Download Name: Review Book Worksheets - East Irondequoit Central School

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Review Book Worksheets
(Pages: 139-143/ OLD BOOK 178-183 Scientific Revolution and Enlightenment)
Age of Revolutions
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During the 1500-1600s what changed the way Europeans looked at the world?
Scientific Revolution
During this time what “grew”?
Power of reason
Because of the influence of the Renaissance, people began to?
Question the old ideas about the world
What Revolution caused scientists to challenge authority?
Renaissance
Nicolas Copernicus challenged what belief, leading to what theory?
That the Earth was at the center of the universe. He suggested the universe was heliocentric.
Who used the telescope to further support the sun centered theory?
Galileo Galilei
What was used by Isaac Newton to prove the existence of force that kept planets in their orbits?
What is the force called?
He built on the knowledge of Copernicus and Galileo and used mathematics…GRAVITY
What way of thinking used experimentation and observation?
Scientific Method
Writers of the Enlightenment sought to use reason to discover natural laws These laws governed
human behavior
10. Define Enlightenment:
Period in 1700s in which people rejected traditional ideas and supported a belief in human reason.
11. The Enlightenment introduced new ways of viewing what?
Authority, power, government and law
12. English thinker of the late 1600’s that believed that all people possess is?
Natural Rights
13. These rights include the rights to life, liberty and property.
14. The French thinker that believed that powers of gov’t should be separated into Baron de
Montesquieu : legislative, executive and judicial branches.
15. Thinker of 1700s who believed in freedom of speech?
Voltaire
16. Who wrote Social Contract and believed that people were born good, but are corrupted by the
evils of society?
Jean-Jacques Rousseau
17. Because of the Enlightenment, people began to question established beliefs and authority.
18. Government and Church leaders started a campaign of Censorship to suppress Enlightenment
ideas.
19. Monarchs that accepted Enlightenment ideas were known as?
Enlightened Despots
20. Austrian ruler who improved the tax system and improved education in her kingdom was?
Maria Theresa
21. Empress (Czarina) who built schools and hospital, educated women and extended religious
tolerance in her nation was?
Catherine the Great
22. As people in a nation drew together to fight for a democratic government, strong feelings of
NATIONALISM arose.
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Review Book Worksheets
(Pages: 144-151/ OLD BOOK 184-192 Political Revolutions)
Age of Revolutions
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In 1776 who declared their independence from Britain?
American Colonies
What inspired the colonists as they established a new nation?
Enlightenment Ideas and traditions of the British Gov’t
Document that limited the power of the English Monarchs (no taxation without consent of
governed)
Magna Carta
The English Bill of Rights inspired colonist to fight for their own bill of rights.
Who influenced Thomas Jefferson in his writing of the Declaration of Independence?
John Locke and other Enlightened Thinkers
The success of the American Revolution, inspired people to challenge the power of the absolute
monarchs
What began in 1789 that had a deep and lasting impact on Europe and other areas of the world?
French Revolution
List the Causes of the Revolution:
* Absolute Monarchy
* Social Inequality
* Economic Injustices
* Enlightenment Ideas
* English and American Examples
9.
The governmental body made up of representatives of all 3 Estates was the?
Estates General
10. Define National Assembly:
A group of elected 3rd Estate members who vowed to write a new constitution for France, because
they lacked political rights
11. The National Assemble vowed to do what?
Write a new constitution for France
12. What happened on July 14, 1789?
Storming of the Bastille
13. What document will be created in France to give more rights to the 3 rd estate?
Declaration of the Rights of Man
14. What was the purpose of the Constitution of 1791?
* Limited the monarchy and representative assembly
* Declared people had natural rights and job of gov’t to protect those rights
* Put Church under state control
15. Who took control of the Assembly in 1792? Radicals
16. Who led the Reign of Terror in 1793. He was a radical revolutionary. Robespierre
17. In 1795, what weak and inefficient governmental body was in control of France?
The Directory
18. In 1799, who takes control of France by overthrowing (coup d’ etat) the Directory?
Napoleon
19. The new “emperor” of France, as he called himself, now had what type of power?
Absolute
20. List 3 of Napoleon’s Achievements:
a. Economy- Controlled prices , supported new industry and built roads and canals
b. Education- Established a government-supervised public school system
c. Napoleonic Code- legal code that included many Enlightenment ideas, such as legal
equality of citizens and religious toleration
21. List 2 reasons that Napoleon’s “Empire” began to crumble:
a. Most people in conquered states looked at Napoleon’s armies as foreign oppressors.
