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BLOOM PUBLIC SCHOOL Vasant Kunj, New Delhi Lesson plan 2017- 18 Class XI C Subject History Month - April Chapter-1 From the beginning of time 10 TTT- 6Pds No of Periods: WT: 4Prds Chapter 1 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. Learning Objectives From the beginning of time Timeline I (6 MYA TO 1 BCE) The Story of Human Evolution (a) The Precursors of Modern Human Beings The story of human evolution(b) Modern Human beings Early Humans :Way of obtaining food Early humans: From Tree, to Caves and Open air sites Early Humans: Making Tools Modes of Communication :Language and Art Hunter Gatherer Society Familiarize the learner with the ways of reconstructing human evolution. Discuss whether the experience of present day hunting gathering people can be used to understand early societies. NCERT Text Book Extra marks smart class, SLM. Mind Map. Topic wise question and Answer Internet research/Videos and images from the internet. Resources Activities • Class Work Written 1. What are the different Sources to understand early human history? 2. Distinguish betweena) Hominoids and Hominids b) Australopithecus and Homo Map Work 3. What are the two lines of evidence that suggest an African origin for hominids? 4. Look at the diagram showing the positive feedback mechanism on page 13. Can you list the inputs that went into tool making? What were the processes that were strengthened by tool making? 5. “The issue of the place of origin of modern humans has been much debated. “Explain using examples. 6. Explain development of language and painting as media of communication? 7. What do you think are the advantages and disadvantages of using ethnographic accounts to reconstruct the lives of the earliest peoples Home Work 1. Explain different ways of obtaining food by early man? 2. Where do we find evidences of painting? What is depicted in the paintings? what are the probable reasons given by the Historians for the paintings. Assessment Period wise plan Period 1-2 Class Test Time line • TimeLine focuses on the emergence of humans and the Domestication of plants and animals. • It highlights some major technological developments such as the use of fire, metals, plough agriculture and the wheel. • Other processes that are shown include the emergence of cities and the use of writing. Pg 5 Sources to understand early human history • Discoveries of human fossils, stone tools and cave paintings help us to understand early human history. • Stone tools made and used by early humans are available in various parts of Africa and Europe. Stone tools such as pebbles, sharp stones, stone blades etc. were used for various purposes in early human life. • Paintings found on the walls of the caves in Europe and Africa are helping us to understand early human history. • Most scholars refused to accept that these objects were the remains of early humans. They did not believe the ability of early humans to make stone tools or paint. Because according to Old Testament of the Bible, human origin was an act of Creation by God. After a few years the true significance of these finds was realised. Pg 8-9 The Story of Human Evolution • Between 36 million years and 24 million years primates, a category of mammals emerged in Asia and Africa. Primates are a subgroup of a larger group of mammals. Between 24 MYA and 5.6 MYA there • Period 3 and 4 emerged a subgroup amongst primates, called hominoids. Hominoids are different from monkeys in a number of ways. They have a larger body and do not have a tail. Besides, there is a longer period of infant development and dependency amongst hominoids. • Between 5.6 MYA and 1.8 MYA hominids have evolved from hominoids and share certain common features and have major differences as well. They differences were, S.NO Hominoids 1 Hominoids have a smaller brain 2 They are quadrupeds, walking on all Four legs 3 They have flexible forelimbs And marked differences in the hand Period 5 Hominids Hominoids have a little bigger brain Hominids have an upright posture and bipedal locomotion (walking on two feet) They have flexibility in hand, leg and fingers which helped them to make tools and weapons. • Hominids are further subdivided into two branches, known as Australopithecus and Homo. The Australopithecus have smaller brain size, heavier jaws and larger teeth than the Homo. • Homo is a Latin word, meaning ‘man’, Fossils are classified as Homo habilis (the tool maker), Homo erectus (the upright man), and Homo sapiens (the wise or thinking man). Pg.10-12 The positive feedback mechanism • Some of the features or developments in the anatomy of early human beings favored or shaped them to become modern human beings. These developments are together called positive feedback mechanism. • Bipedalism or upright walking helped to use less energy for hunting, carrying infants, making and using weapons. • Flexibility in hands and fingers enabled hands to be freed for carrying infants or objects. In turn, as hands were used more and more running became easy. • Growth in the size of the brain helped for thinking, Period 6 Period 7 memorizing, planning and realizing to make new attempts for further developments. • Visual surveillance improved in early humans it favored for long distance walking, search food, find animals and many more works. Pg 13-15 The Replacement and Regional Continuity Model Theories (OR) The Centre of Human Origin • According to the regional continuity model, the Homo sapiens originated in different regions (continents) and gradually evolved at different rates into modern humans. • According to the replacement model human beings first originated in a single region, which is Africa and migrated to all the other regions (continents). Pg.16 Early Humans: Ways of Obtaining Food • Early humans would have obtained food through a number of ways, such as gathering, hunting, scavenging and fishing. From Trees, to Caves and Open-air