Laos
(x)
(xi)
(xii)
(xiii)
On which river the biggest Hydel project of our country has been constructed:
a.
Swat river
b.
Indus river
c.
Jhelum river
d.
Ravi river
In which province salt range and Potohar plateaus are situated:
a.
KPK
b.
Punjab
c.
Sindh
d.
Balochistan
Which is the basic food content of fish:
a.
Ocean vegetation
b.
Plankton
c.
Minerals
d.
Trees
How much percent population of our country is engaged in the agriculture:
a.
20%
b.
50%
c.
(xiv)
(xv)
70%
d.
35%
Which country of the Southern Hemisphere Continent is leading in the production of
wool in the world:
a.
New Zealand
b.
Australia
c.
Argentine
d.
Republic of South Asia
Which type of climate is suitable for the growth of wheat in the world:
a.
Hot and dry climate
b.
Temperature type
c.
Cold region
d.
Heavy rain areas
PRINCIPLE OF BANKING 2012 (GROUP – 1)
SUBJECTIVE
NOTE:
Out of Q.1, 2 and 3 write any Eighteen (18) short answers. While, writing
answers writeQ. No. and its part carefully. Each part carries two marks. (36)
SUBJECTIVE PART-1
QUESTION NO: 2
(i)
Ans.
Define economic geography.
Economic geography is the study of man and its economic activities under varying sets of
conditions. In this branch of geography, we study man’s economic activities like
agriculture, herding, mining, fishing, resources of the world and all economic activity of
the man in the world.
(ii)
Ans.
What are secondary economic activities?
Manufacturing (industry) is called secondary economic activity. Manufacturing increases
the value or usefulness of a material by changing its form. According to E.W. Miller, the
term manufacturing includes those activities by which man changes the form or nature of
raw materials, a converting them into more useful products. Secondary activities include
all types of manufacturing from cooking of meal to making of complex industry.
Manufacturing of cloth from raw cotton, iron from iron ore and paper form pulp are all
secondary economic activities.
(iii)
Ans.
What is unorganized animal husbandry or herding?
Un-organized or nomadic herding is confirmed to the arid and semi-arid regions of the
world. This is an extensive form of animal grazing on natural pastures. A wide variety of
animals are kept for their domestic need in the backward and developing countries of the
world. Cattle in tropical Africa, sheep and goats in the Sahara and the Asiatic deserts,
camel in all desert regions of the world and the Tibetan Plateau, reindeer in the Tundra
region, houses in the steppes of central Asia are still being used for subsistence purpose.
(iv)
Ans.
Write down three properties of evergreen forests.
There are following proprieties of evergreen forests:
(1) These forests remain green through-out the year.
(2) They are found in high temperature, moderate mountains and taiga region.
(3) They are of following types:
(a) Tropical / equatorial
(b) Mediterranean
(c) Coniferous
(v)
Ans.
What are pampas grass lands?
In South America, Pampas of Argentina extends Uruguay and Paraguay, covering about
three lakh sq. miles area. Grasslands of this region are excellent for grazing both for
cattle and sheep.
(vi)
Ans.
Write down three countries of densely populated area.
China, India and Indonesia.
(vii)
Ans.
Name three important centers of iron and steel manufacturing factories in China.
The iron and steel center in China are located at Southern Manchurian region, Northern
China and Yangize Balley. Mukdon, Anshan, Shantung, Beijing and Shensi, Chunjking,
Shanghai and Chinling Chen.
(viii)
Ans.
What is cotton textile industry?
Textile industry means weaving and cotton fabrics form cotton lint.
(ix)
Ans.
How many are kilogram mulberry leaves required for one kg silk?
220 Kilograms of mulberry leaves.
QUESTION NO: 3
(i)
Ans.
(ii)
Ans.
Writ down any four types of agriculture.
There are following four types of agriculture:
a. Shifting Cultivation
b. Intensive Subsistence Agriculture
c. Plantation Farming
d. Commercial Gardening & Fruit Farming
Which type of soil is required for rice cultivation?
Rice grows best in soil retentive of moisture, therefore soil must be physically structured
to hold a flood of water and terrain must be smooth but sloped so that water can be added
or drained as needed. For rice crop deep clayey loam are best suited. The river plains with
fertile silt at the top and an impervious clay bed below are recognized as the best rice
fields.
(iii)
Ans.
Name tea exporting countries.
India, China, Japan, Kenya, Indonesia, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka and Turkey are major tea
exporting countries in the world.
(iv)
Mention wool producing countries of the world.
Ans. Australia, New Zealand, China, Iran, United Kingdom, Argentina, South Africa,
Russian Federation, Morocco, Pakistan and Uruguay are important wool producing
countries in the world.
(vi)
Ans.
Give importance of edible oil in human diet.
Balance diet is need of every human being. While fats supply energy for human body. In
the early stages of history, fats need was met by animal fat. Today, due to increasing
population animal fat is not enough for all population. Therefore, fat demand is fulfilled
by edible oil resources. Edible oil supply fat but also they possess proteins, vitamins and
minerals.
(vi)
Ans.
Write down different types of Iron-ore of the world.
The principal ore of Iron is hematite; other important ores are goethite, magnetite,
Siderite and bog iron (limonite).
Iron ore always contains, impurities including alumina, magnesia, Lima, silica, sulphur,
phosphate, titanium, orseenic and copper, pyrite, the sulfide ore of iron, is not processed
as an iron ore because it is too difficult to remove the sulphur.
(vii)
Ans.
Enlist important gold mining countries of the world.
In the world, today 63 countries are gold producers at commercial level in World’s four
countries South Africa (17%); Australia (11%), U.S.A (10%) and China (10%) produce
45 percent gold production of the world. Besides, Canada, Russian Federation, Peru,
Indonesia, Uzbekistan Papua New Guinca, Ghana, Chile and Brazil are significant gold
producing nations in the world.
In which broad classes crude oil exist?
Petroleum exists in following broad classes:
a. Paraffin base oil: Contains high proportion of the lighter hydrocarbons such as
methane – is commercially the most important.
b. Asphalt base oil: It comprises mainly of the heavier hydrocarbons and is of less
commercial significance.
c. Mixed base oil: It is an intermediate group with mixed properties oft eh lighter
and heavier grades of oil.
What is meant by “Stone age”?
In the beginning man’s needs were limited. He was preoccupied with filling his belly. He
used to collect food from jungle. Then he shifted his activity to hunting of animal and
fishing. For this he had to prepare stone tools so this period of history is called “Stone
Age”.
(viii)
Ans.
(ix)
Ans.
QUESTION NO: 4
(i)
Ans.
Write the types of canals in Pakistan.
Irrigation in Pakistan area is served by more than 40 major canal commands. Main canals
start from a barrage, dam or weir on a river. There are three major groups of canal
system:
1 Canals on Upper-Indus tributaries
2 System on the Indus
3 System West of the Indus
(ii)
Ans.
Write a short note on Karachi Port.
It is located to the west of the river Indus delta on the Arabian Sea. It is Pakistan’s largest
deep water natural water seaport, with and approach channel of 11 kilometers. It can
receive tankers, containers, bulk and general cargo ships.
Karachi port has a big container terminal. While KPT has awarded a contract for a second
container terminal on BOT basis with estimated cost of US $ 75 million to ease
transportation problem between the port and the factory. Furthermore a Cargo Village
and Industrial Park in the western back waters of Karachi port has been proposed.
(iii)
Ans.
Write a note on rice crop in Pakistan.
Rice is the second largest food crop in Pakistan after wheat and an important source of
earning a foreign exchange. Rice is a kharif crop therefore; it is cultivated in the summer
season. During summer, monsoon season is best suitable for rice sowing. In Pakistan,
July is the most suitable month for rice sowing.
(iv)
Ans.
What is meant by Riverine Forest in Pakistan?
These forest, commonly known as the “Bela Forests” occur on the flood plains and banks
of the major rivers, forming the Indus Basin. Main species include Balbergia sissio
(Shisham), Acacia nilotica (Babool), Lai and Bhan. They provide timber, firewood and
Charcoal. Shisham is the principal species in the riverine forests of the Punjab.
(v)
Ans.
What is meant by soil of Doaba?
This unit comprises the scalloped interfluves (bars) occupying the middle parts of the
land between major rivers (doabs) of Punjab. This region is flat interrupted only by some
natural leaves. It is made up of river alluvia brought down from the Himalayas. In
general, the sediments are loamy in the northern reaches and become silty downward.
The sediments are characteristically calcareous and of mixed mineral make up.
(vi)
Ans.
Write the name of two Head-works of River Sutlej.
Panjnad Head-works and Islam Head-works.
(vii)
Ans.
Wrote a short note on “The Koh-Safed”.
The Koh-Safed is located between Kabul and Khurram rivers. The east-west ranges rise
roughly to an average height of 3,600 m / 12,000 feet. These are snow covered
mountains.
(viii)
Ans.
Describe the name of eight districts of Khyber Pakhtoon Khawah.
Mardan, Swabi, Charsadda, Peshawar, Nowsher, Kohat, Hangu, Karak.
(ix)
Ans.
What is meant by Climate?
Climate is considered as a long term situation of the combination of four elements (i.e.)
temperature, humidity, air and rain.
SUBJECTIVE PART II
NOTE: Attempt any THREE questions from the following:
5
Ans.
Define human economic activity and describe its classification.
HUMAN ECONOMIC ACTIVITY:
Every human effort or activity for livelihood purpose is called human economic activity.
CATEGORIES OF ECONOMIC ACTIVITY
A brief review of economic activities is as under:
i. Primary Activities
ii. Secondary Activities
iii. Tertiary Activities
iv. Quaternary Activities
v. Quinary Activities
(1) Primary Economic Activities
Primary activities are those that harvest or extract something from the earth. They are
at the beginning of the production cycle, where humans are in closest contact with the
resources and potentialities of the environment. Such activities involve basic
foodstuff and raw material production, hunting and gathering, grazing, agriculture,
fishing, forestry, mining and quarrying are examples.
Before there was farming, hunting and gathering were the universal forms of primary
production. Now their numbers are few and declining, and wherever they are brought
into contact with more advanced cultures, their way of life is eroded or lost. Some
areas of New Guinea, Southeast Asia, Amazon Rainforest, Tropical Africa, Northern
Australia and Arctic regions still contain such pre-agricultural people.
Now, Agricultural defined as the growing to crops and tending of livestock, whether
for the subsistence of the producers or for sale or exchange has replaced handing and
gathering as economically the most significant of the primary activities.
Primary producer are called red collar workers.
(2) Secondary Economic Activities
Secondary production increases the value or usefulness of a material by changing its
form. Such activity includes manufacturing and commercial agriculture. This
provision of form utility may range from simple handicraft production to the delicate
assembly of electronic goods or automobile production and chemical industries etc.
are includes in this phase of production process.
According to E.W. Miller: “The term manufacturing includes’ those activities by
which man changes the form or nature of raw materials, converting them into
more useful products”.
Last 200 years of world history had witnessed a tremendous growth of manufacturing
industries throughout the world. The industrial revolution of Europe gave a fillip to
the development of manufacturing industries.
The industrial sector constitutes nearly one-third of Gross Domestic Product (GDP)
of the world. At least one quarter of the total labour force in the world are directly
engaged in industrial sector. In highly developed countries like U.S.A, Japan, U.k,
Italy, Germany and France, labour force in industrial sector exceeds the total rest
labour force of the country. This group collectively known as, “The Blue Collar
Labour Force”.
(3) Tertiary Economic Activities
Tertiary economic activities involve the service sector rather than tangible goods. It
consistsof those business and labour specializations that provide services to the
primary and secondary sectors, to general community, and to the individual. These
include financial business, professional, clerical and personal services. They
constitute the vital link between producer and consumer. Tertiary activities are mostly
concerned with wholesaling or retailing of goods – They provide exchange function.
In commercial economies, tertiary activities also provide vitally needed information
about market demand without which economically justifiable production decisions
are was accounted for by “Services”. By the 1990’s between 60% and 80% of the
jobs in commercial economics such as Japan, Canada, Australia and all major
Western European countries were in the service sector – Tertiary Economic
Activities.
The groups (Tertiary) have been described as “Pink Collar Workers”.
(4) Quaternary Economic Activities
Quaternary services represent a special type of service work, focusing on professional
and administrative services, including financial and health service work, working in
education. Government manages information processing and research.
This fourth class of economic activities which is composed entirely services in
rendered by “white collar” work force.
The quaternary sector may realistically be seen as an advanced form of services,
involving specialized knowledge technical skills etc. quaternary – sector jobs are not
spatially tied to resources tied to resources, affected by environment, or localized by
market.
(5) Quinary Economic Activities
The final grouping, Quinary activities, remains more restricted in size in comparison
to other groups of activities. The most visible persons in this group include chief
executive officers and top – management executives in both government and private
services.
Research scientists, legal authorities, financial advisers, and problem – solving
services belong to this cluster. Most of these high order analytical and managerial
activities occur in large urban centers or in close proximity to large university,
medical and research centers. New York, London and Tokyo for example possess
such a high level economic activities.
6
Ans.
Describe the importance of economic and commercial geography in detail.
ECONOMIC GEOGRAPHY
Economic geography is the study of man and his economic activities under varying sets of
conditions. In fact different authorities have defined economic geography in a variety of ways but
their opinions coverage at a common point of accord, where it means the study of the spatial
distribution of man’s economic activities in relation to its environment, is it physical or nonphysical.
Importance and Scope of Study of Economic Geography
A study of economic activities is, in fact, a study of man in relation to resources. We may
consider the earth as the abode of Man and its resources are his legacy.
The study of the manner of exploitation of the earth’s resources and the limits set by
physical environment is the proper scope of Economic Geography.
Humboldt, a famous 19th century German geographer, remarked that, the diversified
riches of the earth are a vast source of human enjoyment and therefore, man’s highest
development requires that we put these riches that we put these riches into a common
world stream of understanding and use. This can only be achieved through the study of
Economic Geography. In this way Economic Geography contributes to international
understanding.
 The main objective of Economic Geography is to examine is man’s economic
achievement in terms of production and consumption in light of his environment.
Economic Geography, fundamentally, maintains a very close relation with the
man’s economic welfare as other social sciences do, but the approach is radically
different.
 Economic Geography makes a comparatively humble and integrated approach for
problems. It describes a country or region in terms of tis natural, human and
cultural environment with relation to man’s economic way of life.
 Economic Geography serves the purpose of identifying the influence that the
environment extorts on man through the preservation of the multiple geoeconomic conditions of different parts of the world. Any attempt that aims at the
balanced development of economy could not succeed without the complete
understanding of the man-environment inter-relationship.
Economic Geography, therefore, serves as an essential toll for reducing and
finally eliminating world society disparity gap by scientific study of the economic
resources, modern needs and cultural heritage.
 The prime objective of the subject is to make a proper understating of functions
and operations of resources in the aspect of economic development of a country.
Every country shows great interest for resources within its geo-political boundary
and development of her resources, be it natural or human or cultural.
 A sound knowledge of geographical concepts and global facts helps to improve
the way I which we think about and deal with issues in our environment.

7
Ans.
Economic Geography examines the distribution and occupations of people in
different parts of the world. It gives us better understanding of where people are
and what activities they are engaged in.
 Great changes are taking place around the earth. Good background knowledge
about the earth we live in will enable us to understand these changes better.
 Geography is a study of inter-relationship between man, resources and its
environment. Therefore, it enables us to look closely at environment and evaluate
its resources and the opportunities it offers. In fact, the study of economic
geography could help us consider why some regions can produce food while
others are too cold or too dry to support life.
 Economic Geography provide information about world population, distribution,
occupations, density and other characteristics, which helps us in understanding
economic activity and how human resources are being utilized for better
economic activity and how human resources are being utilized for better
economic development.
 Economic Geography, provides true picture of international trade and how they
benefit the mankind and from where you can export or import for the betterment
of your country.
 Economic Geography tells us about international commodity trade and
transportation and communication network over the global village.