Napoleon’s invasion of Russia in 1812…French troops were left hungry and cold due to
scorched earth policy and Russian winter.
22. The conquest of Napoleon increased what, across Europe and around the world?
Spread of ideals of democracy throughout Europe as well as NATIONALISTIC Feelings
23. What was the 1st Latin American colony to revolt against European rule?
Haiti
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24. Who led the above revolt?
Toussaint L’Ouverture
25. What was his goal in leading the revolt?
Wanted to lead his people to Liberty.
26. What educated Creole, led resistance movements against the Spanish, in Latin America? (known
as the “Liberator”)
Simon Bolivar
27. What 2 things influenced him?
Enlightenment Ideas and the French Revolution/American Revolution
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Review Book Worksheets
(Pages: 152-157/ OLD BOOK 193-200 Reaction Against Revolutionary Ideas)
Age of Revolutions
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After Napoleon’s defeat, European diplomats met at the Congress of Vienna for what purpose?
To devise a peace settlement
What were the 2 reasons the Congress of Vienna occurred?
a. To establish a balance of Power/distribution of military and economic power that
prevented anyone from getting too strong.
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Wanted to restore power to the monarchs
The Congress was a victory for whom?
Conservatives
The Congress of Vienna helped to maintain peace in Europe for almost how long?
100 years
Were European revolutionaries happy with the results of the Congress?
No- Did not want Europe restored to the way it was before the Revolution.
What were the causes of the Revolutions that occurred in Europe through 1850? (define each)
 Liberalism
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Nationalism
Where did Revolutions of 1830 take place?
France, Belgium, Italy, Poland
In 1848, when Louis Philippe stepped down, what was established in France?
A republic
Who was frightened by the Revolutions of 1830 and 1848?
European Rulers
What did Russian Czars not introduce into their society, and why?
Elements of Democracy, fearing it would weaken their control
What war did Russia lose to the Ottoman?
Crimean War
What happened in 1861 in Russia?
The sefs were freed
Why was this a problem?
Former serfs had to buy the land they had worked and many were too poor to do so.
The policy of making all groups think, act and believe as Russians, was called?
Russification
What is a pogrom?
A Russian policy that promoted violent attacks on Jews.
The building of the Trans-Siberian Railway, did what?
Extended Russian economic and political control over the region.
What did not allow Latin America to unify? (Be specific)
Numerous geographic barriers and features as well as fighting between various leaders and
nationalistic feelings within different groups
The system where power belongs to a small, powerful elite, is an?
Oligarchy
Who were the caudillos in Latin America?
Local military strongmen who put together their own armies and challenged central governments
Caudillos were dictators, Usually ignoring existing constitutions
What acted as a stabilizing force in Latin America?
Roman Catholic Chuurch
Latin American nations relied on what type of crops?
Cash Crops
23. How did Latin American nations get manufactured goods?
Imported from Europe
24. What two groups profited from economic imperialism in Latin America?
Spain and Portugal
25. The rule of Porfirio Diaz left many Mexicans, what?
Uneducated, landless and poor
26. He led a large peasant revolt?
Emiliano Zapata (Native American) called for land reform
27. Who was elected president of Mexico in 1917? What did approve?
Venustiano Carranza… approved a new constitution, called for l;and reform
28. What was the first Latin American nation to achieve social and economic reform?
Mexico
29. In the 1920-30s, what caused writers in Mexico and other areas of Latin America to reject
influences of Europe?
Nationalistic feelings,…began to take pride in Latin American culture which displayed a mixture
of Western European and Indian traditions.
Name:_____________________________________________
Review Book Worksheets
(Pages: 158-162/ OLD BOOK 201-206 Global Nationalism)
Age of Revolutions
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What will inspire uprisings across Europe and Latin America?
Nationalism
The feelings of nationalism often develop among people who share, what?
Common language and heritage
Nationalistic upheaval:
a. Greece: 1821, nationalists in Greece revolted against the Ottoman Empire. By 1830 Greece was
independent
b.
Poland: Nationalist in Poland revolted in 1830, but their revolution was crushed by Russian forces
c.