Sites • One way of reconstructing the evidence for patterns of residence this is by plotting the distribution of artefacts. • The first shelter was tree and which could have been shared by hominids, other primates and carnivores. • Between 400,000 and 125,000 years ago, natural caves began to be used by them • At, Terra Amata on the coast of southern France, flimsy shelters with roofs of wood and grasses were built for shortterm, seasonal visits. • Houses made of stone and baked clay and burnt bone along with stone tools, dated between 1.4 and 1 mya. Pg 17-20 Early Humans: Making Tools • The earliest evidence for the making and use of stone tools comes from sites in Ethiopia and Kenya. • About 35,000 years ago, improved tools such as spear throwers and the bow and arrow were used. • There were other needs such as the trapping of fur-bearing animals (to use the fur for clothing) and the invention of sewing needles. Modes of Communication: Language • Hundreds of paintings of animals done between 30,000 and12, 000 years ago have been discovered in the caves of France and Spain. • Animals were associated with rituals and magic. • Another explanation offered is that these caves were possibly meeting places for small groups of people or locations for group activities. • These groups could share hunting techniques and knowledge. Pg.20-23 Period 8 Period 9 Hunter-Gatherer Societies From the Present to the Past • One group of scholars suggests that data from present-day hunter-gatherer societies can be used to understand the past societies. • Another group of scholars who feel that ethnographic data cannot be used for understanding past societies. Developments between 10,000 and 4,500 BCE in early human life • Between 10,000 and 4,500 years ago, people in different parts of the world learnt to domesticate certain plants and animals. • With the introduction of agriculture, more people began to stay in one place for even longer periods than they had done before. • Farming and pastoralism led to the introduction of many other changes such as the making of pots in which to store grain and other produce, and to cook food. • Besides, new kinds of stone tools came into use. Other new tools such as the wooden plough were used in agriculture. Gradually, people became familiar with metals such as copper and tin. • The wheel, important for both pot making and transportation, came into use. About 5,000 years ago, even larger concentrations of people began to live together in cities. Pg.23-26 Map Work/ Extra Marks SLM/QA Period 10 Class Test BLOOM PUBLIC SCHOOL Vasant Kunj, New Delhi Lesson plan 2017-18 Class XI C Subject History Month - April Chapter-2 Writing and City Life TTT- 5Pds Chapter 2 Learning Objectives Resources Activities Class Work Written No of Periods: 9 WT: 4Pds Writing and City Life 9. Mesopotamia and its geography 10. The significance of urbanization 11. Movement of goods into cities 12. The development of Writing 13. The system of writing 14. Literacy 15. The uses of writing 16. Urbanization in the Southern Mesopotamia: Temple and Kings 17. Life in the city 18. A Trading town in a pastoral zone 19. Cities in Mesopotamian culture 20. Legacy of writing Familiarise the learner with the nature of early urban centres. Discuss whether writing is a significant marker of civilization. NCERT Text Book Extra marks smart class, SLM. Mind Map Topic wise question and Answer Internet research/Videos and images from the internet. 8. What are the different Names used for the Mesopotamian civilization? 9. What are the features of Mesopotamian civilization? 10. What are the different Sources to understand Mesopotamian Civilization? 11. What is the significance of Urbanism in Mesopotamia? 12. Explain the Development and system of Writing in Mesopotamia. 13. How did people construct and maintain temples in Mesopotamia? 14. “Mari is a good example of an urban centre prospering on trade.” Explain. 15. Explain the Legacy of Writing (Science and Technology) in Mesopotamia. Home Work 1. How did a pastoral zone become a Trading Town in the northern part of Mesopotamia? 2. What were the technical advances at Uruk around 3000 BCE? List them. Assessment Period wise plan Period 1 Class Test • • • • • • • • • • • • Period 2-3 • • • Different Names used for the same civilization Mesopotamian civilisation - The name Mesopotamia is derived from the Greek words mesos, meaning middle, and potamos, meaning river. Mesopotamia means the land between the (Euphrates and the Tigris) rivers. Sumerian Civilisation- The first known language of Mesopotamia was Sumerian. That is why this civilization is otherwise called as Sumerian Civilisation Babylonian Civilisation- After 2000 BCE, when Babylon became an important city of this civilization it is called as Babylonian Civilisation. Akkadian Civilisation -Around 2400 BCE when Akkadian speakers arrived and established their rule in southern part of Mesopotamia it was called as Akkadian civilisation. Assyrians Civilisation - when Assyrians speakers arrived and established their rule in southern part of Mesopotamia it was called as Assyrians civilisation Features of Mesopotamian civilisation Mesopotamian civilisation is known for its prosperity, city life, voluminous and rich literature, its mathematics and astronomy. Mesopotamia’s writing system and literature spread to the eastern Mediterranean, northern Syria, and Turkey. Sources to understand Mesopotamian civilization We study hundreds of Mesopotamian buildings, statues, ornaments, graves, tools and seals as sources. There are thousands of written documents as well to study Mesopotamian Civilisation. Pg.29-30 Mesopotamia and its Geography Mesopotamia is a land of diverse environments. In the north, there is a stretch of upland called a steppe, where animal herding offers people a better livelihood than agriculture – after the winter rains, sheep and goats • • • • • • • • • • • • Period 4 • • • • • • feed on the grasses and low