 Economic Geography provides true guideline for commerce students, traders,
farmers, planner’s, economists. It provides information about labour force their
un-employment and future planning.
 Last not least, Economic Geography promotes curiosity and enthusiasm, which
provides solution of many economic problems.
Describe the Iron ore producing areas of the world
WORLD’S IRON ORE PRODUCING COUNTRIES
According to2007 statistics, total iron ore deposits in the world are 300,000 million
metric tons. While iron ore production during 2006-7 was 1,482.6 million metric tons.
China, Brazil, Australia, India, Russian Federation, Ukraine, U.S.A, South Africa,
Canada, Sweden and Kazakhstan are big producers of Iron ore and have large deposits of
iron ore in the world.
(i) Brazil
Brazil has largest iron ore reserve in the world. Its iron ore production during
2006 was 300 million metric tons second after China. Its 75% iron ore reserves
are located in the Quadrilateral Zone of Minas Gerais. Other deposits are located
at Itabira and Carajas. These are high grade iron ore reserves. Brazil exports large
amounts of iron ore, U.S.A is largest destination of Brazalian iron ore.
(iii)
(iv)
(v)
(vi)
China
China possesses more than 10,000 million metric tons iron ore reserves. Ranking
first in the world, it mined 520 million metric tons ore during 2006. High grade
magnetite and hematite, iron ore deposits are widely scattered in China. The
largest amount of iron ore deposits occur within Manchuria - Anshan deposits.
While the Yangtze Balley and south-west of Beijing rare important for iron ore
deposits.
Due to large consumption China is not self-sufficient in iron ore therefor3e
imports large amounts of iron ore.
Australia
Australia stands among those countries, which have large iron ore reserves and
produce high amounts of iron ore. During 2006, it produced 270 million metric
tons iron ore and ranked 2nd in the world. Due to small local consumption, it
exports large quantities of iron ore. Japan is largest importer of Australian iron.
Western Australian region provides bulk of iron ore. While old miners of Middle
Back, Iron-Knob and Iron Monoarich are valuable, iron reserves in Southern
Australia.
India
India has more than 21,000 million iron ore reserves, which are high quality
hematite and magnetite in grade. Iron ore are widely distributed in the country;
nearly 90% of national output is contributed by the states of Goa, Madhya
Pradesh, Orissa, Bihar, Karnataka, Maharashtra and Andhra Pradesh.
India is fourth largest iron ore producing country in the world. During 2006, India
mined 150 million metric tons iron ore and ranked fifth in iron ore. India export
large quantities of iron ore Japan is largest buyer of Indian iron ore.
Russian Federation
Russian process huge deposits of iron ore, and ranks second in the world. During
2006 Russia produced 105 million metric tons iron ore and ranked fifth in iron ore
production in the world.
Iron ore deposited are although distributed throughout Russia, but Ural
Mountains, Eastern Siberia and Southern region of Moscow are most important.
Within common wealth of Independent states (CIS) Ukraine is very important, it
possesses large iron ore reserves and is 6th largest iron ore producer, with 73
million metric iron ore production. The Krivol Rog is largest iron ore producing
region in possesses large iron ore reserves.
(viii)
8
Ans.
United States
United State is an important iron ore producer in the world. During 2006, U.S.A
mined more than 54 million tons iron ore and ranked 7th in the world. U.S.A is not
self-sufficient in iron ore needs, it imports iron from Brazil and Australia.
Iron ore deposit of U.S.A. are distributed in northeastern Pennsylvania,
Southeastern Alabama, Birmingham and Tennessee states, the western Rocky
Mountain region and Lake superior region.
(vii) South Africa
South Africa is one of the outstanding country and ranks 8th in iron ore production
in the world. It possesses more than 10 billion metric tons iron ore reserves. South
Africa mined 40 million metric tons iron ore in 2006.
In South Africa, Transvaal ore region possesses large high grade iron ore reserves
and here more than 65% iron ore of the country is mined. South Africa exports
large quantities or iron ore in the world market.
(viii)
Canada
Canada is an important iron ore producer and possesses large quantities of iron
ore reserves. During 2006, it produced 33 million metric tons iron ore, and it
exports large quantities of iron ore.
In Canada, iron ore deposits are concentrated around the Lake Superior region in
Octario Province. Qubic-Labour and Newfoundland also possesses high grade
iron ore reserve.
(ix) Sweden
Sweden is largest iron ore producer in the Western Europe. Sweden possesses
best quality iron ore deposits in the world and is an important iron ore exporting
country in the world. During 2006, it produced 24 million metric tons iron ore.
The Kiruna and Malmberget mines produce bulk of iron ore. Sweden produce
very high grade of magnetic ore and earns sizeable revenue through the export of
iron ore.
Write down the names of physical divisions of Pakistan and write a note on any one
of them.
MAJOR PHYSICAL DIVISIONS OF PAKISTAN
Conspicuousness and diversity are the two notable physiographic features of Pakistan.
From east to west and north to south, it displays highly variable relief. Broadly, following
six physical divisions can be adopted:
(A) The Northern and North Eastern Mountains
(B) The North-western and Western Mountains
(C) The Potwar Plateau and Salt Range
(D) The Baluchistan Plateau
(E) The Indus Plain
(F) The Desert
(A)
The Northern and North-Eastern Mountains
The Himalayas and Trans-Himalayan (The Karakoram) mountains occupy the
entire northern part of Pakistan to a depth of about 200 miles. These youngest
mountains attain their height only with in the last one million years.
The northern mountain ranges are composed of series of parallel ranges of
Himalayas and Karakoram mountains. This mountain system range stands as a
barrier to monsoon winds so that country across in the west receives very little
precipitation and suffers hot arid climate with temperature rising above 400C.
Pakistan possesses a small part of (440 km) of great Himalaya ranges. The
Himalayas are divided into a series of ranges, which are as followings:
(1) The Sub-Himalayas – Siwaliks Range:
(2) The Lower Himalayas – Pir Panjal Range
(3) The Central / Great Himalayas
(4) The Trans Himalayas – Karakoram Ranges
(1) The Sub-Himalayas – Siwaliks Range: The Siwaliks comprises low relief
hills, only up to 915 meters. The Siwaliks extends over the southern part of
Hazara and Murree and includes the hills of Rawalpindi and the Pabbi hills.
The average height of these ranges varies from 600 to 900 meters.
(2) The Lower-Himalayas – Pir Panjal Range: Pir Panjal ranges are of
medium height, running immediately north of Siwaliks. The Pir Panjal in
Western Kashmir, Murree hills, Lower Hazara and Cherat range belong to
this division, the height of these ranges varies from 1800-4600 meters –
(6000 – 15000 feet).
Large alluvial filled basins are associated with lower Himalayas – such as
Peshawar basin. Murree (2,269 meter) is an important summer station in
these hills.
(3) The Central or Great Himalaya: The Central Himalayas can be
considered as the backbone of this majestic range, which comprises a chain
of peaks located in northern Pakistan.
Average height of these mountains is 6,096 meters, while world famous
Nanga Parbat range is about 8,126 meters high, and Haramosh peak is 7,397
meters, and these are snow-bounded throughout the year. Hazara, Swat
Kohistan and Dir belong to these mountains.
(4) The Trans-Himalayas Ranges – The Karakoram: Deosai Mountains,
Karakoram Range and associated ranges in the extreme north, with average
height of 6,100 meters are included in this region. Broad Peak (8,047 m),
Gasherbrum I (8,068 m), Raksposhi (7,788 m) and Godwin Austin (K2) –
(8611 m/ 28,251 feet) are famous snow bounded peaks of these mountains.
This range also has the largest glacier field of the world. Siachen (75 km) is
longest glacier of this region; the valleys of Karakoram ranges are highly
9
Ans.
glaciated. The climate is dry and harshly cold with snowfall. Only high
altitude passes provide linkage. Karakoram (5,575 m) and KhunJerab
(4,733) are famous passes of this region.
Explain the distribution of forests in Pakistan.
FORESTS TYPES AND THEIR DISTRIBUTION IN PAKISTAN
In Pakistan, forest types are mainly based on temperature and altitude. Given adequate
moisture, the effect of temperature shows itself in the luxuriance of the forest in the
height, density, variety of species, and rate of growth, all fall off with falling temperature.
The forest types of Pakistan are result of major ecological determinants, diversity of
topography, humidity conditions and altitude of the area.
The following forest types are recognized in Pakistan:
Dry Tropical Thorn Forests
 Dry
subtropical
Broad
 Cold Desert Xerphic Vegetation
Leaved Forests
 Tropical Deciduous Forests
 Coniferous Forests
 Lincar Plantations
 Alpine Scrup Forests
 Riverine Forests
 Mangrove Forests
 Irrigated Plantations
(1)
Dry Tropical Thorn Forests
In Upper Indus Plain (Punjab) these forests are known as Rakh forests, while in
Lower Indus Plain (Sindh) as Desert Forests. In these sparsely located hardwood
species xerophytic scrub dominates. The scrub is generally 6 – 10 meters (20-30
ft.) high. These tropical thorn forests are naturally grown over whole of Indus
plain except for the driest parts. They occupy small areas in Sindh and scattered
patches I southern and western Baluchistan and ultimately merge into the subtropical dry evergreen type of the lower hill to the north and west generally. Mean
annually rainfall of this region is from 30 inches to down 5 inches with variation
from year to year.
The common species are Kikar, Ber, Frash, Khabar, Eandi, Aak, Palosa,
Khoombhat, Lasura, Malla, while sand dune tracts are over grown by species of
Calligouium.
(2)
Dry Sub-Tropical Broad Leaved Forests
Dry sub-tropical broad leaved forests are commonly known as scrub forests. Trees
are scattered, forming branchy canopy with a scrub growth. The trees and scrubs
are mostly thorny and evergreen but some, like the Olive and pomegranate are not
thorny.
These scrub forest occur the height of 1500 to 500 feet on foot hills and lower
slope of Himalaya, the salt arranged, Kala Chatta and Sulaiman Ranges.
Long dry season and high temperature (summer) is prevailing factors in these
forests. Over grazing, heavy firewood cutting, bad agriculture practices and
urbanization had badly affected the original vegetation. Due to this area is
suffering from excessive rate of soil erosion.
In Potwar plateau and foot hill zone (above 1,000-5,000 feet) – Pine-Chir, Palosa,
Kao, Sanatha, Ber are common trees, the scrub forests are maintained only as a
valuable protective cover to the watersheds and are source of firewood and fodder
for livestock.
(3)
Coniferous Forests
Coniferous forests are widespread and due to altitude these are subdivided into
four major sub-types:
(i) Sub-Tropical Chir Forests
Generally these high forests are known as Chir Forests. In low elevated areas Oak
and deciduous plants grow. Chir forests are evergreen and occupy generally an
altitude zone “between” 3,000-5,000 ft. in Abbottabad, Vale of Kashmir, Dadar,
Manshera and Ghoragali.
In these areas annual rainfall is usually 30-50 inches with mean annual
temperature of 600-700F.
Chir, Oak, and many species of Chir are common.
(ii) Himalayan Moist Temperate Forests
Himalayan moist temperate forests flourish between dry temperate and sub-alpine
zone, at the altitude – 4,000-10,000 ft. These forests are found in Kashmir,
Murree and Hazara hill tracts, upper Swat, upper and lower Dir, upper reaches of
Kurram Agency, Gilgit and Baltistan.
The chief characteristics of these forests are extensive development of coniferous
forests. There is little admixture with broad leaved trees including evergreen
Oaks. In this forest region, grater part of the precipitation is derived from the
monsoon (July to September), while during winter and spring snowfall occurs due
to westerly disturbances. Kail, Diar, Spruce, Fir and many broad leaved trees are
common.
(iii) Dry Temperate Forests
The vegetation of dry temperate zone as a whole is Xerophytic, the foliage being
greyish and small leaved, aromatic shurbs predominates and many are thorny.
This vegetation reflects the un-favourable climate conditions under which they are
developed. These forests occur at about 5,000ft to 12,000ft altitude. Northern
areas, Chitral, Nilam Vally (Azad Kashmir), Sulaiman Range, Hindukush Ranges
and Kaghan Valley area of dry temperate forests.
Dry temperate forests are confined to areas of 30 inches rainfall and are confined
to hilly tracts and steeps rocky slopes.
Forests of dry temperate zone are coniferous, Deodar, Chalgoza, Sanober are trees
with many other species.
(iv) Sub-Alpine Forests
Vegetation zone above the moist temperate coniferous forests is known as subalpine forests. This is top most tree formation zone in Himalayas, developed
“between” 11,000-12,000ft on northerly slopes. Rainfall is meager, however, in
this region; snowfall (2-6 meters depth) is of greater importance, which is a major
source of moisture during summer growing season.
These forests are present in the Himalayan Mountains of Kaghan, Swat, Baltistan,
Gilgit, Chitral, Dir and Koh-Sofed. In this region maximum temperature do not
exceeds150C, while minimum touches – 100C.
In sub-alpine forests Abies pindrow and Pinus wallichiana are common species.
While in the lower story broad leaved species grow attaining height of 20ft. Other
plants remain dwarf, stunted, clothed with hairs, leaves are packed and densely
arranged.
(4)
Alpine Scrub Zone
The alpine scrub zone lies above the sub-alpine zone at the height of 3,8004,000m (12,500-13,000ft) extending upto 15,000ft. The alpine vegetation consists
of species, mostly deciduous, but including some evergreen Jumpier and other
species. In this region growing season is from June of October. This vegetation
grows above those regions, where mountains extend above coniferous forest tree
line.
(5)
Mangrove Forests
Mangrove trees and shurbs are seen along the coastline of Sindh (97%) and
Baluchistan (3%) covering an areas of about 528,350 acres situated along Karachi
Coast – Korangi Coast Creek, Sonmiani and along the Coast of Gwader. These
forests are evergreen, short heighted, slow growing. There are very rich in
biodiversity and breeding grounds of shrimp fishery.
Only 8 species out of 60 are found in Pakistan, while amongst these 5 have been
exterminated and only three exists, which are Ceriops tagal, Rhizophora
murconata, and Avicennia marina. The mangrove forests moderate the climatye of
Sindh and protect the shore from erosion. Pakistan possess 7th largest mangrove
forests in the world.
(6)
Cold Desert Xerophytic Vegetation
This region comprises the highest mountains ranges in the world and includes the
K-2 Nanga Parbat, Rakaposhi, Trichmir and permanent snow fields at about
4,600m above mean sea-level bear ice caps, glaciers, which may rise to thousand
s of meters above snow line.
The edges of these vast ice masses constitute a special habitat, clod and arid
called snow desert xerophytic vegetation. During summer, short period, these
deserts are covered, although sparsely with herbaceous vegetation. Primula,
Sibbaldia, Salix, Juniperus and many others.
(7)
(8)
(9)
(10)
Tropical Deciduous Forests
This habitat is restricted in area within Pakistan and is largely associated with
Jhelum Valley, the Rawalpindi foot hills and outer Mangla hills. It is nevertheless,
of great ecological interest, as it has deciduous tree species of Indo-Malayan
origin. It is typified in Kahuta, Lehtuarr and Nurpur Sahan.
The main tree species of this region are Acacia modesta, Bauhinia vartugata
Amaltas and Salmalia etc.
Linear Plantations
Trees of several species are planted along the canal sides and Road / Rail side for
supply of timber, fuel wood and wind breakers. The choice of species is made by
the ecological zones and availability of water. Shisham is principal species, while
in saline areas Kikar only thrives. Eucalyptus is another common species grown
along canal and road sides. Amaltas and Gulmahr are some other trees.
River / Riverine Forests
These forests, commonly known as the “Bela Forests” occur on the flood plains
and banks of the major rivers, forming the Indus Basin. Main species include
Balbergia sisso (Shisham), Acacia nilotica (Babool), Lai and Bhan. They provide
timber, firewood and Charcoal. Shisham is the principal species in the riverine
forests of the Punjab.
