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SECTION 3 Revolution in Russia Getting Started BEFORE YOU READ MAIN IDEA READING FOCUS KEY TERMS AND PEOPLE The war and social unrest combined to push Russia to the edge of a revolution. The events that followed led to Russia’s exit from the war and became a major turning point in world history. 1. What was Russia’s experience in World War I? 2. What were the main events of the Russian Revolution? 3. What major events took place after the Russian Revolution? Bolsheviks Grigory Rasputin Marxism-Leninism Leon Trotsky New Economic Policy Take notes on Russia during the war, during the Revolution, and after the Revolution. 5SETHEInteractive Reader and Study Guide TOFAMILIARIZESTUDENTSWITHTHESECTION CONTENT Interactive Reader and Study Guide, Section 3 Name _____________________________ Class _________________ Date __________________ World War I Section 3 MAIN IDEA The war and social unrest combined to push Russia to the edge of a revolution. The events that followed led to Russia’s exit from the war and became a major turning point in world history. How could an illiterate peasant control the Russian Empire? THE MADMAN BEHIND THE THRONE Grigory Rasputin was filthy, illiterate, and believed by some people to be insane. But he was also a self-proclaimed holy man and healer as well as a trusted adviser to Russia’s Czarina Alexandra. Rasputin’s influence on the Russian royal family began in the early 1900s, when he first met Czar Nicholas II and Czarina Alexandra. Their son, Alexis, suffered from hemophilia, a disease in which injuries can result in uncontrolled bleeding. Rasputin had a reputation as a man who could heal the sick, and the royal family was eager to see if he could help their son. Indeed, Rasputin seemed to relieve the boy’s suffering. Rasputin soon became a common sight at the royal palace. In the presence of the royal family, Rasputin was careful to appear as a humble, holy peasant. But his actions were very different outside the palace, where his immoral behavior soon created a scandal. When outraged Russians protested, the czar refused to believe their stories. After Nicholas went off to lead Russia’s armies in World War I, Rasputin became Alexandra’s personal adviser. He helped her make decisions on a variety of issues, including political appointments and military actions. Nearly all of the decisions proved disastrous for Russia. In December 1916, a group of Russian nobles formed a plan to murder Rasputin and save Russia from his influence. The nobles poisoned and shot Rasputin, but he did not die. Finally, they drowned him in an icy Russian river. While Rasputin could do no more harm to Russia, the nation was anything but saved. Known as the Mad Monk, Rasputin had great power over Russia. Key Terms and People Bolsheviks Marxist group that sought to lead a revolution against the Czar’s government Grigory Rasputin self-proclaimed holy man and healer, advisor to Czarina Alexandra Marxism-Leninism another term for Bolshevism Leon Trotsky top Bolshevik official who negotiated for peace with the Central Powers New Economic Policy 1921 plan that permitted some capitalist activity in Russia in order to increase food production Taking Notes As you read the summary, take notes on Russia during the war, during the Revolution, and after the Revolution in the graphic organizer like the one below. Add more causes and effects as necessary. Original content Copyright © by Holt, Rinehart and Winston. Additions and changes to the original content are the responsibility of the instructor. Modern Era Chapter 12 142 Interactive Reader and Study Guide Academic Vocabulary Review with students the high-use academic term in this section. fundamental important or vital (p. 394) CRF: Vocabulary Builder: Section 3 Taking Notes Russia entered the war unprepared to meet its army’s needs; Russia was crushed; Bolsheviks revolted against Czar Nicholas II; Trotsky accepted the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk; ussia had a civil war; the economy improved; the USSR was formed. go.hrw.com WORLD WAR I Teach the Main Idea 391 At Level Online Resources KEYWORD: SHL WW1 ACTIVITY: Treaty of Versailles Revolution in Russia 1. Teach !SKSTUDENTSTHE2EADING&OCUS QUESTIONSTOTEACHTHISSECTION 2. Apply /RGANIZESTUDENTSINTOSMALLGROUPS (AVEEACHGROUPIDENTIFYANDLISTTHEMAJOR EVENTSINTHISSECTION#AUTIONSTUDENTSNOT TORELYSOLELYONTHETIMELINEINTHECHAPTER ASMANYOTHERDETAILSAREIMPORTANT 3. Review !SKVOLUNTEERSTOSHAREEVENTSTHEY IDENTIlEDANDWRITETHEMFORSTUDENTSTOSEE (AVESTUDENTSHELPNUMBERTHEEVENTSIN ORDERWHILETHEYWRITETHEIROWNLISTS 4. Practice/Homework (AVEEACHSTUDENT CREATEAmOWCHARTOFTHEMAJOREVENTSOF THE2USSIAN2EVOLUTION Verbal-Linguistic, Visual-Spatial Alternative Assessment Handbook, Rubric 13: Graphic Organizers WORLD WAR I 391 Russia and World War I On the eve of World War I, Russia was a troubled nation. Czar Nicholas II had promised reform after the revolution of 1905, but he delivered little real change. Economic conditions grew worse, and another revolution seemed near. Reading Focus What was Russia’s experience in World War I? After the revolution in 1905, there were economic problems, worker strikes, and a Marxist group sought to lead a revolution against the czar’s government. The Years Before the War A small Marxist group known as the Bolsheviks (BOHL-shuh-viks) sought to change life in Russia through revolution. Led by Vladimir Lenin, the Bolsheviks wanted to overthrow the czar so that the proletariat—the industrial workers—could gain the power to rule Russia as a socialist country. This plan was an adaptation of Marxist ideas. Marx had predicted a spontaneous uprising of the proletariat to overthrow capitalism, but Bolsheviks had other plans. They wanted an elite group—themselves—to lead a revolution and keep much of the power over Russia. Although the Bolsheviks had little influence in the early 1900s, they gained followers as Russia’s problems grew more serious. By 1914, economic conditions in Russia were so bad that the arrival of World War I provided some relief for Nicholas and his top government officials. They hoped that the military crisis would help unite the country and cause the people to rally around their leadership. Russia and World War I Recall 7HENDID#ZAR.ICHOLAS)) PROMISEREFORMafter the revolution in 1905 Evaluate 7HATDOYOUTHINKABOUT THEGOVERNMENTSHOPETHATTHE MILITARYCRISISWOULDCAUSEPEOPLETO RALLYAROUNDTHEIRLEADERSHIPpossible answer—Their hopes were unrealistic because people wanted change. Make Inferences 7HYDOYOUTHINK THE"OLSHEVIKSGAINEDPOPULARITYpossible answer—the Russian people grew increasingly discontent with the Russian government and wanted reform. Russia in World War I At the start of the war, Russia had an enormous army of some 6 million soldiers. As the czar had hoped, the outbreak of fighting did help provide a burst of patriotism. People from across the country rushed to join the military. In many other ways, however, Russia was ill-prepared for war. Russian factories were not able to produce ammunition and other military supplies quickly enough to meet the army’s needs. In addition, the nation’s transportation system was weak. As a result, moving troops and equipment to the right places at the right times proved very difficult. To make matters worse, the Russian military was not prepared to fight a major war. Its equipment was outdated, and many of its leaders were of poor quality. Russian officers commonly advanced on the basis of personal connections rather than actual ability. Initially, the Russians enjoyed success on the battlefield, but the losses soon outnumbered the victories. In both victory and defeat, however, Russia’s costs in human life were great. Millions of Russian soldiers were wounded or killed during the war’s early battles. Conditions Grow Worse In 1915, Czar Nicholas II decided to take personal command of the Russian forces. The move made little sense. As one of Russia’s top commanders said, the czar “understood literally nothing about military matters.” Nevertheless, it was now clear that the czar’s fate was linked with the fate of Russia’s armed forces. If they failed, so would he. TIME LINE Info to Know Russian Weather.OTICETHE2USSIAN SOLDIERSCLOTHINGINTHEPHOTOGRAPHON THISPAGE-OSTOF2USSIASEXTREME CLIMATEISBESTCOMPAREDTOTHATOF!LASKA !NTARCTICAAND.ORTHERN#ANADA4HE HUGE2USSIANLANDMASSISINLANDAWAY FROMTHEWARMINGINmUENCEOFCOASTAL WATERS)TISALSOLOCATEDATHIGHLATITUDES WHEREITISCOLDYEARROUND4HEWEATHER ISSOSEVERETHATEVENTODAYWATERRAIL ANDROADTRANSPORTAREINTERRUPTEDOR STOPPEDENTIRELYDURINGWINTER March 1917 Russia in Turmoil Russian citizens revolt and force Czar Nicholas II to give up power. A provisional government is established. August 1914 Russia enters World War I on the side of the Allied Powers. November 1917 In the Bolshevik Revolution, Communists led by Vladimir Lenin take over the Russian government. 