Download the iiclassical era" in the east

Name ________________________________________ Date ________________
THE IICLASSICAL ERA"
IN THE EAST
• History 1 (8) Identify major causes .and ?escribe the major effects .of the following f T~K5 ~
events from 500 B.C. to A. D. 600 B.C.. IndIa (Maurya and Gupta), Chma (Zhou, 2J\
, . COVERfD IN
Oin, and Han), and the development of major world religions.
' " CHAmR 7
• History 3(A) Describe the major political, religious/philosophical, and
cultural influences of India and China ...
• History 3 (C) Compare the factors that led to the collapse of the Roman Empire
and Han China.
• Culture 23 (A) Describe the historical origi ns, central ideas, and spread of major religious
and philosophical traditions, including Buddhism, Confucianism, and Hinduism ...
• Culture 24(A) Describe the changing roles of women, children, and families during major eras
of world history.
• Culture 2S(A) Summarize the fundamental ideas and institutions of Eastern civilizations that
originated in China and India.
• Culture 26(C) Identify examples of art, music, and literature that transcend the cultures in
which they were created and convey universal themes.
In the centuries when Persia, Greece and Rome dominated the West, a different series of
empires and dynasties flourished in the east. India witnessed a flowering of Hindu and Buddhist cultures, influencing all of South and Southeast Asia. China saw the emergence of
great philosophers, who set the tone for much of Chinese thought and tradition.
@- What were the major accomplishments of the civilizations of India and China
during the "CLassical Era"?
@- How did these civilizations compare with the civilizations of the West?
@- What factors contributed to the rise and faLL of empires and dynasties in the
East?
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. SOCIAU STUOIES~ TERMINOtOG'l:-INltHIS' CHAPTErr..~
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MASTERING THE TEKS IN WORLD HISTORY
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IMPORT~NT
IDEAS -
A. The Aryans introduced Hinduism and the caste system to India, creating
hereditary social classes.
B. Although Buddhism began in India, it spread rapidly throughout South, Central
Southeast, and East Asia. Asoka, a Mauryan ruler, adopted Buddhism.
C. The Gupta Empire was marked by a "Golden Age of Hindu Culture," which
saw growth in learning, the arts, literature, the sciences, and mathematics.
D. China was ruled by a series of dynasties (ruling families).
E.
Confucianism became China's dominant belief system. Based on the teachings
of Confucius, it stressed kindness and following traditional ways to achieve
peace and harmony.
F.
The Qin Emperor, Shih Huang-ti, united distant parts of China and built the
Great Wall to protect China from foreign invaders.
G. The fall of the Han Dynasty in the East had some similarities to the fall of the
Roman Empire in the West.
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THE EMPIRES OF I rllA
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THE ARYAN INVASION
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In the last chapter, you learned how an early river valley civilization arose along the Indus
River and then suddenly collapsed. The Dravidian people living in this region were then
conquered by the Aryans. Many hisMOUNTAIN BARRIERS PROTECT NORTHWEST INDIA
torians believe that the Aryans came
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from Central Asia, crossed the mounw ~.'.'.'.".
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tain passes through the Himalayas,
and arrived in India about 1,500 B.C.
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Other historians believe that Aryan
~
culture developed locally.
y
The Aryans were nomadic peoples
who lived by herding cattle and by
fighting. They developed iron weapons and horse-drawn chariots which
enabled them to conquer their neighbors. Over the next several centuries,
Aryan tribes moved into the Ganges
River valley, pushing the Dravidian
people farther south.
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Miles
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IN 0 I A
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CHAPTER 7: The "Classical Era" in the East
83
By 900 B.C., the Aryans had formed city-states in the major river valleys. Each citystate was ruled by its own ruler. The Aryans developed their own form of writing, known as
Sanskrit. Knowledge of Sanskrit became a sign of education and wealth since it was only
taught to members of the higher castes.
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HINDUISM .
The Aryans also brought a new religion to India, known as Hinduism.