Irrigation Plantation
These forests are the outcome of human efforts I sub-marginal lands where
irrigation water could be made available. These forests crated the vast dry tropical
thorn forests. These are mainly in Sindh and Punjab. Changa Manga is the typical
example of irrigated plantations. In irrigated forest areas Shisham, Mulberry,
Simbal, Eucalyptus, Kikar, Bakin, Poplar and Willow are common trees.
COMMERCIAL GEOGRAPHY 2012 (GROUP II)
Commercial Geography
Time Allowed: 20 minutes
Paper: (Objective Type)
Maximum Marks: 15
OBJECTIVE
QUESTION NO: 1
NOTE:
Write answers to the questions on the objective answer sheet provided. Four
possible answers A, B, C and D to each question are given. Which answer you consider
correct, fill the circle in front of A, B, C and D with Marker or Pen ink to each question on
the answer sheet provided.
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(v)
(vi)
(vii)
(viii)
(ix)
Demersal fish is found in:
(A) Sea
(B)
(C) Australia
(D)
How many words are in Geography:
(A) Two
(B)
(C) Six
(D)
Agriculture is an economic activity:
(A) Primary
(B)
(C) Tertiary
(D)
The population of the world id more than:
(A) 3 billions
(B)
(C) 10 billions
(D)
Blast Furnace was invented by:
(A) Henry Besmir
(B)
(C) R.S. Thoman
(D)
Silk Textile Industry began from:
(A) China
(B)
(C) India
(D)
An important research institute “IRRI” is situated:
(A) Philippines
(B)
(C) Japan
(D)
When Uranium invented:
(A) 1789 A.D.
(B)
(C) 989 A.D.
(D)
Highest production of Gold in the World is:
(A) Australia
(B)
(C) Peru
(D)
Asia
North America
Four
Nine
Secondary
Quaternary
6 billions
12 billions
Dedley Stamp
De Blej
France
U.S.A
Brazil
Egypt
1111 A.D.
1611 A.D.
China
South Africa
(xi)
(xii)
(xiii)
(xiv)
(xv)
(xvi)
In the South of Pakistan is:
(A) Dead Sea
(B) Arabian Sea
(C) Mediterranean Sea
(D) Baltic Sea
The most important Riv3er of Pakistan is:
(A) Kabul river
(B) Indus river
(C) Jhelum river
(D) Ravi river
Which province of Pakistan is second in what production:
(A) Sindh
(B) Punjab
(C) Balochistan
(D) K.P.K
Second nuclear power station of Pakistan established at:
(A) Chashma
(B) Lahore
(C) Quetta
(D) Peshawar
In the Sub-continent, the cultivation of maize started in:
(A) 16th Century
(B) 15th Century
(C) 18th Century
(D) Before Christ
The busiest Air Port of Pakistan is:
(A) Lahore
(B) Karachi
(C) Islamabad
(D) Faisalabad
PRINCIPLE OF BANKING 2012 (GROUP II)
SUBJECTIVE
NOTE:
Out of Q.1, 2 and 3 write any Eighteen (18) short answers. While, writing
answers writeQ. No. and its part carefully. Each part carries two marks. (36)
SUBJECTIVE PART-1
QUESTION NO: 2
(i)
Ans.
What is the basic food of the fish?
The basic food of fish is plankton-A vast living, swimming, drifting mass of tiny plants
and animals that comprises the most abundant life forms in the oceans. Planktons are of
two types Zoo Plankton and Phyto Plankton.
(ii)
Ans.
Write different kinds of herding.
At present, there are many types of herding among them following are more important;
(a) Nomadic Herding
(b) Livestock Ranching
(c) Mixed Farming
(d) Commercial Dairy Farming
What is the status of China in iron manufacturing in the world?
China is a 3rd biggest iron producing country of the world. Its iron deposits are estimated
10,000 million metric tons.
(iii)
Ans.
(iv)
Ans.
Write names of important countries preparing potash fertilizers in the World.
Canada, Russian Federation, Germany, Israel, Jordan, U.S.A, United Kingdom, China,
Chile, Spain, Brazil and France are major potash fertilizer producing countries.
(v)
Ans.
State climate and soil required for cultivation of rice.
Warm humid climate is required for cultivation of rice crop. High light intensities, with
sustainable degree of temperature, ranging 210C to 380C is required.
(vi)
Ans.
In which countries of the world tea is considered as drink?
Tea is national drink of China, Japan, India, Sri Lanka, United Kingdom, and Russian
Federation.
(vii)
Ans.
Write briefly climate required for growth of sheep’s.
Sheep can be reared on the scanty pasturage of semi-arid regions, in rocky, exposed
upland areas and also on the marginal agricultural lands. Sheep rearing is thus down in
sparsely populated areas.
(viii)
Ans.
Write names of palm oil producing countries.
Today Malaysia outranks all countries of world in production and export of palm oil.
Besides Indonesia, Nigeria, Colombia, Thailand, Papua, New Guinea and Cote-d-ivoire
are other important countries in palm oil production.
(ix)
Ans.
Write a brief note on Rubber.
At first natural rubber plant were found in the Amazon basin in Brazil. Rubber plant was
named as Hevea Brasiliensis of the spurge family. Later on rubber plant was planted in
south eastern countries in Southeast Asia.
The British inventor and chemist Charles Macintosh in 1823 established a plant in
Glasgow for the manufacture of water proof cloth and rain proof garments that have since
born his name.
QUESTION NO: 3
(i)
Ans.
(ii)
Ans.
(iii)
Ans.
Which factors are responsible for uneven distribution of population in the world?
There are following responsible for uneven distribution of population in the world:
(a)
Physical factors
(b)
Soclo-Cultural factors
(c)
Demographic factors
Which physical factors affect the cultivation of wheat?
There is following factors affect the cultivation of wheat:
(a)
Temperature
(b)
Rainfall / Irrigation
(c)
Soil
By how many means of electricity is being produced in the World?
Electricity can be derived from coal, petroleum, natural gas, wind, uranium, water power
etc. Electricity generated form water power is called Hydel electricity and from coal,
petroleum, natural gas and wood is called thermal electricity. While electricity generated
from uranium is called nuclear or atomic electricity. Today electricity is also produced
from solar energy, wind energy and from ocean tides.
(iv)
Ans.
Write a note on humid farming.
Silk farming or sericulture or rising of silkworms is one of the oldest tradition in China,
was practiced as long as the 27th century B.C.
Until 300 A.D., it was a secret, when Japan and then India penetrated the secrecy.
As sericulture is very tough and painful work and environmental factors limits the silk
farming to a few areas of the world.
China is the main producer, while India ranks second. Other main producers are Iran,
Japan, North Korea, South Korea, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan and Vietnam.
(v)
Ans.
What are types of inland transportation?
The inland transportation is Roads and railway lines.
(vi)
Ans.
What is meant by data?
Out of Syllabus.
(viii)
Ans.
What is meant by soil?
Soil is upper crust of Earth, where vegetative growth of plants (vegetation) takes places.
Soil is made up of substances existing in three states; solid, liquid and gaseous. For plant
growth a proper balance of all three states of matter is necessary. The solid portion of soil
is composed of both inorganic and organic.
(ix)
Ans.
What is meant by internet?
Out of Syllabus.
(x)
Ans.
When did man in-habited this earth planed?
According to population experts, man is living on this earth planet since 20 to 50 lakh
years- 2 to 5 million years.
QUESTION NO: 4
(i)
Ans.
Which is the largest province of Pakistan according to area?
The largest province of Pakistan according to area is Baluchistan.
(ii)
Ans.
Write down the names of two hottest areas of Pakistan.
The hottest area of Pakistan is Sibbi and Jackobabad.
(iii)
Ans.
What is the total area of Pakistan?
The total area of Pakistan is 796096 square kilometers.
(iv)
Ans.
Write down the importance of natural gas in Pakistan.
In Pakistan gas is very important fuel source. It is very cheap and clean source of energy.
Natural gas is used both as fuel and as a raw material in the manufacturing of chemicals.
Natural gas is being used for power generation and transportation.
(v)
Ans.
Where Khyber Pass is situated in Pakistan?
Khyber Pass is situated or passing through Waziristan Hills.
(vi)
Ans.
Write down a brief note on monsoon.
Over a large part of Pakistan most of the rainfall is associated with monsoon cyclones.
Summer or monsoon rainfall is concentrated in July, August and September. The
monsoon activity is of a pulsating nature, because Pakistan receives tail end of the
monsoon, which enters Pakistan crossing India. It reaches usually in Pakistan in early
July and continues to blow up to October. Out of total annual rainfall 75 percent are
received in monsoon season. Maximum monsoon rainfall occurs in north-eastern
mountainous region, while towards south eastern rainfall decreases.
(viii)
Ans.
What is meant by census?
Counting of human resources (population) for updated human resources (population) is
called population census.
In addition, of population census, every country has arrangement of birth and death
record, which provide a general picture of population increase – population growth rate.
With the help of these information’s we make planning for the coming years.
(ix)
Ans.
Write down names of two kharif crops of Pakistan.
The two kharif crops are Rice and Maiz.
(x)
Ans.
Write down the names of two International Air Ports of Pakistan.
Tow international air ports of Pakistan are Karachi and Lahore.
SUBJECTIVE PART II
NOTE: Attempt any THREE questions from the following:
5
Describe favourable physical and economic factors required for commercial fishing
in the world.
Ans. Physical Factors:
(i) The wide expanse of continent shelves – shallow coastal waters – favour the
abundant supply of plankton (basic food of fish). That is why continental shelves
are good fishing grounds. The Doggar Bank in the North Sea and Grand Bank off
the northeastern coast of the U.S.A. are well known fishing ground of the world.
(ii) Indented or broken coastal lines, helps in breeding and hatching of fish, because
calm water is helpful for nourishment of fishes.
(iii) Turbulent sea water areas due to abundant accumulation of different varieties of
pant nutrients are favourable for fishing industry.
(iv) Abundance of Plankton (natural sea food affects directly the variety and abundance
of fish – which ultimately affect the fishing development and intensity.
(v) Quality and verities of fish also promote fishing activity.
(vi) Coastal areas, where cold and warm ocean currents meet, are best fishing grounds
in the world. Mixed sea water sea water enriched with species of fish and plant
nutrients – plankton. For example, the warm Gulf Stream and the cold Labrador
Current meet near the Grand Banks, which is one of the best fishing grounds in the
world.
(vii) Forest resources and fishing boats industry helps the growth of fishing industry.
(viii) Character of the coastal land also affect the fishing industry, rugged coastal lands of
Japan, Norway and Iceland are not able for other activities, therefore fishing
industry has flourished easily.
(ix) Climate is another important factor, which affect the fishing industry. Cold climate
helps in the development of fishing activity, because quality of fish is good and
preservation of fish is easier.
6
Ans.
Economic Factors
Economic factors are equally important for development of fishing. For promotion of
commercial fishing, fish must be caught cheaply and in abundance and be readily
marketed. For this purpose following economic factors are required.
(i) Excellent and quick banking facilities.
(ii) Availability of fast and modern transport facilities.
(iii) Cold storage and refrigeration facilities for preservation of fish.
(iv) Presence of organized fishing industry.
(v) Availability of technological skill for the fishermen.
(vi) Population size of the country and international demand for the fish.
(vii) The supply of foodstuffs and price of the alternative protein substances.
(viii) Presence of conservative social and religious sentiments.
It is due to fact of favourable pnysio-ecomic factors, the coastal areas of the
temperate regions dominate in fish production.
What is computer? Write a note on its different types.
Computer
Computer is an electronic device that is used to solve various problems according to set
of instructions given to it. A computer can accept data, process data into useful
information and store it for later use. The word computer is derived from compute that
means calculate. Computer is used to perform arithmetic and logical operations.
. Briefly explain the types of computers
On working basis computer can be divided into the following types.
Classification of Computers
Purpose
General
Specific
Data Handling
Analog
Hybrid
Functionality
Micro
Super
Mini
Digital
Deskto
p
Laptop
Mainfram
e
Handhel
d
Types of Computer
Analog Computer
An analogue computer does not operate with digital signals. It recognizes data as a continuous
measurement of a physical property. It has no state. Its output is usually displayed on a meter or
graphs. Voltage, pressure, speed and temperature are some physical properties that can be
measured in this way.
Examples: Analog watch, speedometer of car, analog processors on petrol pumps to indicate
quantity etc.
Digital Computer
A digital computer works with digits. Everything is described in two states, either on or off. The
digital computers are very fast. They can perform mathematical and relational operations. These
computers store result in digital format. Digital computers are commonly used in offices. Apple
Macintosh and IBM are two important digital computers.
Examples: Digital Watch, Digital Score board etc.
Hybrid Computer
A hybrid computer is a combination of both analog and digital computers
Examples: Hybrid computer devices may calculate patient’s heart function, temperature, blood
pressure etc.
2. Classification of Computers
Normally, computers are classified on the basis of size, speed, processing power and price.
However the classification of computers is not very straight forward. The distinction between
these categories is sometimes not very clear. Some characteristics overlap different
categories. Computer can be divided into the following categories:
Micro Computer
Micro computer is also called personal computer. It was introduced in 1970. It is designed to be
used by one person at a time. It consists of one or more input device, output device, storage
device, memory and processor. It generally consists of single processor. PC and its compatible
computers use Windows operating system. The major types of personal computers are desktop
computers and portable computers
Desktop Computers
Desktop computers are the most common type of personal computer. It is designed in a way that
all its components fit on a desk or table. Different types of desktop models are as follows:
All in one Computer
In this computer, monitor and system unit are combined into single device.
Workstation Computer
It was introduced in early 1980s. It is more expensive and powerful PC. It is used for calculation
and graphics work.
Server Computer
It is a computer that manages the recourses of computer. It also provides centralized area to store
data, information and software.
Portable Computers
Portable is a personal computer that can be carried from one place to another easily.
Notebook computers
Notebook computer is also called laptop computer. Laptop computer is small in size. Only one
user can use them at a time. A laptop computer can perform the same basic functions as a
personal computer.
Handheld computers
Handheld computer is also known as palmtop computers. It easily fits in the hand. The programs
and data are stored on chips in the system unit. Some examples of handheld computers are PDA
(Personal digital assistant) and web enabled cellular telephone.
Mini Computers
Minicomputer is larger and more powerful computer than personal computer. It can execute 5
million instructions per seconds. It generally consists of two or more processors. It is more
reliable than desktop computers. Minicomputer can serve up to several hundred computers
simultaneously. It has no processing power and cannot work as standalone computer. It has to be
connected to a server and accessed by device with a monitor and keyboard called dumb terminal.
Mainframe Computers
A mainframe computer is a large computer in terms of price, power and speed. It was introduced
in 1975. It is more powerful than mini computers. It consists of multi processor. It is specially
designed to perform multiple tasks for multiple users simultaneously. These computers can store
large amounts of data, Information and instructions. The price of mainframe computer is
normally several thousand dollars and can be up to $5 millions. IBM, Sun and Unisys are leading
manufacturer of mainframe computers. These computers are used in large organizations such as
banks, educational institutes and Govt. departments.
Super Computers
Super computer is a state of the art machine. It was first developed in 1970. It is biggest in size
and the most expensive in price than any other computers. It is used to perform complex task. It
also consumes so much energy and can process trillions of instructions in one second. Examples
of super computers are CRAY-XP, ETA-10etc.
7
Ans.
Write down the Cotton Textile Industry of the World in detail.
There are following Cotton Textile Industry of the World:
(1) China
Cotton Textile manufacturing is one of the oldest cottage industries in China. The
overall development of cotton textile in china is indeed a recent phenomenon.
Industrial development took place after the Communist Revolution (1949). Now the
large enterprises are the backbone of Chinese cotton textile industry.
The cotton textile industry is spread over 19 provinces. Shanghai, Manchuria,
Tienshan, Beijing, Chuang, Nanchang and Lanchow are major cotton textile
manufacturing centers.
In the Ynagtze river balley, Tienshan, Shantung, Shanghai and Kaiteng rectangle
manufacture more than 55% cotton textile of China. Honanfu and Wushan are other
important areas in the southern Hwangho river valley.