392 CHAPTER 12 Skills Focus: Comparing and Contrasting At Level Reading Skill Battle Preparations 1.(AVESTUDENTSREVIEWSECTIONSTWOANDTHREE TORECALLINFORMATIONABOUT'ERMANAND 2USSIANPREPAREDNESSFORWAR$ISCUSSWITH STUDENTSEACHSIDESSTRENGTHSANDWEAKNESSES ASTHEYWENTINTOBATTLE 2.(AVEVOLUNTEERSCALLOUTTHEIRIDEASABOUT THESETOPICSASYOURAISETHEMAMMUNITION WEAPONSLEADERSHIPTROOPSANDSUPPLIES 392 CHAPTER 12 3.(AVEEACHSTUDENTWRITEAPARAGRAPH CONTRASTINGTHETWONATIONSPREPAREDNESSFOR WAR Verbal-Linguistic Alternative Assessment Handbook, Rubrics 9: Comparing and Contrasting; and 37: Writing Assignments The war had been going badly for Russia, but once the czar took command, the situation for Russia grew even worse. A few months later the Central Powers were able to stop a major Russian offensive. That defeat destroyed the Russian soldiers’ faith in their leaders. With little strength and even less confidence, the Russian army seemed doomed. Conditions in Russia itself were even worse than they were on the battlefield. Food and other goods were growing scarce in Russian cities, and impoverished Russian peasants were growing desperate. The czar had left his wife, the unpopular Czarina Alexandra, in control of the country when he went off with the troops. She relied on the advice of Grigory Rasputin, a self-proclaimed holy man and healer whom many Russians viewed as corrupt and immoral. With the government under his influence, the already shaky Russian support for the monarchy dipped even lower. Find the Main Idea How did World War I affect Russia? The Russian Revolution READING SKILLS By the end of 1916, Russia was once again on the edge of a revolution. As the new year began and conditions in Russia continued to worsen, the Russian people clearly wanted change. Understanding Sequencing What events took place in Russia in 1917 before the czar stepped down? Revolution Begins On March 8, 1917, Reading Focus What were the main events of the Russian Revolution? With the Russian citizens, the army, and the Duma against him, Czar Nicholas abdicated; the Duma formed a provisional government; the Russian army collapsed; the Bolsheviks took over unhappy citizens took to the streets of Petrograd, the Russian capital, to protest the lack of food and fuel. Sympathetic police and soldiers in Petrograd refused to follow orders to shoot the rioters. The government was helpless. While protests raged in the streets, Czar Nicholas II ordered the Duma, Russia’s legislature, to disband. The Duma defied this order. With Russia’s citizens, soldiers, and government all refusing to obey Nicholas, it was clear that he had lost control of the nation. On March 15, Nicholas was forced to abdicate, or step down, as czar. The Russian monarchy had come to an end. The March revolution that forced Nicholas to step down is known as the February Revolution in Russia. At the time of the revolution, Russia used an old type of calendar that was 13 days behind the one used in the rest of Europe and the United States. Russia adopted the new calendar in 1918. The Russian Revolution Identify 7HATWERETHE2USSIAN CITIZENSPROTESTINGthe lack of food and fuel Define 7HATWASTHE$UMA Russia’s legislature Contrast %XPLAINTHEDIFFERENCE BETWEEN+ERENSKYSLEADERSHIPAND THATOF6LADIMIR,ENINKerensky’s provisional government called for continued fighting in World War I, an unpopular stance with the Russians, who were tired of the war. Lenin was popular with Russians because he attacked Kerensky’s government and represented change. The Provisional Government After the fall of the czar, the Duma established a provisional, or temporary, government. This government was led by Aleksandr Kerensky. A Bolshevik poster seeks to recruit soldiers during the Russian Civil War. December 1922 The Soviet Union is formed. March 1918 The Bolshevik government signs the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, which ends Russian involvement in World War I. November 1920 After three years of fighting, the Russian Civil War ends with a Bolshevik victory. Skills FOCUS INTERPRETING TIME LINES Summarize What actions did the Bolsheviks take in Russia between 1914 and 1922? WORLD WAR I Skills Focus: Interpreting Time Lines Social Studies Skill 393 At Level Research Required A More Detailed Time Line Materials:TAPELINEDPAPER 1.