Revs.of 1848: Occurred in parts of the Austrian Empire, Italy and Germany, Throughout Europe,
people sought to develop unified, independent nation states
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Latin America: In late 1700s and early 1800s, feelings of dissatisfaction led to a number of
independent movements that ended European rule throughout Latin America.
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Nationalistic feelings became an increasingly significant force for, what in Europe?
Self-determination and unification in Europe
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Italian Unification, Describe the key players:
a.
Giuseppe Mazzini: Formed YOUNG ITALY in 1831, but exiled for his views. His writings and
speeches provided inspiration to the nationalist movement
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Count Camillo Cavour: Prime minister of the Italian state of Sardinia, shrewdly formed alliances
with France and later with Prussia. He used war and diplomacy to drive Austrian power from Italy
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Giuseppe Garibaldi: Was a soldier who led forces that won control of Southern Italy and helped it
to unite with the North. BY 1861 VICTOR EMMANUEL of Sardinia was crowned KING of a
UNIFIED ITALY
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Nationalism stirred in Germans because they wanted, what?
To be free of French Rule
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What German state was leader of all German States?
Prussia
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In 1862 who was appointed Chancellor, and led German unification?
Otto von Bismarck
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The policy used to unify Germany was known as Blood and Iron What did this mean?
Only way to unite Germany was through war
10. What was the new title for the “emperor” of Germany?
KAISER
11. Define Anti-Semitism:
Prejudice against the Jews
12. As Anti-Semitism grew in Europe, where did many Jews move to?
Palestine- the ancient Jewish homeland, buying land that they organized in farming communities.
13. Who was responsible for calling on Jews to establish a Jewish Home land? What movement did he help
build?
Theodor Herzl….Zionism
14. Since the 1700s, who has had control of India?
Great Britain
15. As Indian students learned about Democracy and Natural Rights they called for Self-Rule
16. What did the Indian National Congress (INC), of 1885 call for?
Greater Democracy and Western style modernization. Looking to self-rule
17. When the Muslims of India grew distrustful of the INC, what did they set up, and what were its goals?
Muslim League, (1906) ….Talked of setting up a separate Muslim State…goal achieved in 1947
18. What did the Young Turks hope to do?
Wanted to strengthen the Ottoman Empire and end the threat of Western Imperialism. In 1908, they
overthrew the sultan and took control of the government.
19. From 1829 to 1908, what Balkan nations gained their independence?
Greece, Montenegro, Serbia, Romania and Bulgaria
20. In the early 1900s, there were many crisis in the Balkans. By 1914, the Balkans were what?
“The Powder Keg of Europe”….Tensions soon exploded into a full scale global conflict.
Name:_____________________________________________
Review Book Worksheets
(Pages: 163-169/ OLD BOOK 207-215 Economic and Social Revolutions)
Age of Revolutions
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Around 1750, what type of changes was Europe experiencing?
Improvements in farming that led to increases in population…led to Industrial
Revolution…Global Migration occurred and movement toward a global economy accelerated
What led to the movement away from rural life?
Agrarian revolution
What advancements were brought about by the Dutch?
Building of Dikes and use of fertilizers
Who was Jethro Tull?
British, Invented the seed drill
To take over and fence off land to make larger fields (and raise sheep) was known as ?
Enclosure Movement
What led to rapid population growth?
Agrarian revolution.
What was the result of the above?
Better diets, babies being born stronger, people living longer
In 1750 what revolution began? Describe it:
Industrial revolution
Why did the Industrial Revolution begin in Britain?
a. Geography:
* Coal/iron ore
* Island nation- natural harbors
*Rivers to power factories
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Population Growth and Change:
* More available workers
Capital for Investment:
*Middle Class had the capital to invest in mines, railroads and factories
Energy and Technology:
* giant water wheels to power machines
*coal used to power steam engines
10. What industry was first to use inventions?
Textile Industry
11. Where workers and machines were brought together, was a?
Factory
12. What did factories do?
Promoted mass production, meaning that goods were produced in huge quantities at lower cost
13. When business should operate with little or no government interference?
Laissez Faire Economics
14. Who promoted this, and where did he write about it?
Adam Smith…Wealth of Nations
15. To acquire money for new technology, what did business owners do?
Sold Stocks or shares in their companies to investors
16. During the 1600s, what class emerged?
Middle Class
17. Label the new class structure: Include who was part
Of each level.