(2) India
The cotton textile was most firmly rooted in India before the modern machine
industry beginning in 1818 at Fort Gloster near Calcutta but real success was first mill
established at Bombay (Mombai) in 1851.
The cotton textile industry is largest and most widely distributed industries in India.
Maharashtra and Gujrat states are equipped with 104 textile mills and contribute
about 40% output of cotton textile. Besides, Uttar Paradesh, Madhya Paradesh, West
Bengal and Karnataka states are major contributors in cotton textile. While with in
these states Solapur, Mombai, Poona, Nagpur, Jalgaon, Broach, Baroda, Bhavnagar,
Surat and Cambay, Coimbatore, Kanpur and Amritsar are major cities in cotton
textile manufacturing.
After China, the country of India is second largest exporter in cotton textile
manufacturing.
(3) United States
The United States is one of the front runners among cotton textile manufacturing
countries. The first cotton textile mill was established within Rhode Island in 1790.
In the New England States, the industry is concentrated in the states of Rhode Island,
Massachusetts, Providence, Woonsocket, New Bedford, Fall River, Tounton,
Beverly, Lowell and Manchester. The belt of plains and hills between the
Appalachian Mountains and Atlantic possesses 85% cotton spindles and produces
75% of U.S. cotton textile. Tennessee, North Carolina and Philadelphia are other
important cotton textile manufacturing centers.
(4) Russian Federation
Russia is and important cotton textile manufacturing country in the world. Before
Revolution, first cotton textile mill was established at Ivanove, near Moscow. Today,
still, Moscow and Ivanove region maintain supremacy in cotton textile
manufacturing. Ivanove is Manchester of the CIS in cotton spinning and weaving.
Russia import lint from Central Asian States.
(5) United Kingdom
Cotton Textile manufacturing started in U.K. after industrial revolution. During 18th
and 19th centuries, industry attained such a high fame that the country became the
undisputed king of the cotton textile industry. Lancashire became the most developed
textile center in the world. Its industry is solely dependent on imported cotton from
U.S.A., India, Egypt, Brazil, Sudan, Peru and Brazil.
Manchester, Bolton, Bury, Rock date, Oldham, Blackburn are important textile
manufacturing centers. While Lancashire alone produces 90% of U.K. cotton textile.
(6) Japan
Cotton Textile, true to form, launched Japan’s industrial revolution. First cotton
textile mill was established in 1868 in the vicinity of South Kyushu. By the middle of
20th century, Japan became one of the largest cotton textile producing nations. Japan
import raw material (lent) from U.S.A., China and India.
Chukyon, Hanshin, Toyama, Kyushu, Keihin, Osaka and Nagoya are important
cotton textile manufacturing centers. Osaka is most important textile center of the
country.
(7) Brazil
Cotton Textile industry began in Brazil in 1860 at Bahia – cotton growing region.
Abdunt cotton raw material, large domestic market and cheap Hydel powder has
boasted cotton textile industry in Brazil.
Porto Alegre, Belem, Fortaleza, Joao Pessoa, Recite, Salvador, Belo Horizonte, Sao
Paulo and Companas are important cotton textile manufacturing centers. Brazil export
sufficient amounts of cotton textile to other countries.
(8) Pakistan
Cotton industry could be termed as the ‘backbone’ of Pakistan’s economy. It is
largest and greatest source of foreign exchange earnings. It provides about 40%labour
force employment in Pakistan. The spinning sector is one of the most important
sectors; it is composed of more than 444 textile mills – with installed capacity of 146
thousand rotors and 8.6 million spindles.
After independence, first Valika Cotton Textile Mill was established at Karachi in
1948. Karachi is now center of cotton textile industry, while Hyderabad, Faisalabad,
and Gujranwala are other cotton textile manufacturing centers.
Besides, Mexico, Egypt, Germany, France, Italy, Greece, Spain, Indonesia,
Bangladesh, Iran, South Korea, Thailand and Turkey are some other prominent
countries in cotton textile industry.
China, India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Thailand, U.S.A. are most important countries,
which export cotton textile and readymade garments.
8
Ans.
Describe in detail about the physical features of Pakistan.
MAJOR PHYSICAL DIVISONS OF PAKISTAN
Conspicuousness and diversity are the two notable physiographic features of Pakistan.
From east to west and north to south, it displays highly variable relief. Broadly, following
six physical divisions can be adopted:
(A) The Northern and North Eastern Mountains
(B) The North-western and Western Mountains
(C) The Potwar Plateau and Salt Range
(D) The Baluchistan Plateau
(E) The Indus Plain
(F) The Desert
(A)
The Northern and North-Eastern Mountains:
The Himalayas and Trans-Himalayan (The Karakoram) mountains occupy the entire
northern part of Pakistan to a depth of about 200 miles. These youngest mountains attain
their height only within the last one million years.
The northern mountain ranges are composed of series of parallel ranges of Himalayas and
Karakoram mountains. This mountain system range stands as a barrier to monsoon winds
so that country across in the west receives very little precipitation and suffers hot arid
climate with temperature rising above 400C.
Pakistan possesses a small part of (440 km) of great Himalayan ranges. The Himalayas
are divided into a series of ranges, which are as followings:
(1) The Sub-Himalayas – Siwaliks Range
(2) The lower Himalayas – Pir Panjal Range
(3) The Central / Great Himalayas
(4) The Trans Himalayas – Karakoram Ranges
(1)
The Sub-Himalayas – Siwaliks Range:
The Siwaliks comprises low relief
hills, only 915 meters. The Siwaliks extends over the southern part of Hazara and Murree
and includes the hills of Rawalpindi and the Pabbi hills. The average height of these
ranges varies from 500 to 900 meters.
(2)
The Lower Himalayas – Pir Panjal Range:
Pir Panjal ranges are of
medium height, running immediately north of Siwaliks. The Pir Panjal in Western
Kashmir, Murree hills, Lower Hazara and Cherat range belong to this division. The
height of these ranges varies from 1800-4600 meters (6000-15000 feet).
Large alluvial filled basins are associated with lower Himalayas – such as Peshawar
basin. Murree (2,269 meters) is an important summer station in these hills.
(3)
The Central or Great Himalayas: The Central Himalayas can be considered as
the backbone of this majestic range, which comprises a chain of peaks located in northern
Pakistan.
Average height of these mountains is 6,096 meters, while world famous Nanga Parbat
range is about 9,126 meters high, and Haramosh peak is 7,397 meters, and these are
snow-bounded throughout the year. Hazara, Swat Kohistan and Dir belong to these
mountains.
(4)
The Trans-Himalayas Ranges – The Karakoram:
Deosai
Mountains,
Karakoram Range and associated ranges in the extreme north, with average height of
6,100 meters are included in this region. Broad Peak (8,047 m), Gasherbrum I (8,068 m),
Rakaposhi (8,788 m) and Godwin Austin (K2) – (8611 m / 28,251 feet) are famous snow
bounded peaks of these mountains.
This range also has the largest glacier field of the world. Siachen (75 km) is longest
glacier of this region. The valleys of Karakoram ranges are highly glaciated. The climate
is dry and harshly cold with snowfall. Only high altitude passes provide linkage.
Karakoram (5,575 m) and Khunjerab (4,733) are famous passes of this region.
(B)
The North Western and Western Mountains:
These mountains border western territory of the country. These are lower in altitude than
north-eastern mountains and receive little rainfall and have scanty vegetation. These
north-south mountains, ranges forms long boundary between Pakistan and Afghanistan.
These are sub-divided as following.
(1) The Hindukush Mountains
(2) The Koh-Safed
(3) The Waziristan Hills
(4) The Sulaiman Mountain
(5) The Kerther Hills
(1) The Hindukush Mountains:
The Hindukush branch off from the western side of
the Pamir Knot, where the borders of China, Afghanistan and Pakistan meet. The
average height of Hindukush range is 10,000 to 16,000 feet.
Like other mountains, the Hindukush are also snow-covered mountains. In the northwest, Tirch Mir (7,692 m / 25,230 feet) is the highest snow covered peak. Other
important peaks are: the Noshaq and Istragh. Several range branches south through
Chitral, Swat and Dir narrow valleys along the Swat, Chitral-Kunar and Panjkora
rivers. Which join Indus from northeast sides? Several passes connect Pakistan with
Afghanistan. Famous Shundur pass (3,720 m) connect Chitral and Gilgit.
(2) The Koh-Safed: The Koh-Safed is located between Kubul and Kurram rivers. The
east-west ranges rise roughly to an average height of 3,600 m/ 12,000 feet. These are
snow covered mountains.
Sikaram is the highest peak (4,760 m / 15,620 feet). The Kurram River located in the
south; provide easy access to Afghanistan through Kurram pass.
(3) The Waziristan Hills: these hills are located between Kurram and Gomal rivers.
The hills are spread ineast-west direction. The Waziristan hills are result of the
igneous activity. These hills have many passes, among them, Khyber Pass is not
important and connects Peshawar with Afghanistan, and Kohat and Bannu valleys are
carved by rivers passing through these hills.
(4) The Sulaiman Mountains:
From south of the Gomal river, the Sulaiman
Mountains extend from north to south upto a distance of about 450 km. the highest
peak of this range is Takh-i-Sulaiman (3,487 m / 1,440 feet_.
Indus plain and Baluchistan peateau lie towards east and south of the Sulaiman
Mountains. These mountains rise to an average height of 600 m or 200 feet and
towards south their height decreases. These ranges are difficult to cross; Bolan Pass
carved by Bolan River is important route which connects Quetta with Sibi.
(5) The Kerther Hills:
The Kerther Hills are located in the south-east of Sulaiman
Mountains in north-south direction, which forms the western boundary of Lower
Indus Plain, while its western side is bounded by Baluchistan Plateau.
The Kerther range I s composed of three parallel ridges, and its width varies from 2050 km, with maximum height of 2150 meters. The altitude of these hills decreased
towards south. Hab, Lyari and Porali rivers drain, the Kerther hills. These hills due to
scanty rainfall have bushy vegetation.
(C)
The Potwar Plateau and Salt Range:
The Kala-Chitta Range, Margalla Hills and Sub-Himalayan Hills extending from west to
east bound the Potwar plateau on the north. The Salt Range extending south-west of
Jhelum to the Indus River is southern limit of Potwar Plateau. The Indus and the Jhelum
rivers are natural and well-marked boundaries to the west and east respectively.
The Potwar plateau lies at a height of 1200 – 1900 feet and covers an area of about 18000
sq. miles in the Punjab. It is flat to gently undulating upland, crossed by Gullies and low
ridges except for the Khaire Murat and Bakrala ridges that rise above the general level.
Most of the drainage finds its way to Soan River which ultimately discharges into River
about 30km north of Kalabagh. Most of the plateau surface is covered with gravel and
loess.
(i) Northern region of Potwar plateau is covered by Kala-Chitta and Margalla
Ranges, toward east, the Utrina Ridge falls also in the region.
(ii) The Soan Basin is the most extensive and typical section of Potwar Plateau and
constitutes the Potwar proper and covers an area of 7,000 sq. miles. A number of
beautiful lakes dot the region. The Uchchlai, Khabei and Kallar Kahar are some
of them. The region is rich in minerals like, oil, rock salt, natural gas, coal,
gypsum, silica and limestone.
(iii) The Salt range forms the southern boundary of Potwar and is topographically the
most interesting section of the whole region. Raising abruptly from the low plains
on the south it forms a precipitous escarpment overlooking the “Thal” its eastern
end lies in close proximity to the Jehlum. Sakesar peak gaining elevation of 4,992
feet represents highest point of the Salt range. Salt range crosses the Indus River
near Kalabagh. The slat range is famous for its salt deposits at ‘Khewra Salt
Mines’, which are mined since the time of Alexander the Great.
Throughout its length of 152 miles, the Salt Range has been considerably influenced by
flexure and fractures the two prominent results of disturbance. Throughout its length, it
is showing steep declivities and lofty escarpments, cliffs towards the desert to the south,
but descending undulating towards the plateau to the north.
(D)
The Baluchistan Plateau:
The Baluchistan Plateau lies to the south of Sulaiman Range and west of Kerther Range
with an average height of about 600 meters. The region is covered with hills and
mountains and is divided into two parts by Chaman and Ornach-Nal faults. The faults run
north-south from Chaman to Arabian Sea.
Baluchistan plateau is dotted by low elevated hills and ridges, among them, Central
Brahui Range, Toba Kakar Range, Khwaja Amran Range, Makran Range, Raskoh,
Siahan and Central Makran Range are notable ranges. The main Baluchistan Plateau
extends westward 1,000 feet high. The north-western Baluchistan is a vast desert area,
which receives small amount of rainfall, inland drainage and dry salty lakes are
characteristics of this region, the largest of which is Humun-i-Mashkel some 35km wide
and 87km long, located south-west of Kharan desert. The Central Makran Range, Siahan
and Raskoh ranges divided the central plateau – resultant of ligneous activity.
The Zhob, the Baji, the Quetta, the Hingaol, the Kech valleys are basins covered with
sand, silt and clay. Fruits and vegetables are produced in these basins.
The eastern coastal area of Baluchistan is occupied by Lasbela Plain. It is formed with the
alluvium of Porali River, which has many tributaries.
Along the coastal area of Arabian Sea, there is narrow coastal plain of Makran.
Climate of Baluchistan plateau is dry and hot, with scanty rainfall in summer, while
winters are harshy cold including snowfall. Areas like Nok-Kundi receive only 1.95
inches rainfall. Due to scarcity of water, vegetation is scanty everywhere. Coal, copper,
silver, gold, chromite and iron are important minerals.
(E)
The Indus Plain:
The Indus Plain, which covers an area of about 2 lakh square miles, is the most
prosperous agricultural region in Pakistan. This vast plain extends nearly 1,600 km from
Himalayan foothills to the Arabian Sea. It is unrelieved featureless plain of fertile
alluvium, which slopes gently from north to south with an average gradient of 0.2%. This
plain region covers 25% of the country, and its fertile alluvial soils, watered by rivers of
Indus Basin is grain basket of the region. The northern part of this plain is called Punjab,
while southern part is known as Sindh.
Peshawar valley, Bannu valley and Sulaiman Piedmont are trans-Indus plain areas, which
are important agricultural regions.
Indus plain is divided into three main divisions:
(1) The Tran Indus Plain
(2) The Upper Indus Plain
(3) The Lower Indus Plain
(1) The Trans Indus Plain: the Trans-Indus Plain, lies west of Indus river and
comprises of the valley of Peshawar, Kohat and Bannu in the province of NW
The valley of Peshawar is most fertile and covers an area of 2,500sq. miles (0.57)
million hectares. Peshawar and Mardan districts comprise the valley of Peshawar.
Rainfall is between 10-15 inches. About 70% area is irrigated form Kabul river
canals.
The Kohat valley includes district Kohat and is little developed. Only 12% sown area
is irrigated, other is grazing land. Due to low rainfall, vegetation is pure scrub.
The Bannu Plain is surrounded by hills, except in the south-east, where Kurram and
Tochi stream provide opening. Elevation of this 0.47 million hectares plain area is
250 m. About 23% of the sown area is irrigated.
(2) The Upper Indus Plain: Write from another book.
(3) The Lower Indus Plain: in the southern zone of the Indus lies the province of Sindh.
Lower Indus Plain is very flat, sloping to south with an average gradient of only one
meter in 10 kilometers excluding the deltaic area. The eastern and south-eastern zone
of Sindh province is a true desert area, separated from irrigated zone by the eastern
Nara.
On the western side of the Indus River lies the barren desolate area of Kachi-Sibi
Plain, which is bounded on the north by the Marri-Bugti Ranges and on the west by
the Kalat Range. Heat and aridity are the common characteristic of this area. The
central area is a fertile alluvial plain, which is 580 km long and about 51,800 sq. km
in area, constitutes the valley of lower Indus or Sindh. It slopes gradually form north
to south, and is nowhere more than 100 meters high above sea level. Rohri (Sukkar)
and Ganjo Takker (Hyderabad) are two ridges of limestone in this plain area.