Gods. Hindus beLieve that there are many gods and
goddesses. Each of these gods, however, is a manifestation (form) of one Supreme Being.
Reincarnation. Hindus believe that at death, a
person's soul is reborn as another living thing. This
creates an endless cycle of rebirth for each soul.
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MAJOR BEUEFS OF HINDUISM
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Karma. Karma refers to a person's behavior in life.
which Hindus believe determines that person's
form in the next life. PeopLe who live a good life
will be reborn in a higher caste. Those who do not
are reborn in a Lower caste.
Sacred Objects. Hindus believe the Ganges River
is sacred and has the power to wash away sin and
evil. The cow is also considered sacred. and reLigious Hindus do not eat beef.
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Like many religions, Hinduism provided its believers with an entire way of life. It
served as a guide, explaining everything a person should do from birth to death. Hinduism
had no single holy book, but various Hindu writings provided guidance. Two texts containing the major beliefs of Hinduism were the Upanishads and the Bhagavad-Gita.
TH E CASTE SYSTEM
The mixing of Aryan and Dravidian peoples led to a
new social order. To secure their status, the Aryans
put into effect new social and religious rules. These
rules allowed only Aryans to occupy the higher
social classes -- such as priests, warriors and landowners. Under this system, people were divided
into five hereditary classes, known as castes, shown
in the triangle to the right.
MAIN CASTE DIVISIONS
IN INDIA
Caste lines were rigid and based on birth. Under
the caste system, people lacked all social mobility
(the ability to change social classes). People were
not permitted to marry outside their caste. Untouchables performed the lowliest tasks , such as handling
dead bodies or sweeping streets. They were completely outside the social order.
landowners
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Warriors
Peasants
Untouchables
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MASTERING THE TEKS IN WORLD HISTORY
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AP-PLYING WHAT YOU HAVE LEARNED
How was the hereditary caste system closely connected to Hindu beliefs
reincarnation?
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BUDDHISM
The religion of Buddhism began in India around 500 B.C.
Siddhartha Gautama (563 -487 B.C.) lived his youth in
comfort and luxury as a wealthy prince in Nepal. One day,
he looked beyond the palace walls and was shocked by all
the human suffering he saw around him. This prompted him
to leave his wealth, his wife, and his two children to set out
in search of truth.
After six years of searching, he realized in a flash of insight
that all suffering was caused by selfish human desires. To end
this suffering, a person must come to accept the world as it
is and to block out his or her own selfish desires. Gautama
became known as the "Buddha" or "Enlightened One."
Basic Philosophy. Buddhism is based on a philosophy of self-denial and medi ation. Buddhis
also believe in reincarnation.
The "Buddha" or
"Enlightened One."
Gods and Holy Books. Buddhists do not believe
in a single Supreme Being (God). They also do no
hav a primary holy book. Their basic beli fs are
found 10 books called Sutras.
MAJOR BELIEFS OF BUDDHISM
Four Noble Truths. These truths
explain life's meaning. They
explain that pain and suffering is caused by human desires.
such as he d sire for material
wealth nd s lfish pleasures.
Only b
lV1ng up rongful
d sir scan p rson find eace
and harmony.
Eightfold Path. To give up selfish human desires, Buddhists
beli ve one should follow this
path: have the right goals, have
the righ perspe 'ves, b aware,
act in a worthy manner, sp a
ru h ully, liv
righ eously,
resp
aU living hings, nd
medl a e.
Nirvana. By following the
Eigh fold Path, an individual can
escape the souL's endless reincarnations and achieve nirvana
s a e of e emal p ac and
bliss.
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AcnN~ AS AN AMAfEUR HISfORIAN
• The main ideas of Buddhism are summarized in the "Four Noble
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Truths."
1.
llife i uffi ring.
2. Suffering i cau ed by our era ing or wantin thin s).
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• Suffering can only be topped by ending our craving.
4. Only a carefully di ciplin and moral life uch a life
of concentrati n and meditation can end our craving.
