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Chapter 19 An Age of Exploration and Isolation Directions: Define the following Terms and Names Prince Henry of Portugal Portuguese supporter of exploration who started a school for navigation Bartolomeu Dias Portuguese explorer who rounded the tip of Africa Vasco da Gama Explorer who gave Portugal a direct sea route to India Line of Demarcation An imaginary line which was drawn by the Pope to divide the world into two areas Christopher Columbus Sailed for Spain and landed in Central America Treaty of Tordesillas A Treaty signed by Spain and Portugal where the Pope drew the Line of Demarcation which was an imaginary line which split the world into two areas. Portugal won the right to control any new lands to the east of the line and Spain won the right to control any new lands to the west of the line. Questions: Identify and explain the three main reasons for European exploration. (3G’s) The Three main reasons are God, Glory and Gold. The Europeans sailed for God because they felt it was their job to convert all the non- Christians to Christianity The Europeans sailed for Gold in that they were looking for spices from Asia and a direct route from Europe to India The Europeans sailed for Glory in that they were looking to claim new lands Explain the Treaty of Tordesillas (Line of Demarcation) A Treaty signed by Spain and Portugal where the Pope drew the Line of Demarcation which was an imaginary line which split the world into two areas. Portugal won the right to control any new lands to the east of the line and Spain won the right to control any new lands to the west of the line. Compare and Contrast Bartolomeu Dias and Vasco Da Gama and their roles in the Age of Exploration Dias and Da Gama were both sailors who sailed for Portugal. Dias’ role in the Age of Exploration was that he ventured down the coast of Africa until he reached the tip. A storm then drove his ship around the tip to the other side. Due to a lack of supplies and his men being exhausted he returned home. DaGama began exploring the east African coast. He reached the port of Calicut on the south west coast of India. He was the 1st European to find a sea route to India. This enabled Portugal to gain control of a sea route for spices so they didn’t have to pay Italy’s high prices. Chapter 21 Absolute Monarchs Directions: Define the following Terms and Names Edict of Nantes Order that gave the Huguenots the right to live in peace in Catholic France Peter the Great Important leader of Russia who started westernization Inflation A rise in the price related to an increase in the volume of money and resulting in the loss of value of the money. Ex: Spain had so much silver that its worth less. Louis XIV French ruler who was an absolute ruler Divine right Idea that a ruler receives the right to rule from God Versailles A huge palace that Louis XIV had built which was to show his power and put France more in debt Westernization Use of western Europe as a model of change used to make Russia stronger Questions: Describe two positive and two negative legacies of Louis XIV Some positive legacies of Louis XIV are: He made France a great power He made France rank above all European countries in art, literature, and statesmanship He was considered a military leader of Europe He developed a strong empire of colonies Some negative legacies of Louis XIV are: France was involved in constant warfare and the cost of Versailles left France with a huge debt Resentment over tax burden on the poor and Louis’s abuse of power eventually led to the revolution Describe Versailles. Include in your answer: Who built it and why? What is was like? What did it show about the ruler? It was a magnificent palace that was built for Louis XIV Describe three reasons Russia was different from Western Europe, what ruler comes to power and what steps does he take to change Russia. It was cut off from the Renaissance and the Age of Exploration Geographic barriers – had no warm-water port so ports choked with ice most of the year Religious differences – Russians were Eastern Orthodox, western Europeans were Catholics or Protestants who Russians viewed as heretics Peter the Great comes to power Peter’s Reform: Peter knew Russia needed change but that people would resist so he increased his power as an absolute ruler to force change He brought the Russian Orthodox Church under his control He reduced the power of the great landowners by giving positions of authority and grants of land to lower-ranking men Modernized the army by hiring European soldiers to train Russian soldiers with European tactics and weapons. He built a large army and raised heavy taxes to pay for the army He westernized Russia by Introducing potatoes which became a staple Started the 1st newspaper Raised women’s status by letting them attend social gatherings Made nobles dress in western fashions Opened schools of navigation and arts and sciences as he believed that education was the key to Russia’s progress He encouraged