Manchhar, Keenjhar and Kalri are lakes of this region.
Some distances southward off the central plain, north-east of Thatta, the distributaries
of Indus River spread out to form the deltaic plain. A network of following and
abandoned channels marks the even surface. The delta comprises two main divisions:
an Estuary plain formed by tidal river spill deposits and a Coastal Belt constituted of
marine tidal sediments.
(F) The Sandy Desert:
Throughout the country, four main sandy deserts are encountered: Thal, Cholistan,
Thar and Kharan.
(1) Thal Desert:
The Thal Desert is formed by alluvial sedimentation of sand mass
by a westerly drifting Indus river, followed by present day continued wind resorting
and dune formation. More than 95% of Thal is shallowly underlain by great depth of
mainly fine sands not more than 150 meters deep.
9
Ans.
The desert has been leveled in many areas, and intensive agriculture is being done
with canal irrigation in the districts of Mianwali, Khushab, Bhakkar, Liah and
Muzaffargarh.
(2) Cholistan Desert:
Cholistan desert is located in south-eastern part of Punjab
in the district of Rahim Yar Khan, Bahawalpur and Bhawalnagar districts. The desert
is separated from the central irrigated zone of the plain by a dry bed of the Ghaggar
River. Generally, the transverse ridges occur in the western part, the longitudinal
ridges in the northern and southern parts and the alveolar ridges in the central part.
Old spell channels, which are 3-10 meters deep, constitute the prominent feature of
Cholistan, while clayey terraces formed by Hakra River, and have peculiar sediments.
(3) Thar Desert:
Thar Desert is located in the eastern and south-eastern part of
Sindh province. Ghaotki, Sukkur, Sanghar and Mirpur Khas and most part of
Tharparkar district occupy this desert.
The surface of the desert is wild maze of sand dunes and sand ridges, rising 150
meters above general surface. Rainfall is scanty with high temperature and water
table is quite low. In this desert region a small hilly tract Karanjhar hills is a
prominent feature.
(4) Kharan-Chagai Deserts:
The Kharan desert is situated between the Raskoh
and Siahan Ranges, while desert of Kharagoshkan and Padag Road is located between
Ras-Koh Range and Chagai hills. The gravel fans and pediments lying around hill
ranges merge into the deserts. The deserts are dotted by pebbles spread over them on
account of occasional floods of former times, which brought them from hill slopes.
Sand dunes are a common feature of this region. This desert lies outside the monsoon
region; therefore rainfall is from 2-5 inches. It is area of closed drainage, with no
perennial streams. Mashkhel is the important river of the Kharan Basin. In this plain
of Chagai, Khaisar is only Perennial River.
Write down about the position and areas of wheat production in Pakistan.
There are following positions and areas of wheat production in Pakistan:
(A)
IMPORTANT WHEAT GROWING AREAS IN PAKISTAN
Wheat dominates all crops in acreage and production because it is stable food crop of
Pakistan. Wheat is extensively grown almost in all irrigated and barani (rain-fed areas).
Due to favourable irrigational facilities, rich soils, the Trans-Indus Plain (Peshawar
Valley), Indus Plain (Punjab + Sindh) have much greater acreage and production of
wheat.
Almost all districts in upper and lower Indus plain, which are canal irrigated with rich
alluvial soils, are main wheat growing areas. While rain-fed areas are spread in Potwar
Plateau, northern mountainous region and almost all cultivated areas of Baluchistan. In
barani region, wheat yield and production varies with the amount of rainfall.
(B)
PRODUCTION, AREA AND YEILD OF WHEAT
At the time of independence in 1947-48 acreage under wheat crop was 4.0 million
hectares, while its production was slightly less than 4.0 million metric tons.
During 2007-08 area under wheat crop became 8.42 million hectares and production was
21.75 million metric tons. Thus the acreage of wheat became double during last sixty
years and productions increased by more than 5 times. The increase in production took
place due to expansion in acreage and mechanization, use of balanced fertilizers and high
yielding varieties.
Among provinces, the Punjab ranks first with 80% wheat production, while Sindh ranks
second.
In Pakistan although yield increase steadily since independence from 780 kg/hectare.
Still, we lacks behind world standards.
COMMERCIAL GEOGRAPHY 2013 (GROUP I)
Commercial Geography
Time Allowed: 20 minutes
Paper: (Objective Type)
Maximum Marks: 15
OBJECTIVE
QUESTION NO: 1
NOTE:
Write answers to the questions on the objective answer sheet provided. Four
possible answers A, B, C and D to each question are given. Which answer you consider
correct, fill the circle in front of A, B, C and D with Marker or Pen ink to each question on
the answer sheet provided.
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(v)
(vi)
(vii)
(viii)
(ix)
Herding is considered as:
(A) Secondary activity
(B) Primary activity
(C) Tertiary activity
(D) Quinary activity
Which country has the largest per head consumption of fish:
(A) Pakistan
(B) Japan
(C) India
(D) Britain
In which country the natural rubber plants were grown for the first time:
(A) Canada
(B) Russia
(C) Brazil
(D) Australia
Which is the leading continent in the production of wool:
(A) Africa
(B) Europe
(C) Australia
(D) North America
Which type of fuel is normally used for melting iron are:
(A) Coal (Rocks)
(B) Wood
(C) Mineral oil
(D) Natural gas
How much area of the world is un-populated:
(A) 40%
(B) 20%
(C) 10%
(D) 80%
Which type of climate is suitable for the growth of wheat in the world:
(A) Hot & Dry climate
(B) Temperate type
(C) Cold region
(D) Heavy rain areas
Where the first atomic energy power station was found:
(A) Britain
(B) Russian Federation
(C) France
(D) Germany
What is the length of Panama Canal:
(A) 150 miles
(B) 50 miles
(C) 80 miles
(D) 100 miles
(x)
(xi)
(xii)
(xiii)
(xiv)
(xv)
Which country lies in north and north east of Pakistan:
(A) China
(B) India
(C) Iran
(D) Afghanistan
Which is the biggest river of our country:
(A) Indus River
(B) Kurram River
(C) Neelam River
(D) Chenab River
Which type of climate is required for textile industry:
(A) Hot & Dry
(B) Humid
(C) Cool
(D) Severe cool
Which area of Pakistan has coniferous types of forests:
(A) Desert areas
(B) Coastal areas
(C) North Western mountain areas
(D) North Eastern mountain areas
What is the name of soil brought by the river:
(A) Sandy soil
(B) Transported soil
(C) Residual soil
(D) Gravely soil
Which means is used for internal trade in Pakistan:
(A) Rail
(B) Roads
(C) Air
(D) Water
PRINCIPLE OF BANKING 2011
SUBJECTIVE
NOTE:
Out of Q.1, 2 and 3 write any Eighteen (18) short answers. While, writing
answers writeQ. No. and its part carefully. Each part carries two marks. (36)
SUBJECTIVE PART-1
QUESTION NO: 2
(i)
Ans.
Define Economic Geography.
Economic geography is the study of man and its economic activities under varying sets of
conditions. Geographers are of different opinions as regarding the definition of the
subject. These are some definition of the subject.
(ii)
Ans.
What is natural vegetation?
Plant communities emerge in natural surroundings, with the interaction of relief, climate
and soil. Therefore, natural vegetation is the plant association, which is primarily due to
nature rather than to human activity.
(iii)
Ans.
Where the dairy farming is performed on large scale din the world?
Temperate grasslands are central place for commercial animal keeping in the world (e.g.)
Western Europe, Canada, Australia and USA.
(iv)
Ans.
How many types industries of the world can be divided?
Industries are very vast sector of manufacturing therefore these are divided into following
different types; (I) Cottage Industry (II) Community Industries (III) Primary or Simple
Industries (IV) Heavy Industries.
(v)
Ans.
Define scarcely populated regions.
The area “where population is low due to less availability of basic needs and bad climate
conditions”.
(vi)
Write the kinds of cotton in the world.
Ans. Cotton is plant of arid and semi-arid regions of sub-tropical latitudes. Cotton has
following varieties according to environmental basis.
(i) Asian cotton varieties
(ii) Egyptian cotton varieties
(iii) American coastal plain varieties
(iv) American central plains varieties
What is cotton textile industry?
Textile industry means weaving and cotton fabrics from cotton lint.
(vii)
Ans.
(viii)
Ans.
When did the uranium discovered? Give the name of country and scientist.
Uranium was first discovered in 1780 A.D. in pitchblende from by the German chemist
Martin Heinrich Klaproth.
(ix)
Ans.
For producing edible oil which plants are cultivated?
Edible oil is produced form seeds and pulp of different crops and tree fruits. For this
purpose seventeen crops and trees are cultivated in the world. Soybeen, rapeseed
(canola), sunflower, groundnut, corn, cotton seed, linseed, seasame, olive oil, oil palm,
almond, coconut are some important oil seed crops cultivated in the world.
QUESTION NO: 3
(i)
Ans.
Write down the types of evergreen forests.
Tropical evergreen forests, Mediterranean evergreen forest and coniferous evergreen
forests.
(ii)
Ans.
Name tea exporting countries.
India, China, Japan, Kenya, Indonesia, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka and Turkey are major tea
exporting countries in the world.
(iii)
Ans.
Which Continent is absolutely un-inhabitant?
The continent of Antarctica is totally un-inhabited. Only experimental station work for
some period of the year.
(iv)
Ans.
Write a short note on Karachi Port.
It is located to the west of the river Indus delta on the Arabian Sea. It is Pakistan’s largest
deep water natural water seaport, with an approach channel of 11 kilometers. It can
receive tankers, containers, bulk and general cargo ships.
The KPT (Karachi Port Trust) handled 38.00 million cargo during 2011-2012 Karachi
port has two big container terminal. Furthermore a Cargo Village and Industrial Park in
the western backwater of Karachi port has been proposed.
(v)
Ans.
From which region of the world modern woolen industry originated?
Continent of Australia.
(vi)
Ans.
How much population of the world is engaged in agriculture?
50% approximately.
(vii)
Ans.
How many countries of the world is cultivated sugar-cane?
Sugar cane is most widely grown in a number of tropical and sub-tropical countries.
Today more than 90 countries of the world cultivate sugar cane crop.
(viii)
Ans.
Which are most important wool producing countries of the world?
Australia, New Zealand, China, Iran, United Kingdom, Argentina, South Africa, Russian
Federation, Morocco, Pakistan and Uruguay are important wool producing countries in
the world.
(ix)
Ans.
Write down major sunflower producing countries of the world.
Today, 60 nations of the world cultivate sunflower in the world. Russian Federation,
U.S.A., Ukraine, France, China, India, South Africa, Romania, Spain, Turkey and Italy
are major sunflower producing countries of the world.
QUESTION NO: 4
(i)
Ans.
What are pampas grass lands?
In South America pampas of Argentina extends Uruguay and Paraguay, covering about 3
lacks square miles area.
(ii)
Ans.
The area between which/two rivers is called Chaj Doab and Rechna Doab.
Chaj Doab is located between River Jehlum and Chenab whereas Rechna Doab is located
between River Chenab and Ravi.
(iii)
Ans.
Define salinity and water logging.
When water table is 1.5 meters or less below the surface of the ground, stagnant water in
the root zone adversely affects the growth of plant it is known as water logging, in
salinity, due to high temperature and high evaporation rate, soil surface through capillary
action is saturated with salts.
(iv)
Ans.
Write names of four important cotton producing districts in Pakistan.
The south and southeastern parts of Punjab comprising. Bahawalpur, Rahim Yar Khan,
Muzaffargarh, whole of Multan division – Sahiwal, Multan, Khanewal, Vehari, Lodhran,
Pakpattan & Okara – Jhang, Toba-Tek Singh districts of Punjab constitutes the main
cotton regions of Pakistan.
In Sindh province, Khairpur, Sukkur, Nawahshah, Ghotki, Nausharo Feroz, Sanghar,
Mirpur khas, Umerkot, and Hyderabad districts are included in the main cotton producing
regions of Pakistan.
(v)
Ans.
What is meant by census?
Counting of human resources (population) for updated human resources (population) is
called population census. It takes place almost in every country of the world after every
ten years. It provides bench marked data for development planning and its evaluation.
(vi)
Ans.
(vii)
Ans.
Which are the important sea-ports of Pakistan?
Pakistan possesses three seaports and some small fishing ports these are:
(I) Karachi Sea Port
(II) Port Muhammad Bin Qasim
(III) Gwader Port
Define Solar Energy.
Energy produced form sun raises.
(viii)
Ans.
What is meant by Karez?
Karez is a water tunnel or a narrow subterranean canal system for irrigation.
(ix)
Ans.
Write a note on National Shipping Corporation of Pakistan.
The Pakistan National Shipping Corporation was established in 1963 and purchase of 33
merchant’s ships was finalized. In 1971, National Shipping Corporation possesses 31
ships. In this period our merchant ships were busy in the continents of Asia, Europe and
North American’s Sea routes.
SUBJECTIVE PART II
NOTE: Attempt any THREE questions from the following:
5
Ans.
Write the Physical Conditions for the cultivation of rice. Also write the important
rice producing countries in the world.
SUTIABLE PHYSICAL FACTORS FOR RICE
(1) Climate
For the growth of rice crop, climate is major factor, which limit its cultivation.
(i) Temperature:
Rice is a tropical crop; therefore, it requires high light
intensities. High temperature ranging between 210C-380C (700F to 1000F) is
required and is suitable for vegetative growth of rice plant.
(ii) Rainfall / Irrigation:
Rice is a plant of humid climate. An average rainfall
of at least 45 inches (115cm) till irrigation is required during vegetative growth
of about 18 weeks. Rice crop does best under high rainfall high humidity. In
areas of moderate rainfall (20-40 inches) irrigation becomes necessary. Rice
growing is common in areas, which receive as high as 200-300 cm rainfall.
(2) Soil
Rice plant grows best in soil retentive of moisture, therefore, soil must be physically
structured to hold a flood of water and terrain must be smooth.
Rice can be grown under varied conditions of soil but deep clayey loams are best
suited to its growth. The river plains with fertile silt at the top and an impervious clay
bed below are recognized as the best rice fields.
IMPORTANT RICE PRODUCTING COUNTRIES
(1) China
China outranks all nations of the world in rice production. During 2010, it produced
about 197.21 million metric tons rice, which is about 29 percent of the world total
rice production; this production was harvested from 30.2 million hectares.
In china, rice growing regions are located between 230-330 north latitudes,
occupying southern and southeastern provinces. Heaviest acreage and production is
obtained in the lower valleys of Yangize and Si-Kiang rivers.
The Szechwan province, flood plain of Yangize river basin, in the southwest
Yunnan and Kweichow provinces, in the high mountain region Fukien, Kwantung
and Kwangsi province and provinces of Hunan, Kiangsi and Chekiang are main rice
producing regions.
(2) India
Rice is an important crop of India. Almost each state grows rice and during 2010
hectareage harvested in India was 42.6 million hectares. While Rice production was
144 million metric tons.
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
India is the second largest producer of rice in the world, being surpassed by China.
About 23% of total cropped area is under rice crop. The greatest concentrations of
rice cultivation are in the flood plains, deltas and coastal districts.
The important rice growing states of India are West Bengal, Tamal Nadu, Andhra
Pradesh, Orissa, Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, Karnataka and Assam.
Indonesia
Indonesia is third largest producer of rice in the world. During 2010, rice production
was 66.5 million metric tons, while area under rice crop was 13.3 million hectares.
Java is the main island, where rice is grown; its two-third cultivated hectareage is
under rice crop.
Humid and hot climate, rich volcanic soils and intensive farming has enabled
Indonesia largest producer of rice. Tow crops are grown in one year taking
advantage of both southwest and northeast monsoon.
Bangladesh
Bangladesh is 4th largest producer of rice in the world. Being a small country only
11.7 million hectare land is available for rice cultivation. During 2010, Bangladesh
produced 50.0 million metric tons.
