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1
PART A
The Human Body: An
Orientation
PowerPoint® Lecture Slide Presentation by Jerry L. Cook, Sam Houston University
ESSENTIALS
OF HUMAN
ANATOMY
& PHYSIOLOGY
EIGHTH EDITION
ELAINE N. MARIEB
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
 Anatomy and Physiology are closely related.
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
 Anatomy:
 Tomy- “to cut”
 Ana- “apart”
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
The Human Body – An Orientation
 Anatomy – study of the structure and shape of
the body and its parts
 Physiology – study of how the body and its
parts work or function
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
The Human Body – An Orientation
 Anatomy – study of the structure and shape of
the body and its parts
 Ex: Parts of a heart
 Physiology – study of how the body and its
parts work or function
 Ex: How the heart pumps blood
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The Human Body
 Structure determines what function can occur
 Ex: Hand- hinges enable grasping and
picking up.
 Ex: Heart- chambers pump blood
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Anatomy – Levels of Study
 Gross Anatomy
 Large structures
 Easily observable
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Anatomy – Levels of Study
 Microscopic Anatomy
 Very small
structures
 Can only be
viewed with
a microscope
Figure 14.4
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Levels of Structural Organization
Figure 1.1
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Levels of Organization
 Atoms  molecules - organelles 
cells  tissues  organs  organ
systems  organism
 Groups of cells that perform a function
are tissues
 Groups of tissues that perform a function
are organs
 Groups of organs that perform a function
are organ systems.
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Organ System Overview
 Integumentary
 Forms the external body
covering
 Protects deeper tissue from
injury
 Synthesizes vitamin D
 Location of cutaneous
nerve receptors
 Secretes salts, urea, perspiration
Figure 1.2a
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Organ System Overview
 Integumentary
includes:
 Skin
 Adipose
 Hair
 Blood
 Nails
 Nerves
 Glands
 Connective
Tissue
(C.T.)
 Muscle
(Arector Pili)
Figure 1.2a
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Organ System Overview
 Skeletal
 Protects and supports
body organs
 Provides muscle
attachment for movement
 Site of blood cell
formation in red marrow
(Hematopoiesis)
 Stores minerals
Figure 1.2b
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Organ System Overview
 Skeletal includes:
 Bones
 Ligaments
 Cartilage
 Joints
 Blood Vessels
 Nerves
 Adipose Tissue
Figure 1.2b
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Organ System Overview
 Muscular
 Allows locomotion
 Maintains posture
 Produces heat
Figure 1.2c
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Organ System Overview
 Muscular includes:
 Skeletal Muscles
 Tendons
 Blood Vessels
 Nerves
 Adipose Tissue
 C.T.
Figure 1.2c
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Organ System Overview
 Nervous
 Fast-acting control
system
 Responds to internal and
external change
 Activates muscles and
glands
Figure 1.2d
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Organ System Overview
 Nervous includes:
 Brain
 Spinal Cord
 Nerves
 Sensory Receptors
Figure 1.2d
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Organ System Overview
 Endocrine
 Secretes regulatory
hormones
 Growth
 Reproduction
 Metabolism
Figure 1.2e
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Organ System Overview
 Endocrine includes:
 Pituitary
 Thymus
 Thyroid
 Pancreas
 Parathyroid
 Pineal
 Adrenal
 Ovaries
(female)
 Testes (male)
Figure 1.2e
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Organ System Overview
 Cardiovascular
 Transports materials in body
via blood pumped by heart
 Oxygen
 Carbon dioxide
 Nutrients
 Wastes
Figure 1.2f
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Organ System Overview
 Cardiovascular
includes:
 Heart
 Blood Vessels
Figure 1.2f
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Organ System Overview
 Lymphatic
 Returns fluids to blood
vessels
 Disposes of debris
 Involved in immunity
Figure 1.2g
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Organ System Overview
 Lymphatic includes:
 Lymphatic Vessels
 Lymph Nodes
 Spleen
 Tonsils
Figure 1.2g
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Organ System Overview