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: According to the "Four Noble Truths," how can we end our suffering?
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THE SPREAD OF BUDDHISM
Buddhism quickly attracted many followers. Missionaries helped spread
Buddhist beliefs throughout all of
India. Buddhism began to spread
southwards from Northern India to Sri
Lanka, Bunna, Thailand, Indochina,
and other Southeast Asian countries. It
moved northwards into the Himalayan
kingdoms of Bhutan and Nepal, Tibet,
Mongolia and other parts of Central
Asia. Buddhism also spread into China,
Korea, and Japan. It was popular among
many groups because it rejected the
caste system .
s
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w'~¥r
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ArolHon-
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.. What beliefs did Buddhism borrow from Hinduism?
.. How did the spread of Buddhism in the East compare to the spread of Christianity in the West?
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:' THE~ MAURYANi EMPIRE: (321'
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B.c.-232~ C~E.)
Shortly after Alexander the Great invaded northwestern India saw the rise of one of the
greatest Hindu empires. King Chandragupta challenged the Greeks and established the
powerful Mauryan Empire in India, which stretched from Afghanistan to the Ganges. His
grandson Asoka (269 B.c.-232 B.C.) was the next great ruler of India.
Asoka began his reign by fighting a series of wars to enlarge his
empire. After eight years of nearly constant warfare, Asoka grew horrified by the bloodshed of battle. This prompted him to renounce
violence and to convert to Buddhism.
Asoka decided to win his people's loyalty by acts of kindness and
by promoting their welfare and happiness. He decreed that people of all
religions should live peacefully with one another. He improved roads,
built hospitals, and sent teachers throughout the empire to encourage
education. To promote Buddhism, he built Buddhist shrines throughout
India and sent missionaries to other lands. Despite his successes, after
Asoka's death the Mauryan Empire began to fall apart .
Emperor Asoka
. -THE>GUP.TA?EMPIRE. (320 A.D.-535·- A.D~ l
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In 320 A.D., a new ruling family, the Gupta,
emerged. They united the territory around
the Ganges River. Gupta emperors encouraged peace, prosperity, and trade with foreign lands, especially China.
The two centuries of Gupta rule are
sometimes referred to as the "Golden
Age of Hindu Culture." A "golden age"
is a period marked by peace and stability
accompanied by strides in the arts and literature. Gupta emperors built universities
and supported learning, the arts, and literature. Gupta artists painted colorful murals,
while writers composed poems and plays
written in Sanskrit.
ARABlANSEA
BAY OF BENGAL
Indian scholars excelled at the sciences and mathematics. Gupta mathematicians developed the concept of zero, the idea of infinity, and the decimal system. Arabic numerals,
used throughout the world today, were first developed in India during this period. Gupta
astronomers put forward the idea that the Earth was not flat, but round and rotated on its
own axis. These astronomers calculated the solar year and the shape and movement of bodies in space with remarkable accuracy. In the field of medicine, Gupta physicians set bones
and performed minor skin grafts_ This prosperous period drew to a close around 500 A.D.
The Huns, a warlike tribe from Central Asia, invaded northeastern India, causing the Gupta
Empire to disintegrate into smaller states.
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CHAPTER 7: The "Classical Era" in the East
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APPLYING WHAT YOU HAVE LEARNED
* How did Buddhist beliefs affect the policies of King Asoka?
*
What were some of the important cultural contributions of the Gupta Empire?
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{tHE O~NASTIES OF CHINA
Like the flowering of Greek and Roman culture in the
West, China also witnessed some of its greatest cultural
achievements in these centuries. Chinese history is
generally divided into periods based upon the dynasty
(ruling family) that governed China at that time. From
1027 B.C. to 220 A.D., China was ruled by three main
dynasties.
ZHOU DYNASTY (1027 B.(.-221 B.C.)
In 1027 B.C., the Shang were conquered, marking the beginning of the
Zhou Dynasty.
