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EVOLUTIONARY EVIDENCES JRMG Bio1 2009 Fossil Record and Geology Morphology Embryology Biochemistry Biogeography/ Geographical Distribution Fossils in layers of rocks gradual change over time Succession is compatible with other evidences of the major branches of descent in the tree of life Mummy Juanita is a frozen Inca mummy of a teenage girl who died more than 500 years ago and was discovered in Peru in 1995 by anthropologist Johan Reinhard and his Peruvian climbing partner Miguel Zarate. Also known as Momia Juanita (original Spanish), the Ice Maiden, the Lady of Ampato and the Frozen Lady, this mummy is unfortunately going through quite a difficult modern life and not doing so well. In 2006 daily newspaper El Comercio published that an expert from the U.S. Smithsonian Institution who was vacationing in the southern Andean city of Arequipa detected dampness inside the mummy's glass-enclosed refrigeration compartment. Shown above: Mummy Juanita when found on Mount Ampato in Peru in 1995. Otzi the Iceman is a well-preserved natural mummy of a man from about 3300 BC, found as shown in the above astonishing photographs by two German tourists, Helmut and Erika Simonby in 1991 in a glacier of the Otztal Alps in Italy, near its border with Austria. Otzi rivals the Egyptian "Ginger" as the oldest known human mummy, and has offered an unprecedented view on the habits of Chalcolithic (Copper Age) Europeans. peat bog is a type of wetland whose soft, spongy ground is composed largely of living and decaying Sphagnum moss. Decayed, compacted moss is known as peat, which can be harvested to use for fuel or as a soil additive PROCESS OF FOSSIL FORMATION Sedimentary Rocks Rain, Heat, Cold Sand, Silt, Clay Dead animals/plants Settles down at the bottom Of these bodies of water Streams Rivers Seas Are embedded into these Sediment layers PROBLEMS IN ASSEMBLING THE PUZZLE Many organism die and vanish without leaving a trace SR: only in certain bodies of water Organisms that live on mountains and deserts* When exposed to weathering reveals fossils Fossil reconstruction Radioactive dating Potassium 40- old fossils Carbon 14- new fossils WHAT FOSSIL RECORDS TELL US Similarities in Body Structure Homologous structures meet differential needs but developed from the same body parts different mature forms but developed from the same embryonic tissue Vestigial Organs Reduced in size or traces of homologous organs in other species No or little function Doesn’t affect an organism’s ability to survive and reproduce TRANSFORMATION TO VESTIGIAL ORGANS new adaptations that make some organs unnecessary Serves as a clue to an animal’s evolutionary ancestry EMBRYOLOGY Study of organisms at an early stages of development BIOCHEMISTRY Species differ through their distribution Islands have many species of plants and animals that are endemic but closely related to the nearest mainland. • Islands with similar environmental conditions but in different parts of the world are not populated by closely related species. GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION OF LIVING SPECIES Examples: Darwin’s Finches Armadillos in South America Australia’s pouched mammals