-Very Rich industrial families
-Growing Upper Middle Class professionals (lawyers, doctors, etc)
- -Lower Middle Class- (teachers, shopowners, clerks, office workers)
- Factory Workers and Peasants
18. How many hours a day were worked by factory workers?
12 to 16 hours
19. What group of children had a better standard of education and of living?
Middle class children
20. What were the improvements in transportation?
Roads, Canals, Steam locmotives, railroads, Steam Engines powered ships
21. Where did the poor live during Industrial times?
Croweded into slums in city centers
22. Define Liberalism:
A strong belief in individual rights to liberty, equality, and property
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23. Define Conservative:
Set of beliefs held by classes who had been in power previously- monarchs, nobles and church
leaders….Wanted social and political structures to return to what they had been before the various
revolutionary movements
24. Who urged families to have less children?
Thomas Malthus- “essay on the Principle of Population”
25. What idea did Charles Darwin come up with?
Theory of Evolutuion/ Natural Selection
26. Darwin and Malthus both agreed that :
That production of more offpring would outpace food supply
27. Later thinkers use Darwin’s idea and call it?
Social Darwinism
28. Why were successful business people successful, according to Social Darwinism?
They were naturally more “fit” to succeed than others.
29. Social Darwinism will play a role in what?
Racism and rise in imperialism
30. Define Socialism:
Concentrated less on the interests and rights of individuals and more on the interests of society
31. Those who created self –sufficient communities were?
UTOPIANS
32. Who was the German philosopher that promoted socialism?
Karl Marx
33. According to the Communist Manifesto History was what?
A class struggle between wealthy capitalists and the working class, or proletariat
34. Who would rise up and overthrow the capitalist system?
The proletariat
35. What nation adopts Marx’s idea in the 1900s? And what type of government/economic system will be
formed? Soviet Union…communist dictatorship and command economy
36. Because of the Industrial Revolution, governments had begun to set up public schools for all children by the
late 1800s.
37. What was the movement where emotion rather than reason was promoted, and it served as a rebellion against
the ideas of the Enlightenment? Romanticism
38. Authors such as Charles Dickens who wrote about the world as it was, are called realists. Their work showed
the harsh side of life, showing poverty and cruel working conditions
39. What prohibited children under 9 from being employed in textile mills and limited their working hours? Act
of 1833
40. What happened in 1884? Slavery was outlawed in all British colonies.
41. What happened in 1918? Women won the rights to vote in Britain
42. What led to a wave of global migrations from 1845-1900s? Improvements in transportation, population
growth and social and political conditions.
43. What happened to the wheat and oats grown in Ireland?
It was sent to England
44. What did the Irish have left to eat?
Potato
45. What caused the death of 1 million Irish?
The fact that food was shipped OUT of Ireland to England, and the only crop, potato was plagued by disease.
Name:_____________________________________________
Review Book Worksheets
(Pages: 170-172/ OLD BOOK 216-219 Japan and the Meiji Restoration)
Age of Revolutions
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What happened in 1853?
American fleet sailed to Japan and ended over 200 years of isolation by opening Japan to trade.
2.
Who had control of Japan in the 1600s?
Tokugawa shoguns, they brought stability to Japan , but banned contact with outside world
What did they ban?
All contact with the outside world
In 1854 what did Cmd. Matthew Perry ask Japan?
To open its ports to trade
What ended Japan’s long period of isolation?
Treaty of Kanagawa
Many Japanese felt that Japan needed to modernize in order to compete with the industrialized
West
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What restored the Japanese emperor to power?
A rebellion
From 1868 to 1912, this period in Japan was known as the?
Meiji Restoration
What does Meiji mean?
Enlightened Rule
The Meiji reformers were determined to do what?
Strengthen Japan against the West
What methods did Japan use to modernize?
Members of government traveled abroad to learn about Western gov’t, economics, technology and
customs. Foreign experts were invited to Japan
How did zaibatsus gain their wealth?
Through banking and industry
What type of government did Meiji reformers want to create?
Strong central Gov’t
What did Japan have by 1890?
Modern army and strong navy
Who replaced the samurai as warriors for Japan?
All men
What social changes took place in Japan:
* public education..universities with Western Instructors
* Japanese women faced continued inequality (political and legal rights taken away)
Japan will use its industrial powers to begin a policy of?
Imperialism
18. What was the purpose of Japanese colonization?
For raw materials and as market for finished products
19. Japan’s invasion of Korea, led to war with China This war was called the Sino-Japanese war.
Who won? Japan
20. 1904-1905, What occurred and who won?