Most of rice hectareage in Bangladesh is in the lowlands (a small quantity is grown
in the uplands of Chittagong hill tracks) of Dakka, Mymensingh, Faridpur and
Rajshai region, although, climatic and soil conditions are most suitable for rice
crop, but per hectare yield is quite low than international standards, this is due to
primitive methods of cultivation.
Vietnam
Vietnam is 5th largest producer of rice in the world. During 2010, its 7.5 million
hectare area was under rice crop, while its production was 40.0 million metric tons.
The Red Basin in the northern Vietnam and Mekong Valley of southern Vietnam
are home of the rice cultivation. Fertile alluvial soils of river basins and hot humid
maritime climate and surplus labour force have created excellent atmosphere for
rice cultivation.
Myanmar (Burma)
Myanmar is 6th largest producer of rice in the world. During 2010, its production of
rice was 33.2 million metric tons and area under rice crop was 8.1 million hectares.
Monsoon climate of Myanmar is most suitable for rice cultivation. Arakan coastal
region, Tenasserim region and the river Irrawaddy delta provide fertile clayey soils
for rice cultivation. Myanmar produces surplus rice crop and exports sizeable
amounts of rice.
Thailand
Thailand is another important rice producer in southeastern monsoon region. It
ranks 7th in rice production in the world. During 2010, it produced 31.6 million
metric tons rice crop from 11.0 million hectares land. Maritime monsoon climate,
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fertile soils of Menam basin, abundant labour, and domestic demand for rice, has
forced Thailand to produce bulks amounts of rice.
(8) Philippines
Rice is staple food crop of the Philippines; about half of the cultivated area is
devoted for rice crop, which is more than 4.4 million hectares. More than 80% crop
is paddy rice, only about 20% is upland rice.
(9) Brazil
Brazil outranks all other countries outside the monsoon Asia in rice hectareage –
2.7 million hectares and production – 11.24 million metric tons. Brazil ranking 9th
largest rice producer of the world produces about 1.6% rice output of the world.
Most of the rice crop is grown in southeastern region, where climatic and pedologic
conditions are ideal for rice production.
(10) Japan
Rice is staple food crop of Japanese’s. Rice occupies 50% of the tilled land in
Japan, which is about 1.6 million hectares.
During 2010, its total production of rice was 10.6 million metric tons. Rice is grown
in coastal lowlands and hilly slopes. Kyushu and Shikoku produce two crops of
rice. Due to mechanization and agronomic skills, it’s per hectare yield is quite high.
Besides, U.S.A., Pakistan, Egypt, South Korea are most important rice producers in
the world.
Describe the important fishing centers of the world.
There are the following fishing centers of the world:
(1) The North-West Pacific:
The north-west pacific fishing ground stretches from Bearing Sea to East China
Sea, and is world’s most important and greatest fishing region. China, Japan,
Russian Federation, North and South Korea, Taiwan, Vietnam and Thailand are
major fishing countries in this region.
In this region physical and socio-economic factors favour the fishing industry and
vigorous growth of fish. The large fish eating population in the region is an added
advantage.
Herring, Sardine, Mackerel, Salmon, Bonito and Tuna are dominant fish pieces of
this region. Large quantities of shell-fish including crabs, lobsters, prawns and
little fish are also caught in the shallow inshore waters.
China is leading fish catching countries not only in Asia but in the whole world. It
accounts for about 33% of the total fish catch of the world – which is larger than
Peru, Japan, Chile, U.S.A., India and Russian Federation’s combine harvest.
China’s leading fishing region lies along the southeast coast, where bays and
inlets are numerous.
Japan is third largest in Asia and 7th largest in the world in the fish catch. Nearly
60% coastal population of Japan is engaged in fishing activities. Seafood
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
contributes about 85% of the total animal protein intake and per capita fish intake
in Japan is 100 lb., which is 2nd, largest in the world, after Iceland. In this region
Russian Federation, North Korea, South Korea, Taiwan, Vietnam, Thailand,
Philippines are some other nations, important in fishing industry.
The North-west Atlantic:
The banks off the coast of the New England and New Foundland (North America)
constitute one of the important fishing grounds of the world. This fish ground is
spread along 1100 miles with a width of 50-250 miles along the coast of Canada
and U.S.A.
Cod, haddock, herring, mackerel and flounder are some prominent species in fish
catch.
The fishing ground covers about 520.000sq. Kms of area and its excellent
breeding ground for fish as it is meeting place of the warm Gulf Stream and cold
Labrador Current and melting point of Icebergs released from Greenland.
Rich economy, advance technology and suitable physical environment have
promoted fish catch in this region.
This fishing region is excellent in Cod fish catch, while Menhaden is another fish
which dominates in production U.S.A. ranks 5th in the world in fish catch and
dominates in this region. Canada is another prominent country in fish catch.
The North-East Atlantic:
The north-east Atlantic region lies along the coasts of north-west Pacific. This
region is outstanding for fishing. The continental shelf of north-west Europe is
larges in the world – 3 lakh sq. miles – and the Doggar Bank is the best fishing
ground.
The North Atlantic Drift, the Arctic Drift and west European river bring large
quantities of fish food. Therefore, bays, inlets and fjords are best environmental
places for fish growth.
Norway, Denmark, Iceland, U.K., France, Russian Federation, Holland, Germany,
Belgium and Spain are leading nations in large scale fishing.
Herring, Mackerel and Cod are main species in fish catch. While in cold northern
waters haddock, halibut, skate and sole are equally important in production. In
most southern waters anchovies, pilchards and sardines are important species in
fish catch. The majority of fish output, is consumed with in the region.
The North-East Pacific:
The northeast Pacific that embraces the western maritime region from Alaska to
California of North America. This sea is adobe of Salmon, Pilchard and Tuna fish.
Salmon, dominates n catch and value in the north. U.S.A. and Canada are
important producer’s in fish. Large quantities of Crabs, Shrimps and Oysters are
also caught.
The West Central Coast of South America:
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Ans.
In Southern Hemisphere this western central coast of South America is important
for fishing. Here from Peru to Chile, water is adobe of Plankton, so this all fishing
is Pelagic. The tuna group dominates the Peruvian catch and bonito is the
principal fish. Other important species are anchovy, mackerel and prompano.
Chile, Peru and Ecuador are engaged in fishing in these waters. Peru is 7th largest
in fish catch in the world.
(6) The northern Coast of Indian Ocean:
South and Southeast Asian region has emerged as a great fishing ground during
the past two decades. Indonesia, Bangladesh, Myanmar and Pakistan have
emerged as important fishing nations among fishing world. Large population and
favourable environment has changed this region into fishing ground. In this region
India has emerged first largest nation in fish catch and second in the world.
Pakistan is a small fishing nation, but is important for prawans export.
Define iron ore and write down its different types.
Iron ore is one of the Earths most plentiful minerals. Metallic iron was known as used
environmentalpurpose and weapons in prehistoric ages, the earliest specimen still extent,
a group of oxidized beads found in Egypt from about 4000 B.C. The beginning of
modern processing of iron can be traced back to Central Europe in the mid-14th century
B.C.
The Chinese were first to cast iron, from the 6th century and they used cast iron supports
for buildings and for multistory purposes – Pagodas. In Europe, iron was wrought – that
is, hammered into shape when hot – by a special group of workers now called
blacksmiths.
Today iron is most valuable and indispensable of all the metals. Steel is the key by which
man produces and increases wealth. It’s overwhelming importance rest largely upon its
multifarious uses and its low price. Among metals iron accounts for more than 90 percent
of the world tonnage, and there is no foreseeable time when it will not be world’s
outstanding metal. World’s known irons ore reverse are 300,000 million metric tons. But
according to some other sources iron ore reserves are 168,000 million metric tons. It is
sufficient for many centuries.
Although, iron ore is widely distributed metal, but only 50 countries, with about 150
deposits produce iron ore. These deposits vary greatly in size of reserves, in metallic
content and in accessibility. Brazil, Australia, Chia, Russian Federation, India, United
States, Ukraine, Canada, South Africa, Sweden and Venezuela produce major amount of
world’s iron ore.
Iron is soft, malleable and ductile and easily magnetized at ordinary temperatures. Pure
iron metals at about 15350C (about 27950F) and boils at 27500C (49820F).
OCCURRENCE OF IRON ORE
Metallic iron ore occurs in the free-state in only a few localities, notably western
Greenland. Iron is found generally in nature in chemical combination with oxygen,
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carbon, sulphur and water. The principal ore of iron is hematite, other important ores are
goethite, magnetite, siderite and bog iron (limonite). A short review of commercially
mined iron ore types are as under:
(1) Hematite – Fe2O3
Hematite is the most widely used iron ore inspite of its relatively low metal content
than Magnetite – 60 – 70%. This red color derived from sedimentary rocks and its
deposits are extensive. In this ore moisture content is only one percent.
(2) Magnetite – Fe3O4
Magnetite is the richest iron ore with a very high proportion of metal. It contains
about 72% of iron and is especially suitable for electrical industry because of its
magnetic property.
(3) Limonite – 2Fe2O3.3H2O
Limonite occurs in great thickness within the sedimentary rocks and contains nearly
50% of iron. Because of low metal content, limonite is not extensively mined.
(4) Siderite – FeCO3
Siderite is a carbonate of iron, ash-gray in color and contains about 38% (30-40%) or
iron content.
Iron ore always contains, impurities and iron extraction is done in a blast furnace
using coke (carbon), hot air (oxygen) and limestone.
Describe the location of Pakistan, write the names of its major physical regions and
explain the northern and north-eastern mountainous regions.
Location:
Pakistan occupies a historic strategic and significant position in Asian continent
especially in South Asia. It is situated between the peninsula of Arabia and Indo-China. It
stretches from Arabian Sea to the high mountain of Central Asia over a maximum length
of 1800 km – 1,120 miles.
Position and Boundaries:
Pakistan is located between 610.0’ east to 750.5’ east longitude and 240.0 North to 370.0’
latitude.
Pakistan is bordered on the west by Iran, which is about 832 km (520 miles) long and was
demarcated on 24th September, 1872 by Captain Lovett. The Chinese territory of
Sinkiang is situated in the North and North-East of (Gilgit) Pakistan. Its length is 592 km
(370 miles). In the Northwest, a narrow arm of Afghanistan (Wakhan) separates Pakistan
from the Central Asian state Tajikistan. On the west, low lying dry hills separates
Pakistan from Afghanistan. This border was demarcated in 1897 A.D. (during British
rule). It is 2,240 km (1,400 miles) long, known as “Durand Line”.
On the East and South Pakistan is bounded by the Indian states of Punjab, Rajasthan and
Gujrat and is known as Sir Cyrill Radcliffe Award. It is 1600 km (1000 miles) long. The
Arabian Sea lies to the South of Pakistan. The southern coast is 1000 km (600 miles)
long, which is shared by the provinces of Sindh and Baluchistan.
Area:
Pakistan covers an area of about 796,096 sq. km or 310,403 sq. miles, making it nearly
four times as large as Great Britain. About 9% (84,000 sq. km / 33,000 sq. miles) of this
is the Northern Areas (FANA) and Azad Kashmir, administered by Pakistan since 1949.
MAJOR PHYSICAL DIVISIONS OF PAKISTAN
Conspicuousness and diversity are the two notable physiographic features of Pakistan.
From east to west and north to south, it displays highly variable relief. Broadly, following
six physical divisions can be adopted:
(A) The Northern and North Eastern Mountains
(B) The North-Western and Western Mountains
(C) The Potwar Plateau and Salt Range
(D) The Baluchistan Plateau
(E) The Indus Plain
(F) The Desert
The Northern and North Eastern Mountains:
The Himalayas and Trans-Himalayan (The Karakoram) mountains occupy the entire
northern part of Pakistan to a depth of about 200 miles. These youngest mountains attain
their height only within the last one million years.
The Northern Mountains ranges are composed of series of parallel ranges of Himalayas
and Karakoram Mountains. This Mountain system range stands as a barrier to monsoon
winds so that country across in the west receives very little precipitation and suffers hot
arid climate with temperature rising above 400C.
Pakistan possesses a small part of (440 km) of great Himalayan ranges. The Himalayan is
divided into a series of ranges, which are as followings:
(1) The Sub-Himalayas – Siwaliks Range
(2) The Lower Himalayas – Pir Panjal Range
(3) The Central / Great Himalayas
(4) The Trans Himalayas – Karakoram Ranges
(1) The Sub-Himalayas – Siwaliks Range:
The Siwaliks comprises low relief
hills only upto 915 meters. The Siwaliks extends over the southern part of Hazara
and Murree and includes the hills of Rawalpindi and the Pabbi hills. The average
height of these ranges varies from 600 to 900 meters.
(2) The Lower Himalayas – Pir Panjal Range: Pir Panjal ranges are of medium
height, running immediately North of Siwaliks. The Pir Panjal in Western Kashmir,
Murree hills, Lower Hazara and Cherat range belong to this division. The height of
these ranges varies from 1800-4600 meters – (6000-15000feet).
Large alluvial filled basins are associated with lower Himalayas – such as Peshawar
basin. Murree (2,269 meters) is an important summer station in these hills.
(3)
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The Central or Great Himalayas: The Central Himalayas can be considered as
the backbone of this majestic range, which comprises a chain of peaks located in
northern Pakistan.
Average height of these mountains is 6,096 meters, while world famous Nanga
Parbat range is about 8,126 meters high, and Haramosh peak is 7,397 meters, and
these are snow-bounded throughout the year. Hazara, Swat Kohistan and Dir belong
to these mountains.
(4) The Trans-Himalayas Range – The Karakoram: Deosai
Mountains,
Karakoram Range and associated ranges in the extreme north, with average height
of 6,100 meters are included in this region. Broad Peak (8,047 m), Gasherbrum I
(8,068 m), Rakaposhi (7,788 m) and Godwin Austin (K2) – (8611 m / 28,251 feet)
are famous snow bounded peaks of these mountains.
This Range also has the largest glacier field of the world. Siachen (75 km) is
longest glacier of this region. The valleys of Karakoram ranges are highly glaciate.
The climate is dry and harshly cold with snowfall; only high altitude passes provide
linkage. Karakoram (5,575 m) and Khunjerab (4,733) are famous passes of this
region.
Write a note on cash crop cotton of Pakistan.
Cotton
Cotton is a Kharif (summer) crop and after wheat it occupies the second largest area of all
crops grown in Pakistan. It is most important cash crop and earns the largest export
revenues. It provides raw material to the local textile industry, cotton seed accounts for
80% of the national oilseed producing.
Cotton is a summer crop and its plant grows to a height of 3 to 6 feet. It is believed that
cotton plant had been grown and used in Indo-Pak subcontinent for the last 4000 years
(3000 B.C.).
Cotton lint is major source for textile manufacturing. Cotton seed is a valuable byproduct
and major source of oil, which is widely used for vanaspati ghee, soap, paint and
lubricants. Its hull, high in protein, is used as feed for livestock. Cotton is most valuable
cash crop in Pakistan. It accounts for 7.0% of the value added in agriculture and 1.5% of
GDP.
FAVOURABLE PHYSICAL FACTORS FOR COTTON
(1) Climate:
Climate is a major factor for successful cultivation of cotton, because it requires a
long season, plenty of sunshine (at least 200 sunny days) and water during
vegetative growth and dry weather for harvest.
(a)
Temperature: Cotton plant requires 200 frost free sunny days with a
temperature of 250C during the vegetative growth, but minimum
temperature for cotton germination and growth is 15.50C (900F).
(b)
(2)
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
(7)
Rainfall / Irrigation: For best cotton crop 75-120 cm (30”-48” inches)
rainfall is needed. In Pakistan cotton growing areas receive less than 10
inches (25 cm) rainfall, therefore 4-5 irrigations are needed for best crop.
Soil:
Cotton plant thrives best in deep friable soils, rich in humus and lime. Alluvial and
decomposed lava soils, rich in potash and phosphate are most suitable for cotton
growth.
In Pakistan, upper and lower Indus alluvial soils are best for cotton cultivation.