The new Zhou ruler justified his
rule as the Mandate of Heaven. The
Chinese believed that their ruler was
chosen to rule by heaven, and that
heaven would also overthrow a bad
ruler. Scholars taught that if a ruler
became selfish and thought of himself
first, before the people, then heaven
would bring floods, riots, and revolts
to end his reign. Then a new ruling
family would emerge.
Later Chinese rulers continued to
use this mandate as the basis for their
authority to rule.
DYNASTIC CYCLE IN CHINA
Strong dynasty establishes peace
and prosperity; it is considered to
have Mandate of Heaven. \
,If
The new dynasty gains
power, restores peace
and order, and claims
to have Mandate
of Heaven.
t
Dynasty is
overthrown
through rebellion
and bloodshed;
a new dynasty
emerges.
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ROLE OF
MANDATE OF
HEAVEN
In time, dynasty
declines and
becomes corrupt;
taxes are raised;
power grows
weaker.
J.
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Disasters such as
floods, famines,
peasant revolts,
and invasions
occur.
JI'
Old dynasty is seen as
having lost Mandate of Heaven;
rebellion is justified.
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Zhou rulers established a system in which
land was given to nobles in exchange for military service. During succeeding centuries,
Zhou rulers conquered neighboring peoples
and made them a part of China. However, by
the 6th century B.C., local nobles became too
powerful for the Zhou rulers to control, and
China was plunged into civil war. The greatest
legacy of the Zhou dynasty was the work of
two Chinese philosophers, Confucius and Lao
Tzu (Laozi). These philosophers were deeply
affected by the turmoil they lived through at
the end of the Zhou dynasty. Confucius sought
to bring order to China's social and political
life, while Lao Tzu was more interested ill
peace and inner stability for individuals.
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MASTERING THE TEKS IN WORLD HISTORY
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mExtent of the
Zhou Empire
CONFUCIANISM
Confucianism is named for its founder, Confucius, who lived
during a time of great turmoil in China. Confucius established
a philosophy based on what he believed was the basic order of
the universe. He stressed following traditional ways, which had
worked well in the past to achieve peace and harmony. Confucius
taught that each person should live up to his or her name - that
is, fulfill their social obligations.
Confucius placed great importance on traditional values such as
obedience and order. He also stressed the importance of the family,
where children should show devotion, known as filial piety, to their
parents. For Confucius, the family served as a model for society,
emphasizing duties, good deeds, and a civilized way of life.
Natural Order. There is a na uraL order 0 the uni verse and to human relationships. Each p rson has
a role in society, which reftects his or her position
in the universe.
Confucius (551 - 479 B.C,)
Role of Each Person. Each person's sociaL roLe
brings a number of obligations. If everyone fut Us
hese roles by meeting heir obLiga 'ons, peopLe
and society will be in harmony.
MAJOR BELIEFS OF CONFUCIANISM
is people
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CHAPTER 7: The "Classical Era" in the East
89
DAOISM~
Daoism (or Taoism) is a Chinese philosophy that began in the 5th century B.C., based on
the teachings of Lao Tzu. Daoists believe that nature has a "way" (the Dao) in which it
moves, and that people should accept the "way" of nature rather than to try to resist it.
Daoists have a deep respect for nature and harmony, and accept things rather than trying to change them. If you fight against nature, Daoists believe your action may even
have results opposite to what you intended. People can achieve enlightenment only by
"non-striving," enjoying nature, and using contemplation to abandon earthly concerns.
APPLYING WHAT YOU HAVE LEARNED
Compare Confucianism and Daoism by describing how they are similar and different.
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Eastern beliefs often seem different than Western religions. The
teachings of Lao Tzu describe the mysterious "way" of the un iverse, known as the Dao. Daoists seek the underlying principle that
explains how nature and the universe move. Just as some people see
God behind all things, Daoists describe the "way: "
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WITH GRAPHIC ORGANIZE
Complete the graphic organizer below. For each religion, describe some of its beliefs.