shrubs that grow here. In the east, tributaries of the Tigris provide routes of communication into the mountains of Iran. The south is a desert – and this is where the first cities and writing emerged. This desert could support cities because the rivers Euphrates and Tigris, which rise in the northern mountains, carry loads of silt. The Significance of Urbanism in Mesopotamia Urban centres involve in various economic activities such as food production, trade, manufactures and services. City people, thus, cease to be self-sufficient and depend on the products or services of other people. There is continuous interaction among them. There must be a social organization in Cities. Thus, organized trade, storage, deliveries of grain and other food items from the village to the city were controlled and supervised by the rulers. Movement of Goods into Cities and communication Mesopotamians could have traded their abundant textiles and agricultural produce for wood, copper, tin, silver, gold, shell and various stones from Turkey and Iran, or across the Gulf. Regular exchange was possible only when there was a social organization to equip foreign expeditions and exchanges of goods. The canals and natural channels of ancient Mesopotamia were in fact routes of goods transport between large and small settlements. Pg.30-33 The Development of Writing in Mesopotamia The first Mesopotamian tablets were written around 3200 BCE, which contained picture-like signs and numbers. These were about 5,000 lists of oxen, fish, bread loaves, etc. – lists of goods that were brought into or distributed from the temples of Uruk. Mesopotamians wrote on tablets of clay. A scribe would wet clay and pat it into a size he could hold comfortably in one hand. He would carefully smoothen its surface. With the sharp end of a reed, he would press wedge-shaped (cuneiform) signs on to the smoothened surface while it was still moist. Once dried in the sun, the clay tablet would harden and tablets would be almost as indestructible as pottery. By 2600 BCE, the letters became cuneiform, and the language was Sumerian. Sumerian, the earliest known language of Mesopotamia, was gradually replaced after2400 BCE by the Acadian language. Pg.3334 Period 5 The System of Writing in cuneiform • • • • • • • • • Cuneiform sign did not represent a single consonant or vowel but syllable. Thus, the signs that a Mesopotamian scribe had to learn ran into hundreds. Writing was a skilled craft but, more important, it was an enormous intellectual achievement, conveying in visual form the system of sounds of a particular language. Literacy in Mesopotamia Very few Mesopotamians could read and write. Not only there were hundreds of signs to learn but many of these were complex. Pg.34-35 Construction and maintenance of temples in Mesopotamia As the archaeological record shows, villages were periodically relocated in Mesopotamian history because of flood in the river and change in the course of the river. When there was continuous warfare in a region, those chiefs who had been successful in war could oblige their followers by distributing the loot, and could take prisoners from the defeated groups to employ in the temple for various works. In time, victorious chiefs began to offer precious booty tothe gods and thus beautify the community’s temples. War captives and local people were put to work for the temple, or directly for the ruler. With rulers commanding people to fetch stones or metal ores, to come and make bricks or lay the bricks for a temple, or else to go to a distant country to fetch suitable materials. Pg.36- 38 Life in the City of Ur Period 6 • • • • In Mesopotamian society the nuclear family was the norm, although a married son and his family often resided with his parents. The father was the head of the family. Narrow winding streets indicate that wheeled carts could not have reached many of the houses. There were no street drains of the kind we find in contemporary Mohenjodaro. Drains and clay pipes were instead found in the inner courtyards of the Ur houses and it is thought that house roofs sloped inwards and rainwater was channeled via the drainpipes into sumps in the inner courtyards. There were superstitions about houses, recorded in omen tablets at Ur. Pg.39-40 Period 7 A Trading Town in a Pastoral Zone( Life in the city of Mari) • • • • • • • After 2000 BCE the royal capital of Mari flourished. Mari stands not on the southern plain with its highly productive agriculture but much further upstream on the Euphrates. Such groups would come in as herders, harvest labourersor hired soldiers, occasionally become prosperous, and settle down. A few gained the power to establish their own rule. These included. Located on the Euphrates in a prime position for trade – in wood, copper, tin, oil, wine, and various other goods that were carried in boats along the Euphrates – between the south and the mineral rich uplands of Turkey, Syria and Lebanon. Boats carrying grinding stones, wood, and wine and oil jars, would stop at Mari on their wayt o the southern cities. Officers of this town would go aboard, inspect the cargo and levy a charge of about one-tenth the value of the goods before allowing the boat to continue downstream. Thus, although the kingdom of Mari was not militarily strong, but it was exceptionally prosperous. Pg.41-44 Period 8 The Legacy of Writing (Science and Technology) in Mesopotamia • The greatest legacy of Mesopotamia to the world is its scholarly tradition of time reckoning and mathematics. • Dating around 1800 BCE are tablets with multiplication and division tables, square- and square-root tables, and tables of compound interest. • The division of the year into 12 months according to the revolution of the moon around the earth, the division of the month into four weeks, the day into 24 hours, and the hour into 60 minutes . • Solar and lunar eclipses were observed. Pg. 4546 Map Work/ Extra Marks SLM/QA Period 9 Class Test