SUITABLE ECONOMIC AND AGRONOMIC CONDITIONS
Selection of Soil and Preparation:
Central and Lower Punjab and Lower Sindh alluvial soils are best for cotton
cultivation. Appropriate tillage is necessary because it improves physical conditions
of the soil and increases the yield.
Planting Time and Seed Rate:
In Pakistan, best sowing time for cotton is 15 March to 30 June. For higher yield of
cotton crop 18-23d thousand plant population is required for highest yields. For this
purpose 10-14 kg cotton seed is enough.
Planting Method:
Broadcasting is an old method of sowing cotton and has many drawbacks. Line
sowing method is suitable for cotton plant – in this methods, distance between lines
must be 2-212 feet while from plant to plant it must be 8-12 inches.
Choice of High Yielding Verities:
It is best for farmer to grow the recommended variety for his locality because
selection of a high yielding variety is one of the surest ways to increase production.
In Pakistan long fiber American varieties of cotton are grown.
Use of Fertilizers:
Balanced use of fertilized can enhance the yield by 25-75 percent when adequate
water and soil and other agronomic conditions are fulfilled.
Crop Protection:
In the package of agriculture inputs, control of diseases, insects, weeds and pests
during pre and post-harvest phases are necessary, because they cause upto 20% or
more losses to crop.
Harvesting:
Picking of cotton at proper time is very necessary, because premature picking of
cotton affects the yields and quality of cotton. Therefore full mature picking allow
the best yield and ensure the product of high quality and best price.
Besides, best transport facilities, rotation of crops, agricultural credit facilities,
exporting price and mechanization result in good yields. Establishment of agrobased industries also promotes agricultural production.
IMPORTANT COTTON GROWING AREAS IN PAKISTAN
Cotton is crop of lower and upper Indus plain and canal irrigation areas limits its
industries, where best alluvial soil and dry and sunny days are available.
The south and southern part of Punjab, comprising Bahawalpur, Bhawalnagar, Rahim
Yar Khan, D.G. Khan, Rajanpur, Pakpattan, Okara, Jhang and Toba-Tek Singh districts
constitutes the main cotton region of Pakistan. While in Sindh, Sukkur, Khairpur,
Nawabshah, Ghotki, Nausharo Feroz, Umerkot, Mirpur Khas, Sanghar and Hyderabad
districts are main cotton producing region in Pakistan.
COMMERCIAL GEOGRAPHY 2013 (GROUP II)
Commercial Geography
Time Allowed: 20 minutes
Paper: (Objective Type)
Maximum Marks: 15
OBJECTIVE
QUESTION NO: 1
NOTE:
Write answers to the questions on the objective answer sheet provided. Four
possible answers A, B, C and D to each question are given. Which answer you consider
correct, fill the circle in front of A, B, C and D with Marker or Pen ink to each question on
the answer sheet provided.
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(v)
(vi)
(vii)
(viii)
(ix)
One of them is essential component of Atomic Energy:
(A) Gold
(B) Iron
(C) Lead
(D) Uranium
The state in which iron is mined from the earth is called:
(A) Pig iron
(B) Wrought iron
(C) Iron-ore
(D) Cast iron
In the north east of Pakistan is situated:
(A) Afghanistan
(B) Iran
(C) China
(D) India
Which country is at the top of the list in the world in producing chemical fertilizer:
(A) Pakistan
(B) China
(C) France
(D) England
Which economic activity is agriculture:
(A) Primary
(B) Secondary
(C) Tertiary
(D) Quaternary
The homeland of tea is:
(A) China
(B) Bangladesh
(C) Sir Lanka
(D) Kenya
Maximum Monsoon rainfalls in Pakistan:
(A) Peshawar
(B) Quetta
(C) Lahore
(D) Murree
In Pakistan major source of irrigation is:
(A) Ponds
(B) Karez
(C) Canal
(D) Persian well
Geography is the combination of two words:
(A) Geography-English
(B) French-Latin
(C) Geo-Graphy
(D) Urdu-Persian
(xi)
(xii)
(xiii)
(xiv)
(xv)
(xvi)
Homeland of Angora goad is:
(A) India
(B) Turkey
(C) Africa
(D) Australia
Second Nuclear power station of Pakistan established at:
(A) Multan
(B) Lahore
(C) Chashma
(D) Quetta
The major source of attaining thermal electricity is:
(A) Uranium
(B) Oil
(C) Coal
(D) Gas
All trains from Lahore to Khanewal are run by:
(A) Electricity
(B) Coal
(C) Atomic power
(D) Gas
Which source is used to get solar energy:
(A) Water
(B) Sun
(C) Natural Gas
(D) Coal
The part of ocean where warm and cold currents meet:
(A) Most suitable for fishing
(B) Most un-suitable for fishing
(C) Non suitable for fishing
(D) Note of these
PRINCIPLE OF BANKING 2013 (GROUP II)
SUBJECTIVE
NOTE:
Out of Q.1, 2 and 3 write any Eighteen (18) short answers. While, writing
answers writeQ. No. and its part carefully. Each part carries two marks. (36)
SUBJECTIVE PART-1
QUESTION NO: 2
(i)
Ans.
Define economic geography.
Prof. E.W. Zimmerman pointed out that, economic geography deal with the economic life
of man with relation to environment.
(ii)
Ans.
Name two main branches of geography.
The subject of Geography is divided into four main branches:
(a)
Physical Geography
(b)
Human Geography
Describe the types of fish.
The edible fish can be divided into four main types, on the basis of their habitat:
(a)
Pelagic, Fish
(b)
Demersal Fish
(c)
Anadromous
(d)
Fresh water Fish
What is meant by census?
Counting of human resources (population) for updated human resource (population) is
called population census. It takes place almost in every country of the world after every
ten years. It provides bench marked data for development planning and its evaluation.
Because without accurate population statistics, economic development and exact
planning is not possible for any country.
(iii)
Ans.
(iv)
Ans.
(v)
Ans.
Which country of the world has largest population and how much it is?
China, One billion and 39 crores approx.
(vi)
Ans.
What is meant by herding?
Animal herding includes breading, feeding and management of animals.
(vii)
Ans.
Define industry.
Industry (Manufacturing) is secondary activity, which involve transforming raw materials
into usable products, giving them form utility. In manufacturing process, utility of the
product increases and at least some amount of value is added to the raw material used.
Producing machines form iron is one type of manufacturing.
(viii)
Ans.
How is natural silk got?
Silk fiber is produced from covering of a Cocoon, manufactured by silkworm, which is
valuable for its use in fine fabrics and textiles.
(ix)
Ans.
When and from which region cultivation of wheat was started?
Wheat was probably one of the first plants to be cultivated by human. Remain of what
have been found by missing working on sites in the Middle East (Iraq) form the
7thmillennium B.C. (6750 B.C.). The common bread wheat probably originated in
northwestern part of Pakistan and southern Afghanistan. Breads wheat was identified at
6th millennium B.C. site in Southern Turkistan.
QUESTION NO: 3
(i)
Ans.
(ii)
Ans.
Write name of kinds of cotton.
Cotton is plant of arid and semi-arid regions of sub-tropical latitudes. Cotton has
following varieties according to environmental basis.
(i) Asian cotton varieties
(ii) Egyptian cotton varieties
(iii) American coastal plain varieties
(iv) American central plains varieties
Describe suitable climate for tea cultivation.
Tea plant does best in humid & warm climate of tropics and sub-tropics. Tea plantation is
successfully practices up to seven thousand feet above sea level. Tea plant requires from
130C to 240C temperature for best growth. Food I not favourable for tea plant. Dry
climate and temperature below 100C does not suit for tea plant.
(iii)
Ans.
Write name of superior types of sheep.
Marino, Ramboullet and mixed breed sheep.
(iv)
Ans.
In which countries natural rubber is grown?
Today, 27 countries in the world are producing natural rubber. Thailand, Indonesia, India,
China, Malaysia, Vietnam, Cote-d-ivory, Nigeria, Liberia and Brazil are important
natural rubber producing countries.
(v)
Ans.
What is meant by edible oil seed crops?
Edible oil is produced from seeds and pulp of different crops and tree fruits. For this
purpose seventeen crops and trees are cultivated in the world. Soybean, rapeseed
(canola), sunflower, groundnut, corn, cotton seed, linseed, sesame, olive oil, oil palm,
almond, coconut are some important oil seed crops cultivated in the world.
(vi)
Ans.
Write the name of types of iron ore.
The principal ore of Iron is hematite; other important ores are goethite, magnetite,
Siderite and bog iron (limonite).
Iron ore always contains, impurities including alumina, magnesia, Lima, Slica, sulphur,
phosphate, titanium, orseenic, and copper pyrite, the sulfide ore of iron, is not processed
as an iron ore because it is too difficult to remove the sulphur.
(viii)
Ans.
Which four countries are important for coal producing?
Australia, South Africa, United States of America, Russian Federation, Indonesia,
Canada, Colombia and Kazakhistan are major coal producing countries in the world.
(ix)
Ans.
Describe the sources of producing electricity.
Electricity can be derived from coal, petroleum, natural gas, wind, uranium, water power
etc. Electricity generated from water power is called Hydel electricity and form coal,
petroleum, natural gas and wood is called thermal electricity. While electricity generated
form uranium is called nuclear or atomic electricity. Today electricity is also produced
form solar energy, wind energy and from ocean tides.
(x)
Ans.
Write the use of gold.
Gold is highly valuable metal. Major portion of gold is also used in the form of gold leaf
in the arts of gilding and lettering. Gold is used in photography, in electro gliding, in
dentistry. Radioisotopes of gold are used in biological research and in treatment of
cancer. It is also used in electronics and other industries. Besides, it is used in computers,
telecommunication products, Rockets, Aero plains and surgery of eye.
QUESTION NO: 4
(i)
Ans.
Where the reservoirs of natural gas are found in Pakistan?
In Punjab Potwar region. In Sindh Badin and Khaskhali region and Sui in Balochistan.
(ii)
Ans.
Describe the important exports of Pakistan.
Marble, salt, thread cloth, fruits and vegetables etc.
(iii)
Ans.
Which are the important seaports of Pakistan?
Pakistan possesses three seaports and small fishing ports these are;
(I) Karachi Sea Port
(II) Port Muhammad Bin Qasim
(III) Gwader Port
Describe the important imports of Pakistan.
Automobiles, electronics and mineral oil etc.
(iv)
Ans.
(v)
Ans.
(vi)
Ans.
How many types of canals are found in Pakistan?
Pakistan’s canal system is divided into three major groups.
(I) Canal on upper Indus tributaries.
(II) Canal system on the main Indus River
(III) Canal system on the west of the Indus.
Describe the location of Pakistan.
Pakistan is located between; (600.50 to 770.5) east longitudes and (230.35 to 370.05) north
latitude.
Pakistan covers an area of bout 3, 10,403 sq. miles, 7, 96096 sq. km, making it nearly
four times as large as Great Britain, or one fourth of the size of India. About 9%
(84000sq. km/33000 sq. miles) of this is the “Northern Areas” and Azad Kashmir
administered by Pakistan since 1949.
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Write a note on lower Indus Plain.
The lower Indus plain lies in the province of Sindh. It extends from MithanKot to Thatta.
The lower Indus Plain is very flat, sloping to south with an average gradient of one meter
in 10 kilometers. The meander and cover fold Plains are the predominant land forms of
this plain. In the north average height of the plain is 400 feet while, near the sea it is only
20 feet above sea level. The eastern and southeastern part of Sindh province is a true
desert area. The Lower Indus plain is 800 km long. It covers an area of 51,800 sq. km.
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Explain about Indus Water Treaty.
In 1960, Indus water treaty, water of river Ravi and Sutlej was handed over to India.
Under this treaty Turbela and Mangal dams and seven link canals have been constructed
to meet the irrigation needs, these link canals are following:
(I) Rasul (Jehlum) – Qadirabad (Chenab) link canal
(II) Qadirabad (Chenab) – Balloki (Ravi) link canal
(III) Balloki (Ravi) – Sulaimanki (Sutlej) link canal
(IV) Trimmu (Chenab) – Sidhnai (Ravi) link canal
(V) Chashma (Indus) – Trimmu (Chenab) link canal
(VI) Sidhnai (Ravi) –Mailsi-Bahawal (Sutlej) link canal
(VII) Taunsa (Indus) – Punjab link canal
Agreement of Indus water treaty was signed in 19 September 1960.
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Ans.
Describe the factors for density of Population.
The regional contracts in the population distribution and density are governed by a
variety of factors. The entire factors affecting the population density may be classified
into three major categories of physical, socio-cultural and demographic factors. These are
following:
(I) Physical Factors:
(I). Climate (II).Land forms (III).Soil types (IV). Energy
resources and Minerals (V). Space relationship (accessibility).
(II) Socio-Economic Factors:
(I). History of Settlement (II). Type of economy
(III). Advancement in technology (IV). Political decisions (V). Social organization.
(III) Demographic Factors: (I). Rate of natural increase of population (II). Migration
between areas (III). Regional variation in the pattern of fertility, mortality and
mobility.
SUBJECTIVE PART II
NOTE: Attempt any THREE questions from the following:
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Ans.
(1)
What is meant by Economic Activity? Classify economic activities and write a note
of primary economic activity?
ECONOMIC ACTIVITY:
Every human effort or activity for livelihood purpose is called human Economic activity.
CATEGORIES OF ECONOMIC ACTIVITIY
The preceding categories of production and service activities or industries help us to see
an underlying structure to the nearly infinite variety of things people do to earn a living
and sustain themselves. But by themselves they tell us little about the organization of the
farger economy of which the individual worker or establishment is a part. For that
broader organizational understanding we look to system rather than components of
economics.
Broadly speaking national economic of particularly, the latter half of the 20 th century fall
into one of three major types of system; subsistence, commercial or planned.
No matter what economic system may locally prevail, in all systems transportation is a
key variable. No advanced economy can flourish without a well-connected transport
network. All subsistence societies – subsistence areas of developing countries – are
characterized by the isolation from regional and world route ways. The isolation restricts
their progression to more advanced forms of economic structure.
Indeed, both approaches to economic classification – by type of activity (activities) and
by organization of economies – helps us to visualize and understand world economic
geographic patterns. A brief review of economic activities is as under:
(1) Primary Activities
(2) Secondary Activities
(3) Tertiary Activities
(4) Quaternary Activities
(5) Quinary Activities
Primary Economic Activities:
Primary activities are those that harvest of extract something from the earth. They are at
the beginning of the production cycle, where humans are in closest contact with the
resources and potentialities of the environment. Such activities involve basic foodstuff
and raw material production, hunting and gathering, grazing, agriculture, fishing,
forestry, mining and quarrying are examples.
Before there was farming, hunting and gathering were the universal forms of primary
production. Now their numbers are few and declining, and wherever they are brought into
contact with more advanced cultures, their way of life is eroded or lost. Some areas of
New Guinea, Southeast Asia, Amazon Rainforest, Tropical Africa, Northern Australia,
and Arctic regions still contain such pre-agricultural people.
Now, Agriculture, defined as the growing to crops and tending of livestock, whether for
the subsistence of the producers or for sale or exchange has replaced handingand
gathering as economically the most significant of the primary activities.
Crop farming alone covers some 15 million square km (5.8 million square miles)
worldwide about 10% of the Earth’s total land area.
In highly developed commercial economies, where commercial agriculture is being done
only 3% to 10% labour force is engaged in this activity. While on the other hand in
backward and developing countries subsistence farming is in practice. Production for
exchange is minimal. In this type of farming more than 50% labour force is working in
agriculture.
i.
After agriculture, role of animals in human life is so great, that herding has
become an important primary economic activity. It is very difficult to say when
the ancient man first mastered the art of domesticating the animals.
In modern times, animals are used in such a great many ways that it is imperative
to access the uses to which animals are put.
In this modern world nomadic herding (subsistence herding) has been converted
into livestock ranching, commercial dairy farming and mixed farming.
ii.