Hinduism
Buddhism
Confudanism
Where It Began: _ __
Where It Began: _ __
Where It Began: _ __
Mai n Beliefs: _ _ __
Main Beliefs: _ _ __
Main Beliefs: _ _ __
QIN DYNASTY (221 8.(.-206 B.C.)
Shih Huang-ti, the lord of Qin (pronounced Chin), was a provincial ruler who unified all of China through conquest. He began
a new dynasty and became the first Chinese ruler to call himself
"Emperor." He felt that all power should rest in the hands of a single, absolute ruler. Shih believed that people were not necessarily
good and that they needed a strong government to punish those
who committed bad acts. His rule was very harsh. He rejected
Confucianism, burnt Confucian books, and persecuted scholars.
Shih's Accomplishments. Shih Huang-ti
centralized power by dividing China into districts, each with its own military and civil administrator. Construction of a network of roads and
canals was begun to unite distant parts of China.
Unifonn systems of writing and measurements
were established throughout the empire. Shih
also joined together several existing protective
walls to fonn the Great Wall of China, in order
to protect his empire from nomadic peoples to
the northwest. Stretching 1,500 miles, it stood
22 feet high and 15 feet thick, taking thousands of laborers many years to complete. Shih also
had workers build an immense anny of clay soldiers to surround him in his tomb. Although
Shih 's rule was short, hc had lasting effects in creating a unified and centralized China.
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CHAPTER 7: The "Classical Era" in the East
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•• Imagine your class is conducting a trial of Shih Huang-ti. Was he
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justified in his actions? The class should present arguments for and
against the emperor. Look in your school or local library or on the
Internet for more information. Then go ahead and conduct the trial.
Use the space below for listing your main arguments.
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HAN DYNASTY (206 B.C.E.-220 C.E.)
Following the Qin emperor's death, the people rebelled against his harsh style of rule. After
several years of civil war, a new dynasty emerged. The Han emperors kept China unified
for over four hundred years.
The Han are credited with inventing paper and lead-glazed ceramics, and with advances
in silk-weaving. In addition, the Han emperors established examinations to select candidates
for imperial service. Candidates were tested on their knowledge of history and Confucian
philosophy. This encouraged the spread of Confucian ideas. The examination system also
strengthened the power of the emperor by weakening the independence of the nobles. They
could no longer claim the high status and rewards of imperial service as a matter of right. Only
those who passed these rigorous tests could assist the emperor in the government. Examinations provided a way for commoners to move up the social ladder. Confucian ideals came to
unite all government officials and the Chinese upper classes as a whole.
The Han rulers established overland trade routes, such as the "Silk Road," which connected China to the Roman Empire and other regions. Merchants carried goods by camel
caravan along this route through mountains, steppes, and deserts, with resting points in
new towns along the way. Over these routes, China exported its silk, iron, and bronze in
exchange for gold, linen cloth, glass, ivory, animal hides, horses, and cattle. India also
introduced Buddhism, which became popular in China.
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ITHE SILK ROAD I
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CHILDREN AND WOMEN IN HAN CHINA
Wealthy families in early Han China had many children so that their sons could serve in the
government and their daughters could marry into other wealthy families. Marriages were
arranged, and families prepared their daughters to serve their future husbands. Wealthy
women were generally well-treated and influential. Under Confucian teachings, women
were subordinate to men. In childhood, a woman obeyed her father; in adulthood, she
obeyed her husband; and in old age, she obeyed her son. In Han China, a system of public
schools, for boys only, developed. Confucian principles, such as respect for elders and
looking after one's parents in old age, were taught.
THE FALL OF THE HAN DYNASTY
The Han Dynasty ruled over an immense
territory for 400 years - nearly twice as
long as the history of the United States from
its independence to the present. Towards the
end of this period, the Han emperors were
weakened by a series of rebellions against
their authority. To crush these rebellions,
the imperial government gave more power
to provincial governors, including the ability to tax and raise their own local armies.