people to travel to other countries to study Chapter 22: Enlightenment and Revolution Directions: Define the following Terms and Names Galileo Galilie Scientist who was forced by the Catholic Church to take back or recant scientific ideas that disagreed with the church’s view Scientific Revolution New way of thinking about the natural world based on careful observation and a willingness to question Johannes Kepler Scientist who proved that planets revolved around the sun in elliptical orbits instead of circles as was previously thought. Enlightenment A new intellectual movement that stressed reason and thought and the power of individuals to solve problems. This is also known as the Age of Reason Scientific Method Logical procedure for gathering and testing ideas Isaac Newton Scientist who discovered laws of motion and gravity John Locke He believed that all people are born free and equal with natural rights – life, liberty and property and the purpose of the government is to protect these rights. Chapter 23: The French Revolution & Napoleon Directions: Define the following Terms and Names Scorched-Earth Policy This was used in Russia. It involved burning grains fields and slaughtering livestock so as to leave nothing for the enemy to eat. Louis XVI King of France, referred to himself as the Sun King, built Versailles and fought costly wars Robespierre Dictator who ruled during the Reign of Terror Napoleon Military leader who seized power in France Estates-General An assembly of representatives from all three estates 3rd Estate The largest estate or social class in France. It was made up of the bourgeoisie, urban workers and the peasants Coup d’etat A sudden seizure of power, it literally means “blow to the state” Continental System The set-up of a blockade to prevent all trade and communication between Great Britain and other European nations Tennis Court Oath Pledge of the 3td Estate to draw up a new constitution and to not leave the tennis court until it was done Reign of Terror Period of time in France when many French citizens were executed, many were killed by the guillotine Napoleonic Code A comprehensive and uniform system of laws established for France by Napoleon Bastille The Paris prison stormed by an angry mob Questions: Describe the Reign of Terror It was a period of Robespierre’s rule He headed the Committee of Public Safety which tried and put to death “enemies of the Revolution” Thousands were killed by the guillotine His rule started in 1793 and ended in July 1794 when Robespierre himself was put to death Chapter 25: The Industrial Revolution Directions: Define the following Terms and Names Industrial Revolution Time period in Europe that greatly increased output of machine-made goods that began in England in the textile industry during the 18th century Enclosure Fenced-in or hedged-in fields created by wealthy British landowners on land that was formerly worked by village farmers Positive Effects Good things that resulted from the Industrial Revolution Crop Rotation Planting a different crop in a different field each year Urbanization The movement of people to the cities or city building Factory Large buildings with machines usually built by streams or rivers Negative Effects Bad things that resulted from the Industrial Revolution * Questions: Explain two positive and two negative effects of the Industrial Revolution Positive Effects: Created jobs Helped nations become wealthy Fostered technological progress and inventions Increased production of goods and raised standard of living Provided hope for improvement in people’s lives (you could become wealthy through skill and work) Healthier diets, better housing, and cheaper clothing Expanded educational opportunities (need for engineers, clerical and professional workers) Middle class prospered immediately; for laborers it took longer (higher pay, shorter hours, better working conditions) Negative Effects: Child Labor Air and Water Pollution Crowded dangerous, dirty cities Bad working conditions, Low wages Explain why the Industrial Revolution began in England Agricultural Revolution Abundant natural resources Political stability Factors of Production Enclosure system – wealthy landowners bought up lots of smaller farms and enclosed their lands with fences or hedges. This allowed them to cultivate larger fields and experiment with better methods for better yields Crop Rotation – improved the three-crop rotations which changed crops on lands to restore nutrients to the land Improved livestock breeding – created bigger animals. All these changes led to population explosions, increased in demand, small farmers moved to cities to work in factories set up to meet demands Water power and coal to power machines Iron ore to construct machines Rivers for transportation Harbors for merchant ships No wars had occurred on British soil Positive attitude from military successes Parliament passed laws to encourage business Resources needed to produce goods and services They had land, labor, and wealth