 Respiratory
 Keeps blood supplied
with oxygen
 Removes carbon dioxide
Figure 1.2h
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Organ System Overview
 Respiratory includes:
 Lungs
 Bronchi
 Trachea
 Larynx
 Pharynx
 Nose
Figure 1.2h
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Organ System Overview
 Digestive
 Breaks down food
 Allows for nutrient
absorption into blood
 Eliminates indigestible
material
Figure 1.2i
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Organ System Overview
 Digestive Includes:
 Oral Cavity(mouth)
 Esophagus
 Stomach
 Small Intestines
 Large Intestines
 Rectum
 Anus
Figure 1.2i
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Organ System Overview
 Urinary
 Eliminates nitrogenous
wastes
 Maintains acid – base
balance (pH)
 Regulates water and
electrolytes (salts)
Figure 1.2j
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Organ System Overview
 Urinary includes:
 Kidneys
 Ureters
 Urinary Bladder
 Urethra
Figure 1.2j
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Organ System Overview
 Reproductive
 Production
of offspring
Figure 1.2k
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Organ System Overview
 Male:
 Female:
 Testes
(produce
sperm)
 Ovaries
(produce
eggs)
 Scrotum
 Duct
system:
 Penis
 Accessory
glands
 Duct
system
 Uterine
tubes
 Uterus
 Vagina
Figure 1.2k
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
1
PART A
The Human Body: An
Orientation
PowerPoint® Lecture Slide Presentation by Jerry L. Cook, Sam Houston University
ESSENTIALS
OF HUMAN
ANATOMY
& PHYSIOLOGY
EIGHTH EDITION
ELAINE N. MARIEB
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
 Organ systems do not work in isolation. They
function together. They contribute to each of
the life functions necessary to remain healthy
and alive.
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Necessary Life Functions
 Maintain Boundaries
 Movement
 Locomotion
 Movement of substances
 Responsiveness
 Ability to sense changes and react
 Digestion
 Break-down and delivery of nutrients
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Necessary Life Functions
 Integumentary  Maintain Boundaries:
 Cells enclosed by membrane
 Body enclosed by skin
 Muscular 
 Movement:
 Locomotion
 Moving from place to place
 Movement of substances
 (Cytoplasmic streaming)
 Blood flow
 Waste excretion
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Necessary Life Functions
 Nervous 
 Responsiveness
 Ability to sense changes (stimuli)
and react
 Digestive 
 Digestion
 Break-down and delivery of
nutrients
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Necessary Life Functions
 Metabolism – chemical reactions within the
body
 Production of energy
 Making body structures
 Excretion
 Elimination of waste from metabolic
reactions
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Necessary Life Functions
 Digestive
 Respiratory
 Cardiovascular

 Metabolism – the sum total of all
chemical reactions in the body
 Production of energy (ATP)
 Making body structures
(Protein Synthesis)
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Necessary Life Functions
 Urinary
 Digestive
 Integumentary
 Excretion

 Elimination of waste from
metabolic reactions:
 Kidneys filter liquid wastes
from blood (urine)
 Intestines filter undigested food
(feces)
 Integument excretes
perspiration
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Necessary Life Functions
 Reproduction
 Production of future generation
 Growth
 Increasing of cell size and number
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Necessary Life Functions
 Reproductive
 Endocrine
 Reproduction

 Production of future generation
 Replacing damaged & worn out
cells
 Reproduction of cells is essential for
the health & survival of an
organism. But reproducing
offspring is not; it is necessary for
survival of a species, of course.
 Growth
 Increasing of cell size and number
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Survival Needs
 Nutrients
 Chemicals for energy and cell building
 Includes carbohydrates, proteins, lipids,
vitamins, and minerals
 Oxygen
 Required for chemical reactions
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Survival Needs
 Nutrients
 Chemicals for energy and cell building
 Includes carbohydrates, proteins, lipids,
vitamins, and minerals
 Food necessary to provide (C6H12O6)
glucose for cellular respiration
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Survival Needs
 Oxygen
 Required for chemical reactions
 O2 necessary in cellular respiration to
make ATP energy.