Faced with constant uprisings. the last century of
Some governors used these newfound powthe Han Empire saw frequent conflict.
ers to become local warlords. Economic
hardship from population growth led to a rise in banditry in the countryside. In 221 A.D., the
last Han emperor turned his power over to an independent warlord. Han China finally collapsed into a series of civil wars, and split apart into a series of separate states.
THE END OF EMPIRES
Why do societies sometimes decline and fall? To find an answer, some scholars have
compared the collapse of the Han Dynasty with that of Rome in the West. In both
cases, an empire had gradually spread over a very large area, making it difficult to
govern given the state of transportation and communication at that time. Both the Han
and Roman Empires saw areas in their empire fall into the hands of generals and local
warlords, weakening central control.
In both empires, early emperors were talented rulers but later emperors were not
always equally capable. In each empire, later rulers were sometimes overthrown by
their own generals or palace guards. Another similarity between the two empires was
the spread of corruption, creating instability in the government and dissatisfaction
with the unequal distribution of wealth. Vast differences existed between the richest
and poorest social classes, leading to frequent peasant uprisings. Both empires faced
growing discontent with high taxes to support the army. Finally, both empires faced the
constant threat of invasion from outside "barbarian" tribes. The Huns of Central Asia
pushed the Germanic tribes into the Roman Empire. The Huns also pushed eastward,
causing neighboring nomatic tribes to press against China.
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CHAPTER 7: The "Classical Era" in the East
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APPLYING WHAT YOU HAVE LEARNED
In what other ways were the collapses of the Han and Roman Empires similar?
Are there any lessons that can be learned by present-day world leaders from the
factors that led to the fall of either of these two empires?
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: ACrIN~ AS AN AMAfEUR HISfORIAN
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Using the Internet or your local library, find two works of art • such as sculpture, pottery, calligraphy, architecture, wood carvings, paintings - from India and China that were done during the
Classical Era. Then complete the chart below:
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Name of
Date
Description oftile Artwork
Created
Used
Artwork
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LEARNING WITH GRAPHIC ORGANIZE
Complete the graphic organizer on the next page. For each ancient civilization mentioned,
identify its primary location. Then describe a characteristic of that culture, such as its form of
government or religious beliefs. Fi nally, list its accomplishments or cultural contributions.
Name _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Date _ _ _ _ _ __
94
UNLAWFUL To PHOTOCOPY
MASTERING THE TEKS IN WORLD HISTORY
Mauryan Empire
Gupta Empire
Location: _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __
Location: _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __
Characteristics: _ _ _ _ _ _ __
Characteristics: _ _ _ _ _ _ __
Achievements: _ _ _ _ _ _ __
Achievements: _ _ _ _ _ _ __
Zhou Dynasty
Qin Dynasty
Han Dynasty
Location: _ _ _ __
Location: _ _ _ __
Location: _ _ _ __
Characteristics: _ __
Characteristics: _ __
Characteristics: _ __
Achievements: _ __
Achievements: _ __
Achievements: _ __
Name ______________________ Date _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __
UNLAWFUL
To
CHAPTER 7: The "Classical Era" in the East
PHOTOCOPY
95
CHAPTER SrUD¥ CARDS
r------------------------------y------------------------------.
Empires of India
*-
**-
Aryans came to India around 1500
•
•
•
•
Hindusim
S.c.
Created city-states in major river valleys.
Developed Sanskrit, a form of writing.
Introduced Hinduism to India .
New social order developed, known as the
**-
Buddhism
caste system.
Mauryan Empire
• Asoka allowed all religions in India.
• Asoka built roads and hospitals.
Gupta Empire. They ushered in a "Golden
Age of Hindu Culture."
• Advanced concept of zero, decimal system.
• Their system of numerals is used today.
Hindus believe in many gods and goddesses
- all are forms of one Supreme Being.
Reincarnation. We're reborn in a new form
after we die, based on deeds in this life.