Russo-Japanese War----- Japan wins
21. What was Japan’s economy dependent on? What did Japan need?????
Depended on TRADE, Raw Materials
Name:_____________________________________________
Review Book Worksheets
(Pages: 173-178/ OLD BOOK 220-226 Imperialism)
Age of Revolutions
1. The first decades of the 1900s WESTERN powers were motivated by what?
Economic, political and social factors and a strong sense of nationalism
2. Define Imperialism:
Domination by one country of the political, economic or cultural life of another country.
3. Name 2 Economic causes of imperialism:
Need for Natural Resources and Need for new Markets
4. Name 2 Societal causes of Imperialism:
Wish to spread Christianity and Wish to share Western civilization
5. Name 1 Political/military cause of imperialism:
Bases for trade and navy ships
6. What areas were affected by Old Imperialism?
Americas, India, Southeast Asia and territories on the coast of Africa and China
7. What made economies stronger during the New Imperialism?
The Industrial Revolution
8. What areas were the focus of New Imperialism?
Asia and Africa
9. What did nationalism promote, and whom did it allow to take control of weaker nations?
The idea of national superiority and that stronger nations should take control of weaker ones
10. What did Social Darwinists argue?
that it was natural for stronger nations to dominate weaker ones
11. A nation that had many colonies had what?
Power and security
12. What 3 things were needed by Imperialists for their economic success?
Raw Material, foreign markets and places to invest their profits
13. What did the poem “White Man’s Burden” express?
Justification for Imperialism…idea that white imperialists had a moral duty to educate people in
nations they considered less devolved.
14. What company controlled 3/5th of India by the 1800s?
The British East India Company
15. What is a Sepoy?
Indian Soldiers that worked for Britain
16. What occurred that allowed the Hindus and Muslims to unite against the British in India,
because the British disregarded religious beliefs of these 2 groups? Sepoy Mutiny/Rebellion
17. The presence of what European nation, set off a “scramble” for Africa?
Belgian presence in the Congo
18. What meeting in 1884, set up rules for how European nations were going to divide up Africa?
The Berlin Conference
19. Why was Shaka Zulu important in African history?
In early 1800 in Southern Afrtica he organized Zulu worriers into a fighting force. Fought against
European slave traders and ivory hunters….He united the Zulu Nation
20. What was the name of the Dutch farmers who settled in South Africa in the 1600s? What city did
they build? Boars, Cape Town
21. According to the map on pg. 223, what European nation gained control of South Africa?
Great Britain
22. In the late 1700s, what did the British trade with China?
Opium
23. In 1839 China tried to stop the import of Opium, but the British, fought with China in a conflict
known as the Opium War
24. Britain was successful against the Chinese, and China was forced to agree to the Treaty of
Nanjing
25. What were 4 stipulations of the Treaty of Nanjing?
a. China had to pay for Britain’s war costs
b. Open ports to British trade
c. Give Britain the island of Hong Kong
d. China had to grant British citizens extraterritoriality
26. Western power carved out spheres of influence in China. Define the term: areas in which an
outside power claimed exclusive trade privileges
27. What occurred from 1850-1864, in which Chinese peasants were angry because of poverty and
corrupt officials? Taiping Rebellion
28. In 1900, what Chinese group assaulted foreigners in China?
Boxers
29. What were the 3 goals of Sun Yat-sen?
* To end foreign domination
* To form a representative government
* To create economic security for the Chinese people
30. In 1914, who had control of Korea (map pg.225)
Japan
31. List 3 Short Term Effects of Imperialism on Colonies:
1. Large # of Asians and Africans came under foreign rule
2. Individuals and groups resisted European domination
3. Western culture spread to new regions
32. Name 3 Long Term Effects of Imperialism on Colonies:
1. Western culture continued to influence much of the world
2. Transportation, education, and medical care were improved
3. Many economies became based on single cash crops grown for export
33. Because of Imperialism, the West discovered new crops. Westerns were introduced to new
cultural influences and industrial nations controlled a new global ecoonmy
34. What were 3 “good” effects of British rule in India:
1. New roads and railroads link part of India
2. Telegraph and postal systems unite people
3. New laws mean justice for all classes
35. What were 3 “bad” effects of British rule in India:
1. Indian resources go to Britain
2. Top jobs go to the British
3. Indians are treated as inferiors