 20% of air is O2
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Survival Needs
 Water
 60–80% of body weight
 Provides for metabolic reaction
 Stable body temperature
 Atmospheric pressure must be appropriate
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Survival Needs
 Water
 60–80% of body weight
 H2O is most abundant compound in
body.
 Provides for metabolic reaction
 Necessary for chemical reactions to
occur.
 Also transports heat
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Survival Needs
 Stable body temperature
 98◦F (37◦C); changes ↑ or ↓ interfer with
metabolism
 Atmospheric pressure must be appropriate
 Air pressure is necessary to inhale. We
could not breath in a vacuum.
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Homeostasis
 Maintenance of a stable internal environment
= a dynamic state of equilibrium
 Homeostasis must be maintained for normal
body functioning and to sustain life
 Homeostatic imbalance – a disturbance in
homeostasis resulting in disease
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Homeostasis
 Ability to maintain stable internal conditions,
even when external environment changes.
 Homeo – “the same”
 Stasis – “standing still”
 Ex: Body Temperature, Water content, Waste
levels, Nutrient supply
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Overview of Homeostasis
Figure 1.4
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Maintaining Homeostasis
 The body communicates through neural and
hormonal control systems
 Receptor
 Responds to changes in the environment
(stimuli)
 Sends information to control center
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Maintaining Homeostasis
 Control center
 Determines set point
 Analyzes information
 Determines appropriate response
 Effector
 Provides a means for response to the
stimulus
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Feedback Mechanisms
 Negative feedback
 Includes most homeostatic control
mechanisms
 Shuts off the original stimulus, or reduces
its intensity
 Works like a household thermostat
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Feedback Mechanisms
 Positive feedback
 Increases the original stimulus to push the
variable farther
 In the body this only occurs in blood
clotting and birth of a baby
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
1
PART A
The Human Body: An
Orientation
PowerPoint® Lecture Slide Presentation by Jerry L. Cook, Sam Houston University
ESSENTIALS
OF HUMAN
ANATOMY
& PHYSIOLOGY
EIGHTH EDITION
ELAINE N. MARIEB
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
The Language of Anatomy
 Anatomical Position Body upright
 Feet flat & parallel
 Arms at sides
 Palms forward
Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
The Language of Anatomy
 Special terminology is used to prevent
misunderstanding
 Exact terms are used for:
 Position
 Direction
 Regions
 Structures
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 Directional Terms are used to explain where a
body part is in relation to another.
 (See Page 14 in Textbook)
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Orientation and Directional Terms
Table 1.1
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Orientation and Directional Terms
Table 1.1 (cont)
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 Go back to Page 13. Fill in the blanks (don’t
actually write in your book!) 
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Body Landmarks
(See Page 12)
 Anterior
Figure 1.5a
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Body Landmarks
 Posterior
Figure 1.5b
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Body Planes
Figure 1.6
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Body Planes
 3 major Planes of Section. (Each results in a different
view:
 Sagittal- right & left halves (median/midsagittal)
 Frontal – anterior & posterior (coronal)
 Transverse- superior & inferior (horizontal/cross section)
Figure 1.6
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Body Cavities
Figure 1.7
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Body Cavities
 Dorsal- on posterior
 Cranial- brain
 Spinal- spinal cord
 Ventral- on anterior
 Thoracic- lungs, heart,
thymus, trachea, esophagus
 Abdominal- viscera
 Pelvic- internal reproductive
organs, urinary bladder,
rectum
Figure 1.7
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Body Cavities
 Mediastinum- a central region,
separates the lungs; contains
heart, thymus, trachea,
esophagus.
 Diaphragm muscle separates
thoracic and abdominal cavities.
Figure 1.7
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Abdominopelvic Quadrants
Figure 1.8a
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Abdominopelvic Regions
Figure 1.8b
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Abdominopelvic Major Organs
Figure 1.8c
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