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
~
*- Began in Indian around 500 S.c.
*- Siddhartha Gautama. Known as Buddha.
• Rich prince who set off in search of truth.
*- Beliefs. Self-denial and meditation.
• One must give up selfish desires to find
true peace and harmony: Eight-Fold Path.
• Believe in reincarnation.
~------------------------------+------------------------------.I
Dynasties of China
Confucianism
China's history is divided into dynasties.
*- Confucius established a philosophy followed
in China for centuries.
*- Zhou Dynasty. Believed their ruler was in
power due to Mandate of Heaven.
*- This philosophy stressed ki ndness, peace,
harmony, and following the natural order
*- Oin Dynasty.
*-
• Shi Huang-ti. First emperor of China.
• Unified China under his rule.
• Built Great Wall of China.
Han Dynasty.
• Kept China unified over next 400 years.
• Selected officials based on examinations.
• Established trade along SHk Road.
**-
- each person's role in society is due to his
or her position in the universe.
In every relationship there is a superior and
an inferior.
A good ruler should govern justly and for the
benefit of his subjects.
CHECKING YOUR UNDERSTANDING
Directions: Put a circle around the letter that best
answers the question.
Everyone had duties and responsibilities,
depending on his or her position in a relationship.
Use the diagram and your knowledge of social
studies to answer the following question.
1
The diagram to the right shows the relationship between individuals in a society based
on the ideas ofA Confucius
( Cult23(A))
B Moses
C Emperor Asoka
D Siddhartha Gautama
I
I
I
I
Takes care of
and sets good
example for
t+
Owes
loyalty and
obedience to
Inferior
subject. 'fe,
50n~
younger brother
I
Name
96
Date _________
UNLAWFUL To PHOTOCOPY
MASTERING THE TEKS IN WORLD HISTORY
First, EXAMINE the question. This question tests your ability to
interpret a diagram. It shows the relationship between "superiors"
and "inferiors" in a society. It asks who developed these ideas.
KECALL what you know. You should recall that Confucius developed
a philosophy based on each person fulfilling his position in society.
ApPLY what you know. Choice 6, Choice C, and Choice D are the names
of rulers or thinkers who developed other philosophies. The best answer
is Choice A, since the diagram illustrates one of the main points of
Confucian teachings.
Now try answering some additional questions on your own.
2
Which type of geographic feature served as a barrier that protected ancient China but
through which the Aryans found a route to ancient India?
F deserts
H mountains
G nvers
J plateaus
Use the map and your knowledge of social studies to answer the following question.
3
Which statement can best be
supported by the information
on the map?
A By 260 B.C., the Mauryan
Empire extended northward into Central China.
B The Mauryan Empire
controlled more of the
Indian subcontinent than
the Gupta Empire.
C Most of the Gupta Empire
was located on the Deccan Plateau.
D The economies of India's
early
empires
were
mainly based on overland trade.
CGeog 15(Aj)
4
FIRST EMPIRES IN INDIA, 600
B.C.-A.D.
500
TIBETAN
PLATEAU
.4RA BIAN SEA
BAY OF BENGAL
~ Maximum extent of
Mauryan Empire c. 260 B.L
•
Heartland of Gupta Empire
•
Maximum extent of
Gupta Empire c. A.D. 400
•
City
INDIAN
OCEAN
Which belief is most closely associated with the teachings of Siddhartha Gautama
(Buddha)?
F
G
H
J
People are born into a specific caste.
Believers must follow the Ten Commandments.
Followers must fast during Ramadan.
People can overcome their selfish desires by following the Eightfold Path.
Name _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Date _ _ _ _ _ _ __
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CHAPTER 7: The "CLassical Era" in the East
97
5
Which belief is shared by both Hindus and Buddhists?
A Everyone should have the same social status.
B People should pray five times a day.
C The soul is reborn after death.
D Material wealth is a sign of blessing from the gods.