(AVESTUDENTSTAPETHREESHEETSOFLINEDPAPER TOGETHERENDTOEND 2.(AVESTUDENTSUSEINFORMATIONFROMTHEIRTEXT ANDRELIABLEONLINESOURCESTOlNDOTHEREVENTS THATOCCURREDIN2USSIADURINGTHISPERIODAND ADDTHEMTOTHEIRTIMELINES3TUDENTSSHOULD LEAVETHESAMEAMOUNTOFSPACEFOREACHYEAR ANDMAYATTACHMOREPAPERASNEEDEDTime lines should include some of the following events: late 1915: Czar Nicholas II takes command of Russian forces; late 1916: Russia on verge of a revolution; December 1916: Rasputin murdered by Russian nobles; late 1918: Russia adopts calendar used by Europe and the U.S. 3.(AVESTUDENTSSHARETHEIRTIMELINESWITH THECLASSANDUSETHEMASASTUDYGUIDE Visual-Spatial Alternative Assessment Handbook, Rubric 36: Time Lines Answers Reading Skills Citizens protested in Petrograd, Czar Nicholas ordered Duma to be disbanded, Duma refused. Time Line took over Russian government; ended Russia’s involvement in World War I; claimed victory in Russian Civil War Reading Check poor economic conditions, worker strikes, unpopular czar 393 FACES OF HISTORY The son of a teacher, Vladimir Lenin graduated first in his class from high school and seemed destined to be a 1870–1924 scholar. Instead, he soon became a Marxist and fought for revolution in Russia. When Lenin was 17 years old, his older brother was hanged for plotting to kill the Russian czar. Lenin himself soon turned against the Russian government. He founded the Bolshevik Party and sought to establish a Communist social system, in which there would be no economic classes and no private property. Today he is considered the father of the Russian Revolution. Infer Why is Lenin considered the father of the Russian Revolution? Vladimir Reading Focus The Russian Revolution Describe 7HATWAS-ARXISM ENINISMa political philosophy that , called for the abolition of private property and the enforcement of social equality Analyze (OWDIDEVENTSINTHEWAR HELPTHE"OLSHEVIKSRussia’s failed military offensive in 1917 collapsed the Russian army and led to support for the Bolsheviks. Reading Focus What major events took place after the Russian Revolution? Russia signed peace treaty and lost a huge territory; civil war between Bolsheviks and the White Army; Lenin’s New Economic Policy LENIN ACADEMIC VOCABULARY fundamental basic After the Revolution Identify 7HATWASTHE7HITE!RMY a group opposing the Bolsheviks, including army leaders, political opponents, and wealthy Russians who opposed communism Make Inferences 7HYWEREMANY 2USSIANSUPSETBYTHETREATYENDING THEWARRussia was forced to give up huge chunks of its empire. Many Russians were unhappy with their new leadership. The government planned to continue fighting in World War I, even though most Russians were thoroughly tired of war. Russian peasants, who simply wanted land and food, felt that Kerensky’s government was doing too little to help. Leading the opposition to Kerensky’s provisional government were the Bolsheviks, who wanted a fundamental change in Russian government and society—an immediate Marxist revolution. They planned to abolish private property and enforce social equality, and believed that this revolution would soon sweep the world. Bolshevism later became known as Marxism-Leninism, after Bolshevik leader Vladimir Lenin. Lenin had been forced to live outside Russia because of his revolutionary ideas, but he returned to Russia in April 1917. This return was arranged by Germany, which hoped Lenin would stir unrest in Russia and weaken the Russian effort in World War I. The Bolshevik Revolution In mid-1917, Kerensky’s government ordered a final military offensive against the Central Powers along the Eastern Front. The drive failed. Even worse, it led to widespread rebellion in the Russian army. “I have received word,” wrote one officer, “that in some units the officers are being slaughtered by their own men.” The weakened Russian army had collapsed. The conditions were ideal for Lenin to lead a Bolshevik takeover. In November 1917, armed Bolshevik factory workers known as the Red CRF: Biography: Leon Trotsky 394 Struggling Readers 1.