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LABORATORY
Week 8
Lymphatic System Anatomy
Respiratory System Anatomy
Objectives
1. Identify the following structures of the lymphatic system using diagrams and
models available in the laboratory:
right lymphatic duct
axillary lymph nodes
inguinal lymph nodes
palatine tonsils
mesenteric lymph nodes
thoracic duct
thymus gland
spleen
lingual tonsils
cisterna chyli
cervical lymph nodes
pharyngeal tonsils
mediastinal lymph nodes
2. Identify the following portions of a lymph node using a model, diagram, or
prepared slide:
capsule
germinal center
medullary sinus
afferent lymphatic
trabeculae
medulla
hilus
efferent lymphatic
cortex
medullary cord
3. Identify the following structures of the respiratory system using diagrams and
models available in the laboratory:
Structures of/associated with the nasal cavity:
external nares
soft palate
cribriform plate
nasal septum
vomer
superior meatus
middle nasal concha
middle meatus
inferior meatus
internal nares
hard palate
perpendicular plate
superior nasal concha
inferior nasal concha
Paranasal sinuses:
frontal sinus
sphenoidal sinus
ethmoidal sinus
maxillary sinus
Structures of/associated with the pharynx:
nasopharynx
oropharynx
epiglottis
pharyngeal tonsil
laryngopharnx
opening of the auditory tube
Structures of the larynx:
epiglottis
thyroid cartilage
arytenoid cartilage
corniculate cartilage
cricoid cartilage
glottis
vestibular (false) fold
ventricular (true) fold cuneiform cartilages
8.1
Structures of the lungs/bronchial tree:
primary bronchi
secondary(lobar) bronchi
bronchioles
terminal bronchioles
alveolar duct
alveolar sac
parietal pleura
visceral pleura
hilus
superior lobe
inferior lobe
horizontal fissure
apex
cardiac notch
tertiary(segmental) bronchi
respiratory bronchioles
alveolus
pleural space
middle lobe
oblique fissure
carina
4. Identify the following structures of the trachea using a prepared slide:
pseudostratified ciliated epithelium
smooth muscle layer
hyaline cartilage rings
Identify the following structures of the lung using a prepared slide:
bronchiole
alveolar sac
bronchus
alveolar duct
alveoli
5. Locate and identify the following structures of the cat lymphatic and respiratory systems:
lymph nodes
larynx
epiglottis
R/L lung
hyoid bone
thyroid cartilage
true vocal fold
trachea
phrenic nerve
cricoid cartilage
diaphragm
primary bronchi
Introduction
In these laboratory exercises you will examine the structures of the lymphatic system
and start the examination of the respiratory system. The lymphatic system is related
anatomically and physiologically to the circulatory system. Three functions of the
lymphatic system are: 1) to transport interstitial fluid to the bloodstream; 2) to assist in
fat absorption in the small intestine; and 3) to protect the body from invading organisms.
Anatomically, the system consists of a series of lymph vessels, lymph nodes, and
lymphatic tissues such as the thymus, tonsils and spleen.
All living cells require that oxygen be continually available, and that carbon dioxide, a
waste product of cellular metabolism, be removed. The respiratory system includes
organs and structures that make respiration possible. It is functionally divided into two
zones. The conducting portion includes those structures that transport gases to and
from the alveoli. The respiratory portion is where gas exchange takes place between the
air and the blood.
8.2
Materials
1. Materials to be shared by all students:
Models and charts of human lymphatic and respiratory systems
Cat dissection manuals
2. Each group of students should have:
Dissection tray
Preserved cat
Dissection tools: scalpel, blunt probe, pointed probe, scissors, forceps, twine,
and disposable gloves
3. Each student should have a compound microscope ,a lymph node slide, trachea
and lung tissue slide
Activity 1:
Resources:
Gross Anatomy of the Lymphatic System
Text book:
Photographic Atlas:
page 751 -760
page 131. Figure 13.1 (page 117, Fig.13.1.