6
One way in which Confucian teachings, the Ten Commandments, and the Eightfold
Path in Buddhism were all similar was that theyF promoted polytheism
(4_
G established equality between men and women
H provided codes for moral behavior
J affirmed belief in one God
Use the information in the box and your knowledge of social studies to answer the following question.
•
Preserved Hindu traditions
•
Produced fine poems and drama
•
Made advances in mathematics, science, and medicine
7
These achievements refer to contributions of the A Gupta Empire
C Greek city-states
B Persian Empire
D Han dynasty
8
In China, the development of civil service examinations and a belief in filial piety
reflect the influence ofH Confucianism
F Shinto
G Jainism
J Buddhism
9
The caste system in India was characterized by A toleration for various religious beliefs
B equality between men and women
C a lack of social mobility
D the right of people to choose their occupations
10 Which religion is most closely associated with sef-denial, meditation, the "Four Noble
Truths," and nirvana?
F Buddhism
H Judaism
G Christianity
J Shinto
11
Which accomplishments are most closely associated with the Gupta Empire?
A adoption of democracy and construction of the Pantheon
(-r:')=·~,..",.~~"""']A=·)-!,'
B defeat of the Roman Empire and adoption of Christianity
C establishment of Pax Mongolia and founding of a Chinese dynasty
D use of the Sanskrit language and development of the concept of zero
Name
98
Date _________
MASTERING THE TEKS IN WORLD HISTORY
UNLAWFUL To PHOTOCOPY
Use the illustration to the right and your knowledge of social studies to answer questions 12
and 13.
12 Which concept is illustrated in the diagram?
Cult 25(A)
F the Mandate of Heaven
G the caste system
H reincarnation
J Confucian teachings on supenorinferior relationships
13 Which religion is most closely associated
with the diagram?
A Hinduism
( Cult 23{Aj)
C Christianity
B Daoism
D Confucianism
o
D
Aryans
Non-Aryans
Vaisyas
herders. farmers. merchants.
craftspeople
Sudras
farm workers, servants, laborers
14 How were the collapses of the Roman Empire and the Han Dynasty similar?
F Both emperors handed power to a warlord
Hfst 3(e)
G Both societies faced pressure from outside invaders.
H Christian teachings made both societies less warlike.
J In both societies, city-dwellers relied extensively on slavery.
,,---:---~:--o..
Use the photographs below and your knowledge of social studies to answer the following
question.
15 These architectural achievements indicate that A advanced building techniques existed in ancient civilizations
B religion was of little importance
C entertainment was important to the cultures of most ancient societies
D trade routes existed between China and Western Europe
16 The Han Dynasty and the Roman Empire were similar in that both F
G
H
J
developed extensive trade networks
created classless societies
encouraged democratic ideals
established free-market economies
( tflst !(B
Name _______________________ Date _________
UNlf 1. REviEW
PULLING IT ALL TOGETHER
u 1 arn a ou t in lhi unit.
civi liz Ii n. , and plain wh th
ill
n
t
a hi
are 'Iill imp rtanl
I
I. __________________________________________________________
2. ___________________________________________________________
t
one of th £. entia/ Question e pI red in lhi: unit y h king th
identifi
x that
it Th nan:\! c r that qu ti n bel w.
What was the Neolithic Revolution?
What factors led to the rise of the first civilizations?
What were the accomplishments of the early river valley civilizations?
What factors caused the rise of Persia, Greece, and Rome?
What were the major accomplishments of the "classical civilizations" of the West?
How were the classical civilizations shaped by their religious and philosophical beliefs and
by the rule of law?
What were the major accomplishments of the civilizations of India and China during the
"ClassicaL Era"?
How did these civiliza 'ons compare with h civilizations of he Wes ?
Wha factors contribu ed to the rise and fall of empires and dynasties in
UNLAWFUL To PHOTOCOPY
99
- - - ._._------
.. .
Name _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ Date _________
UNIT 2 CONCEPT MAP
HUNTERS AND
GATHERERS
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100
I