(AVESTUDENTSREAD,ENINSDECREEINTHETEXT Faces of History Lenin founded the Bolshevik Party and sought to establish a Communist social system. Reading Check the February Revolution and the Bolshevik Revolution 394 HISTORY’S VOICES All private ownership of land is abolished immedi“ately without compensation [payment to the owners]. All landowners’ estates and all land belonging to the Crown, to monasteries, church lands with all their livestock and . . . property . . . are transferred to the disposition [control] of the township Land Committees. ” —Vladimir Lenin, Decree on Land, October 26, 1917 The Bolsheviks gave this land to peasants. Similarly, the Bolsheviks seized Russia’s factories and gave control of the factories to workers. With these actions, millions of Russians gained new power over their daily lives, but this power did not ensure that good times lay ahead. Summarize What were the main events of the Russian Revolution? After the Revolution After the Bolshevik Revolution, Lenin set about ending Russia’s involvement in World War I. He sent Leon Trotsky, a top Bolshevik official, to negotiate for peace with the Central Powers. Because Russia’s army was virtually powerless, Trotsky had to accept an agreement that was harsh on Russia. Russia had finally gained peace, but was forced to give up huge chunks of its empire. Civil War The Bolsheviks’ acceptance of the treaty upset many Russians deeply. As a result, some of the Bolsheviks’ opponents organized into what came to be called the White Army. The Whites included some army leaders, political opponents of the Bolsheviks, and wealthy Russians who opposed Lenin’s Communist system. The only thing that united them was their opposition to the Bolsheviks. The Whites received some military help from countries that opposed the Bolsheviks, such as France and the United States. CHAPTER 12 Differentiating Instruction Answers Guard attacked the provisional government. The October Revolution—its name came from the old Russian calendar—was brief. After a nearly bloodless struggle, Kerensky’s government collapsed. Russia was now in Bolshevik hands, and Lenin became the nation’s leader. Lenin wasted no time in establishing a radical Communist program. He soon made private ownership of land illegal. LABELED(ISTORYS6OICESABOVE2EADITALOUD TOSTUDENTSTOFACILITATEUNDERSTANDING 2.(AVESTUDENTSPARAPHRASEEACHOFTHETWO SENTENCESOF,ENINSDECREEINTHEIROWNWORDS 3.(AVESTUDENTSADDSEVERALMORESENTENCESTOTHE DECREEINWHICH,ENINEXPLAINSTOTHEPEOPLETHE REASONHEISTAKINGTHESEDRASTICSTEPS Below Level Standard English Mastery 4.!LLOWTIMEFORSTUDENTSTOEXCHANGEPAPERS ANDREADEACHOTHERSWORK3TUDENTSSHOULD MAKEANYNECESSARYREVISIONSTOALIGNTHEIR WORKWITHSTANDARD%NGLISHUSAGE VerbalLinguistic Alternative Assessment Handbook, Rubric 43: Writing to Persuade For three years, civil war raged between Lenin’s Bolshevik Red Army and the White Army. Millions of Russians died in the fighting and famines that swept across Russia, until the Bolsheviks triumphed in late 1920. New Economic Policy The civil war pushed Russia’s collapsing economy to the edge of total ruin. Especially hard hit were poor peasants and workers, who had been forced to endure terrible sacrifices in order to win the war. Lenin responded to this crisis in 1921. He introduced the New Economic Policy, a plan that permitted some capitalist activity. Peasants, for example, could sell their food at a profit. The plan was meant to encourage more food production, which Russia badly needed. The Soviet Union By 1922 the Russian economy was beginning to improve. That same year, Russia reunited with several neighboring lands that had been part of the Russian Empire before 1917. The new country was called the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics—also known as the Soviet Union. Russia’s Communist leadership dominated the new country. While the Soviet Union’s economy gained strength, Lenin’s own health was failing. After a series of strokes, he died in 1924. Lenin had no clear successor, and his death soon led to a struggle for control of the Soviet Union. PRIMARY SOURCES Lenin’s Call to Power Lenin issued his “Call to Power” on October 24, 1917—according to the old Russian calendar—urging Russians to rise up and seize power from the provisional government. “I am writing