Fishing is another important primary economic activity. Fish provide more than 6
percent of the total daily protein intake of the developing world’s population and
over 7% of total protein supply in worldwide.
Only about 10% - 12% of the annual fish supply comes from inland water –
rivers, lakes, and farms and pounds. The other 88% to 90% of the harvest comes
from the world’s oceans – from the marine fisheries.
About two-thirds of the world annual fish catch is consumed by humans. While
upto one-third is processed into fish meal.
iii. Forestry of lumbering is another valuable primary economic activity. After retreat
of continental glaciers some 11,000 years ago and before the rise of agriculture,
the world’s forests and woodland probably covered some 45% of the Earth’s land
area exclusive of Antarctica. They were a sheltered and productive environment
for earlier societies that subsisted on gathered fruits, nuts, berries, leaves, roots
and fibers collected from trees and woody plant.
Today, even after millennia of land clearance for agriculture and, more recently,
commercial lumbering, cattle ranching and fuel wood gathering, forests still cover
roughly 30% of the world’s land area. Although forests are wide spread, but
commercial forests are restricted to two very large global belts one, nearly
continuous, is found in upper – middle latitudes of Northern Hemisphere, the
second is located in the equatorial zones of South and Central America, Central
Africa, and South-east Asia. These forests belts differ in the types of trees they
contain and in the type of market or se, they serve.
iv.
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Minerals have long been considered as the basis for the development of human
civilization through times. After the primitive stone age, the copper age, began as
man discovered copper from mines and learnt its utility and came the Bronze Age
and for longtime mining remained subsistence primitive economic activity.
Historians of opinion that thousands years before Christian era the Bronze age
was replaced by the Iron Age.
The real and massive exploration of the Earth’s hidden treasure or minerals
started with the advent of Industrial Revolution in England about one and half
century ago – the essential basis of industrialization.
With the passage of time, minerals extraction has become a commercial economic
activity. A dramatic change of the economic scenario of any region or country may take
place following the exploration of minerals. Saudi Arabia is, perhaps, the best example
minerals are very unevenly distributed at different parts of the world. Abundant mineral
resources within any country are essential for industries development. Primary producers
are called red collar workers.
Discuss the fishing zones of the world.
There are following fishing zone of the world:
(1) The North-West Pacific:
The north-west pacific fishing ground stretches from Bearing Sea to East China
Sea, and is world’s most important and greatest fishing region. China, Japan
Russian Federation, North and South Korea, Taiwan Vietnam and Thailand are
major fishing countries in this region.
In this region physical and socio-economic factors favour the fishing industry and
vigorous growth of fish. The large fish eating population in the region is added
advantage.
Herring, Sardine, Mackerel, Salmon, Bonito and Tuna are dominating fish species
of this region. Large quantities of shell-fish including crabs, lobsters, prawns and
cuttlefish are also caught in the shallow inshore waters.
China is leading fish catching countries not only in Asia but in the whole world. It
accounts for about 33% of the total fish catch of the world – which is large than
Peru, Japan, Chile, U.S.A., India and Russian Federation’s combine harvest.
China’s leading fishing region lies along the southeast coast, where bays and inlets
are numerous.
Japan is third largest in Asia and 7th largest in the world in the fish catch. Nearly
60% coastal population of Japan is engaged in fishing activities. Seafood
contributed about 85% of the total animal protein intake and per capita fish intake
in Japan is 100 lb. which is 2nd largest in the world, after Iceland. In this region
Russian Federation, North Korea, South Korea, Taiwan, Vietnam, Thailand
Philippines are some other nations, important in fishing industry.
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The North-West Atlantic:
The banks off the coasts of the New England and New Foundland (North America)
constitute one of the important fishing grounds of the world. This fish ground is
spread along 1100 miles with and width of 50-250 miles along the coast of Canada
and U.S.A.
Cod, haddock, herring, mackerel, and flounder are some prominent species in fish
catch.
This fishing ground covers about 520,000 square kms of area and is excellent
breeding ground for fish as it is meeting place of the warm Gulf stream and cold
Labrador current and melting point of Icebergs released from Greenland.
Rich economy, advance technology and suitable physical environment have
promoted fish catch in this region.
This fishing region is excellent in Cod fish catch, while Menhaden is another fish,
which dominates in production. U.S.A. ranks 5th in the world in fish catch and
dominate in this region. Canada is another prominent country in fish catch.
The North-East Atlantic:
The north-east Atlantic region lies along the coasts of north-west Europe is largest
in the world – 3 lakh square miles – and the Doggar Bank is the best fishing ground.
The North Atlantic Drift, the Arctic Drift and west European river bring large
quantities of fish food. Therefore, bays, inlets and fjords are best environmental
places for fish growth.
Norway, Denmark, Iceland, U.K., France, Russian Federation, Holland, Germany,
Belgium and Spain are leading nations in large scale fishing.
Herring, Mackerel and Cod are main species in fish catch. While in cold northern
waters haddock, halibut, skate and sole are equally important in production. In most
southern waters anchovies, pilchards and sardines are important species in fish
catch. The majority of fish output, is consumed within the region.
The North-East Pacific:
The northeast Pacificwhich embraces the western maritime region from Alaska to
California of North America. This sea is abode of Salmon, Pilchard and Tuna fish.
Salmon, dominates in catch and value in the north. U.S.A. and Canada are
important producers in fish output is consumed within the region.
The West Central coast of South America:
The Southern Hemisphere this western central coast of South America is important
for fishing. Here from Peru to Chile, water is abode of Plankton, so this all fishing
is Pelagic. The tuna group dominates the Peruvian catch and bonito is the principal
fish. Other important species are anchovy, mackerel and prompano. Chile, Peru and
Ecuador are engaged in fishing in these waters. Peru is 7th largest in fish catch in the
world.
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Ans.
The Northern Coast of Indian Ocean:
South and Southeast Asian region has emerged as a great fishing ground during the
past two decades. Indonesia, Bangladesh, Myanmar and Pakistan have emerged as
important fishing nations among fishing world. Large population and favourable
environment has changed this region into fishing ground. In this region India has
emerged first largest nation in fish catch and second in the world. Pakistan is a
small fishing nation, but is important for prawns export.
Write a detailed note on the production of rice in the world.
There are following countries of rice production of rice in the world:
(1) China
China outranks all nations of the world in rice production. During 2010, it produced
about 197.21 million metric tons rice, which is about 29 percent of the world total
rice production, this production was harvested from 30.2 million hectares.
In China, rice growing regions are located between 230-330 north latitudes,
occupying southern and southeastern provinces. Heaviest acreage and production is
obtained in the lower valleys of Yangtze and Si-Kiang rivers.
The Szechwan province, flood plain of Yangtze rivers basin, in the southwest
Yunnan and Kweichow province, in the high mountain region Fukien, Kwantung
and Kwangsi provinces and provinces of Hunan, Kiangsi and Chekiang are main
rice production.
(2) India
Rice is an important crop of India. Almost each state grows rice and during 2010
hectareage harvested in India was 42.6 million hectares. While rice production was
144 million metric tons.
India is the second largest producer of rice in the world, being surpassed by China.
About 23% of total cropped area is under rice crop. The greatest concentrations of
rice cultivation are in the flood plains, deltas and coastal districts.
The important rice growing states of India are West Bengal, Tamal Nadu, Andhra
Pradesh, Orissa, Bihar, Uttar Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh, Karnataka and Assam.
(3) Indonesia
Indonesia is third largest producer of rice in the world. During 2010, rice production
was 66.5 million metric tons, while area under rice crop was 13.3 million hectares.
Java is the main island, where rice is grown, its two-third cultivate hectareage is
under rice crop.
Humid and hot climate, rich volcanic soils and intensive farming has enabled
Indonesia largest producer of rice. Two crops are grown in one year taking
advantage of both southwest and northeast monsoon.
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Bangladesh
Bangladesh is 4th largest producer or rice in the world. Being a small country only
11.7 million hectare land available for rice cultivation. During 2010, Bangladesh
produced 50.0 million metric tons rice.
Most of rice hectareage in Bangladesh is in the lowlands (a small quantity is grown
in the uplands of Chittagong hill tracks) of Dakka, Mymensingh, Faridpur and
Rajshai region. Although, climate and soil conditions are most suitable for rice
crop, but per hectare yield is quite-low than international standards, this is due to
primitive methods of cultivations.
Vietnam
Vietnam is 5hth largest producer of rice in the world. During 2010, its 7.5 million
hectare area was under rice crop, while its production was 40.0 million metric tons.
The Red Basin in the northern Vietnam and Mekong Valley of southern Vietnam
are home of the rice cultivation. Fertile alluvial soils of river basins and hot humid
maritime climate and surplus labour force have crated excellent atmosphere for rice
cultivation.
Myanmar
Myanmar is 6th largest producer of rice in the world during 2010, its production of
rice was 33.2 million metric tons and area under rice crop was 8.1 million hectares.
Monsoon climate of Myanmar is most suitable for rice cultivation. Arakan coastal
region, Tenasserim region and the river Irrawaddy delta provide fertile clayey soils
for rice cultivation. Myanmar produces surplus rice crop and exports sizeable
amounts of rice.
Thailand
Thailand is another important rice producer in southeastern monsoon region. It
ranks 7th in rice production in the world. During 2010, it produced 31.6 million
metric tons rice crop from 11.0 million hectares land. Maritime monsoon climate,
fertile soils of Menam basin, abundant labour, and domestic demand for rice, has
forced Thailand to produce bulks amounts of rice.
Due to recent decades accelerated rice production, Thailand exports significant
amount of rice – about 20% of its total output.
Philippines
Rice is staple flood crop of the Philippines; about half of the cultivated area is
devoted for rice crop, which is more than 4.4 million hectares. More than 80% crop
is paddy rice, only about 20% of is upland rice.
During 2007, production of rice crop was 15.8 million metric tons. Maritime,
monsoon climate fertile soils have created ideal environment for intensive rice crop,
and 8th largest rice producer in the world.
In Philippines, nearly all crops are grown on the western side of the mountains of
Luzon and Central Plain region.
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Ans.
Brazil
Brazil outranks all other countries outside the monsoon Asia in rice hectareage –
2.7 million hectares and production – 11.24 million metric tons. Brazil ranking 9th
largest rice producer of the world produces about 1.6% rice output of the world.
Most of the rice crop is grown in southeastern region, where climate and pedologic
conditions are ideal for rice production.
(10) Japan
Rice is staple food crop of Japanese’s. Rice occupies 50% of the tilled land in
Japan, which is about 1.6 million hectares.
During 2010, its total production of rice was 10.6 million metric tons. Rice is grown
in coastal lowlands and hilly slopes. Kyushu and Shikoku produce two crops of
rice. Due to mechanization and agronomic skills, it’s per hectare yield is quite high.
Besides, U.S.A., Pakistan, Egypt, South Korea are most important rice producers in
the world.
Describe the benefits of forests in Pakistan.
Thought the forest resource is meager in Pakistan, it plays an important role in Pakistan’s
economy by employing half a million people, providing 3.5 million cubic meters (mm3)
of wood and one- third of nation’s energy needs. Forest play a vital role in various ways
as under:
 Forest provides firewood and timber which have high calorific and commercial
value for construction.
 Forests are source of aesthetic look especially linear plantation.
 Forests make the micro-climate more pleasant making their surroundings cooler.
 Forests produce oxygen during their photosynthesis process and are only ray of
hope for our survival on this planet.
 Tree growing on northern mountainous areas stabilize the soil and save the
process of deposition of silt into the dams. Thus they increase the life of the dams
which are main source of irrigation and Hydel power.
 Forests serve as natural habitat for the wildlife.
 Trees, plants and herbs provide raw material for medicines; e.g., a medicine for
curing cancer is obtained from Taxis baccata.
 Forests are source of supply of raw material for number of industries; e.g., a toot
(Mours Alba) is provided to sports industries of Sialkot, Shisham for furniture
industry etc.
 Forests play active role in preserving dangers of soil erosion and save fertile
agricultural lands and range lands of the country.
 Forests (irrigated plantation) of mulberry serve for rearing silkworm to obtain
natural silk for silk industry.
 Coniferous forests (Pinus roxburghii) exude resin which has high economic value.
 Wood of many trees is used in plywood industries.
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Best quantity natural honey is obtained from irrigated forests and natural forests.
Forests are very important for defense, as they serve as camouflage for army.
Forests maintain the hydrological cycle (rainfall)
Forests, especially agro-forests are source of income for farmers and government.
Forests have high value for the environment and have got global attention in
combating green-house effect.
Forests are the home of countless animal, birds and insects, which play role in
pollination process.
The wood of Acacia nilotica (Kikar) or riverine and other areas is used for
charcoal and its bark is used for dying skins (leather).
Forests provide employment to thousands of people living in and around the
forests during cutting, planting and other operations.
In desert areas, movement of sand dunes and expanding process of desert is
controlled by planting bushy trees e.g., Tamarix ssp. etc.
Forests of Northern Areas of Pakistan, are the main tourist attraction and source
of recreation.
Trees, plants and grasses provide raw material for paper industry, which is one of
the important industry in the world.
Forest provide wood for shipping industry, which is a major source of
international trade.
Forests provide fodder for camels, goats and sheep. A good fodder tree is
considered to be one with relatively high crude protein.
Trees are source of cork and latex (rubber).
Apart from natural timber, harvested from trees, many wood-based panel products
are produced which include:
(i) Plywood (including black-board)
(ii) Particle board
(iii) Compressed fiber-board (hard board)
(iv) Non-compressed fiber-board (insolation board)
Forests helps in development of socio-economic structure of country, by
restoration, reallocation, and re-organization of existing forest lands for the total
development of both land and the people there in.
Ornamental plants growing is very profitable hobby and is source of income of
thousand people.
Plants provide food about 30 species of plants provide 90% of the word’s
nutritional needs. At least about 75,000 plants species are believed to be edible.
Forests and rangelands support about 30 million herds of livestock, which
contributes more than US $400 million to Pakistan’s annual export earnings.
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Pakistan earns billions as export of various wood products except sports goods.
While earning from sports goods is in millions.
 In the presence of forests, glaciers of our northern mountains melts slowly and are
source of water for our rivers, which provide water for irrigation.
 Forests decrease the intensity of floods, thus saving destruction of human and
animal’s life and other losses caused by floods.
 Forests increased the fertility of soils e.g., leguminous plant and trees like
Shisham and Alanthus act as soil binder and have nitrogen fixing bacteria on their
root nodules.
 Forests keep the natural formation of soil and save lands from being naked.
Explain Government measures to cope with electricity shortage in Pakistan.
At percent (June 2008) our installed electric generation capacity is 22,797 MW, but due
to certain unseen reasons we are generating about upto 11,000 MW. Electricity and our
demand is 17,000 MW.
To overcome the growing shortage of electricity, at the cost of $45 billion, WAPDA’s
vision 2025 was launched. The program is aimed at creating 65 million acre feet of
additional water storage capacity and building 27,000 MW of hydro, coal and gas based
power stations. From 2001 to 2008, eight years have been passed but electricity shortage
is increasing at alarming rate.
To overcome the present shortage of electricity; gas, oil and coal based power generation
can help Pakistan to meet its requirements. Because of escalation oil prices and shortage
of gas supply, coal-based electricity generation is the best option as Pakistan possesses
185 billion tons of coal reserves.
On the other hand, Pakistan has signed an agreement with Iran to import 1,100MW
electricity which would help parity in bridging the gap. The government has planned for
transmission of an additional 3.240MW of Hydel and 1.427MW of thermal power in the
public sector and 1,020MW in the private sector. A wind power project of 50MW has
been inaugurated by 19th April, 2009.
The government has also launched effective conservation measures which include use of
energy savers and by this we can save 100MW at peak hours.
Another option is use of renewable energy i.e., solar energy, wind energy and bio-fuels.
As a first step, Alternative Energy Development Board (AJEDB) has been established to
facilitate development of renewable energy. The detail of which has been given under the
headings of bio-gas, solar energy, wind energy and bio-fuels.