in the 5th edition)
Procedure:
Identify the following structures of the lymphatic system using diagrams and models
available in the laboratory:
right lymphatic duct
axillary lymph nodes
inguinal lymph nodes
palatine tonsils
mediastinal lymph nodes
thoracic duct
thymus gland
spleen
lingual tonsils
Activity 2:
cisterna chyli
cervical lymph nodes
pharyngeal tonsils
mesenteric lymph nodes
Microscopic Anatomy of a Lymph Node
Resources:
Textbook:
Photographic Atlas:
pages 755-756
page 112, Fig. 12.9
Procedure:
Identify the following portions of a lymph node using a diagram or prepared slide:
capsule
germinal center
medullary sinus
8.3
trabeculae
medulla
hilus
cortex
medullary cord
afferent lymphatic
efferent lymphatic
Activity 3:
Gross Anatomy of the Human Respiratory System
Resources:
Textbook:
Photographic Atlas
pages 803- 816
Figs. 22.1, 22.3, 22.4, 22.7, 22.8, 22.10, 22.11
pages 134-136 (pages 120-122 in the 5th edition)
Procedure:
Identify the following structures of the respiratory system using diagrams and models
available in the laboratory:
Structures of/associated with the nasal cavity:
external nares
cribiform plate
vomer
middle nasal concha
inferior meatus
soft palate
nasal septum
superior nasal concha
middle meatus
internal nares
hard palate
perpendicular plate
superior meatus
inferior nasal concha
maxillary sinus
ethmoidal sinus
Paranasal sinuses:
frontal sinus
sphenoidal sinus
Structures of/associated with the pharynx:
nasopharynx
epiglottis
oropharynx
laryngopharnyx
opening of the auditory tube pharyngeal tonsil
Structures of the larynx:
epiglottis
corniculate cartilage
Vestibular (false) fold
thyroid cartilage
cricoid cartilage
ventricular (true) fold
arytenoid cartilage
glottis
cuneiform cartilages
Structures of the lungs/bronchial tree:
primary bronchi
bronchioles
alveolar duct
parietal pleura
hilus
inferior lobe
apex
8.4
secondary bronchi
terminal bronchioles
alveolar sac
visceral pleura
superior lobe
horizontal fissure
cardiac notch
tertiary bronchi
respiratory bronchioles
alveolus
pleural space
middle lobe
oblique fissure
Activity 4:
Histology of the Trachea and Lung
Resources:
Text book
Photographic atlas
pages 809-816
pages 134-136, Figs. 14.1, 14.7, 14.9, 14.10
(pages 120-122, Figs. 14.1, 14.7, 14.9, 14.10.
in the 5th edition)
Procedure:
1. Identify the following structures of the trachea using a prepared slide:
pseudostratified ciliated epithelium
smooth muscle layer
hyaline cartilage rings
2. Identify the following structures of the lung using a prepared slide:
bronchiole
alveolar sac
bronchus
alveolar duct
alveoli
Tips:
1. To identify a bronchiole, look for a simple cuboidal or short columnar epithelium
surrounding the lumen. A prominent feature of a bronchiole is the smooth muscle
layer. Often times a pulmonary arteriole lies near the bronchiole.
2. To identify bronchi, look for hyaline cartilage in the wall and columnar epithelium
lining the lumen.
8.5
Activity 5:
Cat Lymphatic and Respiratory Anatomy
Resources:
Photographic atlas
page 176 (Fig. 19.17); page 178 (Fig. 19.22);
page 179 (Figs. 19.23 – 19.24); page 180
(Figs. 19.25 and 19.26); page 181 (Fig. 19.28)
page162, Fig. 19.17; page 164, Fig. 19.22;
page 165, Figs. 19.23-19.24;
page 166, Figs. 19.25-19.26; page 167, Fig. 19.28
(in the 5th edition)
Procedure:
Locate and identify the following structures of the cat lymphatic and respiratory
systems:
larynx
epiglottis
trachea
diaphragm
lymph nodes
8.6
thyroid cartilage
true vocal fold
primary bronchi
phrenic nerves
hyoid bone
cricoid cartilage
false vocal fold
R/L lung
Checklist
A. Lymphatic System
__ right lymphatic duct
__ inguinal lymph nodes
__ thoracic duct
__ spleen
__ cisterna chyli
__ thymus gland
__ axillary lymph nodes
__ palatine tonsils
__ lingual tonsils
__ pharyngeal tonsils
__ cervical lymph nodes
B. Lymph Node Anatomy
__ capsule
__ medullary cord
__ trabeculae
__ medullary sinus
__ cortex
__ hilus
__ germinal center
__ afferent lymphatic
__ medulla
__ efferent lymphatic
C. Gross Anatomy Human Respiratory System
8.7
__ external nares
__ soft palate
__ hard palate
__ cribiform plate
__ nasal septum
__ perpendicular plate
__ vomer
__ superior meatus
__ superior nasal conchae
__ middle nasal conchae
__ middle meatus
__ inferior nasal conchae
__ inferior meatus
__ internal nares
__ frontal sinus
__ maxillary sinus
__ ethmoidal sinus
__ sphenoidal sinus
__ nasopharynx
__ laryngopharynx
__ oropharynx
__ auditory tube
__ epiglottis
__ thyroid cartilage
__ arytenoid cartilage
__ corniculate cartilage
__ cricoid cartilage
__ glottis
__ vestibular fold
__ ventricular fold
__ primary bronchi
__ secondary bronchi
__ tertiary bronchi
__ bronchioles
__ terminal bronchioles
__ respiratory bronchioles
__ alveolar duct
__ alveolar sac
__ alveolus
__ parietal pleura
__ visceral pleura
__ pleural space
__ hilus
__ superior lobe
__ middle lobe
__ inferior lobe
__ horizontal fissure
__ oblique fissure
__ apex
__ cardiac notch
D. Histology – Trachea and Lung
__
trachea slide
__ lung slide
E. Cat Lymphatic and Respiratory Systems
8.8
__ larynx
__ thyroid cartilage
__ cricoid cartilage
__ epiglottis
__ true vocal fold
__ R/L lung
__ trachea
__ primary bronchi
__ respiratory diaphragm
__ phrenic nerve
__ lymph nodes
__ hyoid bone
PreLab Questions:
1. Label the figure below using the following terms:
a. cervical lymph nodes
b. thoracic duct
c. mediastinal lymph nodes
d. axillary lymph nodes
e. right lymphatic duct
f. mesenteric lymph nodes
g. inguinal lymph nodes
h. cisterna chyli
2. In what three areas of the body are lymph nodes densely clustered? _________
________________________________________________________________
3. What is the function of lymphatic vessels?
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
8.9
4. How do lymphatic vessels resemble veins? _____________________________
________________________________________________________________
5. Label the following diagram using the following terms:
capsule
germinal center
afferent lymphatic
trabeculae
medulla
efferent lymphatic
cortex
hilus
6. What are the two major functions of lymph nodes? ________________________
________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________
7. What type of lymphocyte is concentrated in the germinal centers?
________________________________________________________________
8.10
8. Lymph enters lymph nodes via the _______________vessels, and leaves the
nodes via _____________________ vessels.
9. Match the following terms to the appropriate statement below:
a.
b.
c.
d.
glottis
conchae
cardiac notch
trachea
e. palate
f. epiglottis
g. visceral pleura
h. laryngopharynx
i. oropharynx
j. larynx
k. paranasal sinuses
l. nasopharynx
m. alveolus
_____ pleural layer covering the surface of the lung
_____ separates the oral cavity from the nasal cavity
_____ responsible for the production of sound
_____ is the site of lingual and palatine tonsils
_____ the opening between the vocal folds
_____ the structure that ends by dividing into the two main bronchi
_____ extends from the palate to the epiglottis, common tube for both air and food
_____ increases air turbulence in the nasal cavity
_____ the site of gas exchange between the lungs and pulmonary blood
_____ covers the inlet to the larynx during swallowing
_____ found posterior to the nasal cavity
_____ a feature found only on the left lung
_____ air filled cavities located in the frontal, maxillary, sphenoid, and ethmoid bones
10. What type of cartilage constitutes the tracheal rings? ______________________
11. What are conduction zone structures and what is their function?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
12. What are respiratory zone structures and what is their function?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
8.11
13. Label the following diagram using the terms listed below:
a. epiglottis
b. corniculate cartilage
c. vestibular (false) fold
d. thyroid cartilage
e. cricoid cartilage
f. ventricular (true) fold
g. arytenoid cartilage
h. cuneiform cartilage
14. Label the following diagram using the terms listed below:
a. trachea
b. tertiary bronchi
c. middle lobe
d. oblique fissure
8.12
e. primary bronchi
f. tracheal rings
g. inferior lobe
h. cardiac notch
i. secondary bronchi
j. superior lobe (right, left)
k. horizontal fissure
15. Label the following diagram using the terms listed below:
a. terminal bronchiole
b. alveolar sac
8.13
c. respiratory bronchiole
d. alveolus
e. alveolar duct
Lab Activities Worksheet
Week 8 Lab
Name:
_________________________
1. Which portions of the body are drained by the thoracic duct?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
2. What portions of the body are drained by the right lymphatic duct? _____________
___________________________________________________________________
3. What type of lymphocyte is concentrated in the germinal centers? ______________
___________________________________________________________________
4. What is the significance of the reinforcement of the human trachea by cartilaginous rings?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
5. Trace a molecule of oxygen from the external nares to the pulmonary capillaries.
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
6.
Prepare a labeled sketch of a lymph node as seen under the microscope. Label
capsule, cortex, follicle, medullary cord and the medullary sinus.
Lymph Node
8.14
Total Magnification: ______
7.
Prepare labeled drawings as seen under the microscope
Trachea
Bronchiole
Total magnification: ______
Total magnification: ______
Label the epithelium, hyaline cartilage
smooth muscle
Label a bronchiole, alveolar duct,
alveolar sac, alveolus
Bronchus
Label the epithelium, hyaline cartilage
Magnification: _________________
8. Examine the human model of the lymphatic system and answer the following:
a.
Into which vessel does the right lymphatic duct empty? ______________
b.
Into which vessel does the thoracic duct empty?
c.
The thoracic duct begins in the abdomen as a sac-like enlargement called
the ______________.
8.15
______________
9. Examine the slide of a lymph node (or a diagram)
a. Are there more efferent or afferent lymphatics? _____________________
b. What might the functional significance be of this arrangement?
_____________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________
10. Examine the midsagittal section of the human head and answer the following:
a. In which region of the pharynx are the palatine tonsils located?
__________________________________________________________
b. In which region of the pharynx are the pharyngeal tonsils
located?___________________________________________________
c. What is the lay term for enlarged pharyngeal tonsils? _______________
d. Where are the lingual tonsils located? ___________________________
11. Examine the lungs of the cat and compare them to the human models available in
the lab. How do the cat lungs differ from the human?
________________
_______________________________________________________________
12. Gently squeeze the cat lung. Describe the feeling. How might this relate to the
function of the lungs? _____________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________
13. Examine the cat trachea by feeling its entire circumference with your fingers. Are
the cartilaginous rings complete or deficient?
_______________________
14. What is the functional significance of your observation in the question above?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
_________________________________________________________
8.16
8.17