these lines on the evening of the 24th. The situation is critical in the extreme. In fact it is now absolutely clear that to delay the uprising would be fatal. “With all my might I urge comrades to realize that everything now hangs by a thread; that we are confronted by problems which are not to be solved by conferences or congresses (even congresses of Soviets), but exclusively by peoples, by the masses, by the struggle of the armed people. “. . . We must not wait. We must at all costs, this very evening, this very night, arrest the government, having first disarmed the officer cadets, and so on. “We must not wait! We may lose everything! . . . “All districts, all regiments, all forces must be mobilized at once . . . “The government is tottering. It must be given the deathblow at all costs.” Sequence What events took place after the Russian Revolution? Skills FOCUS READING LIKE A HISTORIAN 1. Explain What did Lenin want Russians to do? Why? Reading Focus After the Revolution Recall 7HATWASTHE5NIONOF3OVIET 3OCIALIST2EPUBLICSANDHOWWAS ITFORMEDa new country formed in 1917, made up of Russia and neighboring lands that had previously been part of the Russian Empire Analyze (OWDID,ENINS.EW %CONOMIC0OLICYADDRESSPROBLEMSIN 2USSIASECONOMYpermitted some capitalist activity in order to encourage more food production Predict (OWDOYOUTHINK,ENINS DEATHAFFECTED2USSIANSCITIZENS possible answer—They may have lost faith in Russia’s leadership because he had been a popular leader 2. Analyzing Primary Sources What words does Lenin use to try to convince readers to follow his instructions? See Skills Handbook, p. H25 go.hrw.com SECTION 3 Online Quiz ASSESSMENT Keyword: SHL WW1 HP Reviewing Ideas, Terms, and People Critical Thinking Close 1. a. Recall What was the condition of the Russian military at 4. Sequence Using your notes on the section and a graphic 2EVIEWWITHSTUDENTSTHETIMELINEIN THISSECTION%MPHASIZEHOWDIFlCULTIT WASFORTHE2USSIANSTOENDURESOMANY LEADERSHIPCHANGES the beginning of World War I? b. Summarize How did the Bolsheviks plan to change Russian society? c. Make Judgments Do you think that Czar Nicholas II’s decision to take over as commander in chief of the Russian army was wise? Why or why not? 2. a. Identify What role did Vladimir Lenin have in Russia in 1917? b. Elaborate Why do you think many Russians were anxious for radical change in 1917? 3. a. Recall When did the Russian Civil War begin? b. Identify Cause and Effect Why did the Russian economy begin to improve after the civil war? organizer like the one below, identify the causes and effects of the Russian Revolution. Review 5. Exposition In a paragraph, explain why Lenin and the Bolsheviks took the actions they did between 1917 and 1924. Use details from the section to support your explanation. Be sure to include information about Bolshevik political and economic goals. Online Quiz, Section 3 Assess SE Section 3 Assessment Progress Assessment: Section 3 Quiz WORLD WAR I 395 Alternative Assessment Handbook Reteach/Intervene Section 3 Assessment Answers 1. a. big army, but not modernized b. by abolishing private property and establishing social equality c. possible answer—No, because he understood little about military matters. 2. a. Lenin was the Bolshevik leader when conditions were ideal for a takeover of the government. b. Most Russians were tired of war, and the peasants wanted land and food. 3. a. when the White Army rose up against the Bolsheviks b. Allowing the peasants to sell their food for a profit encouraged more food production and improved the economy. 4. Causes—Russia signs peace treaty and loses huge part of its empire; opponents of Bolshevism organize into the White Army; Effects—millions die in fighting and famine; Russia’s economy collapses 5. possible details—poor economic conditions; unpopular czar; Bolsheviks believed that Marxism-Leninism would solve Russia’s problems Interactive Reader and Study Guide, Section 3 Interactive Skills Tutor CD-ROM Answers Primary Sources 1. seize power from the government; 2. urgent words and phrases such as “extreme, fatal, hangs by a thread, at all costs;” Reading Check The Bolsheviks formed the Red Army which fought against the White Army. The White Army was made up of army leaders, political opponents of the Bolsheviks, and wealthy Russians 395