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PATHOPHYSIOLOGY
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Chapter 10, Part 2: Cancer Manifestations and Treatment
Chapter 11: Cancer Epidemiology
Instructions:
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Use your lecture notes and textbook to find the answers to these questions.
When finished, enter your answers on the electronic version of the homework posted on
Canvas.
You may do this up to three times until you are happy with your grade.
1. Individual response to pain depends on which of the following factors?
A) Cultural
B) Psychologic
C) Physiologic
D) All of the above
2. Mechanisms that cause cancer pain include all of the following EXCEPT:
A) Pressure on tissues and nerve endings
B) Metastases to bone
C) Cancer cells residing in lymph nodes
D) Release of pain-inducing chemicals
3. Pharmacologic therapies for pain management include all of the following EXCEPT:
A) local anesthesia.
B) beta receptor blockers.
C) anti-inflammatory agents.
D) opioids.
4. The most commonly reported symptom in individuals with cancer is:
A) fatigue.
B) anorexia.
C) nausea.
D) depression.
5. Apart from diminished physical energy, cancer-related fatigue can manifest in which of the following
ways?
A) Diminished intellectual performance
B) Muscle weakness
C) Mood changes
D) All of the above
6. Major causes of fatigue related to cancer and cancer therapy include all of the following EXCEPT:
A) chronic stress.
B) disordered sleep.
C) immunosuppression.
D) metabolic disturbances.
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7. Neuromuscular dysfunction and the release of inflammatory mediators such as tumor necrosis factor
and interleukin-1 are thought to be responsible for which of the following manifestations of cancer?
A) Hair loss
B) Thrombocytopenia
C) Metastasis
D) Fatigue
8. The wasting syndrome associated with cancer and cancer treatment is called:
A) cachexia.
B) anemia.
C) Cushing syndrome.
D) anabolism.
9. Cachexia is a syndrome that includes all of the following symptoms EXCEPT:
A) anorexia.
B) weight loss.
C) dyspnea.
D) weakness and fatigue.
10. Which substance contributes to development of cachexia?
A) prostaglandin A
B) bradykinin
C) platelet stimulating factor
D) tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha)
11. Which of the following alterations in metabolism is often present in people with cancer?
A) Increased basal metabolic rate
B) Decreased fat breakdown
C) Increased anabolism
D) Overproduction of protein
12. Anemia in individuals with cancer can be the result of all of the following EXCEPT:
A) decreased erythropoietin.
B) chronic bleeding.
C) fatigue.
D) malignant cells in the bone marrow.
13. Which of the following is an effective treatment for cancer-related or chemotherapy-related anemia?
A) Exercise
B) Chemotherapy
C) Erythropoietin
D) Calcium and magnesium supplements
14. Leukopenia from cancer or chemotherapy treatment increases an individual's risk for:
A) allergic reactions.
B) autoimmune disease.
C) bleeding.
D) infection.
15. Which of the following cell populations do chemotherapeutic agents primarily target?
A) All cells
B) Cancer cells only
C) Cells that are incapable of mitosis
D) All rapidly dividing cells
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16. How does radiation therapy provide an effective means for treating some forms of cancer?
A) Ionizing radiation damages the cancer cell's DNA.
B) Heat generated by radiation is thermally toxic to cancer cells.
C) The resulting inflammatory response destroys the tumor.
D) High-energy waves cause cell membrane injury.
17. Which of the following modes of treatment is NOT used to eliminate cancer cells?
A) Immunotherapy
B) Blood transfusions
C) Hormone therapy
D) Surgery
18. Which of the following risk factors is associated with the development of lung, bladder, pancreatic,
renal, laryngeal, pharyngeal, and esophageal cancer?
A) Ultraviolet (UV) radiation
B) Radon
C) Tobacco use
D) Asbestos
19. All of the following dietary substances increase ones risk of developing cancer EXCEPT:
A) fiber.
B) some polyunsaturated fats.
C) smoked or charbroiled meat.
D) nitrates (nitrosamines).
20. Obesity is an important risk factor for all of the following cancers EXCEPT:
A) breast cancer.
B) bladder cancer.
C) colon cancer.
D) esophageal cancer.
21. Obesity increases the risk of cancer in part because:
A) it promotes the activity of insulin-like growth factor which inhibits apoptosis.
B) adipose cells frequently mutate into malignant tumors.
C) free fatty acids are oncogenic.
D) excess adipose tissue causes a decline in sex hormone production.
22. Which of the following statements about alcohol intake and cancer risk is true?
A) Alcohol intake is linked to the development of liver cancer only.
B) Alcohol intake increases the development of smoking-related cancers.
C) Moderate amounts of alcohol intake protect against breast and colon cancer.
D) Alcohol acts as an antioxidant in the liver.
23. Radon exposure increases an individual's risk for which of the following cancers?
A) Pancreatic
B) Esophageal
C) Lung
D) Skin
24. Exposure to ionizing radiation is linked to all of the following cancers EXCEPT:
A) leukemia.
B) thyroid cancer.
C) breast cancer.
D) skin cancer.
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Critical Thinking Questions
25. All of the following are likely to result from metastasis of a tumor to the bone marrow EXCEPT:
A. anemia
B. impaired immune function
C. paraneoplastic syndrome
D. decreased blood clotting
26. Which of the following could indicate a paraneoplastic syndrome?
A. water weight gain as a result of excessive ADH release
B. low RBC and platelet counts
C. generalized fatigue and weight loss
D. more frequent and severe infections
27. A side effect of some chemotherapy drugs is anemia. This is because:
A. chemotherapy affects any rapidly dividing cells, including bone marrow cells.
B. chemotherapy drugs often react with red blood cells, causing them to rupture.
C. these drugs cause cancer cells to metastasize to the bone marrow.
D. these drugs interfere with absorption of iron.
28. Which of the following is correct about surgical removal of a tumor?
A. It involves removal of only tumor cells, but not normal cells.
B. It may include removal of associated lymph nodes and lymph vessels.
C. It can generally remove all malignant cells throughout the body.
D. It is nearly always the safest treatment for malignant tumors.
29. The incidence of cancer 100 years ago was less than today. All of the following could be reasons for
this EXCEPT:
A. less consumption of meat
B. more physical exercise
C. shorter life expectancy
D. less refrigeration of fruits and vegetables