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Classification of 2 different organisms • Human Kingdom: Animalia Phylum: Chordata Class: Mammalia Order: Primata Family: Hominidae Genus: Homo Species: Homo sapiens • Red Maple Kingdom: Plantae Phylum: Anthophyta Class: Dicotyledones Order: Sapindales Family: Aceraceae Genus: Acer Species: Acer rubrum I. Classification A. How Classification Began 1. Classification - grouping of objects or information based on similarities 2. Taxonomy - branch of Biology that deals with the grouping and naming of organisms. 3. 2000 years ago Aristotle - Greek philosopher; developed first classification system - Two major groups: plants (herbs, shrubs, trees) & animals (live on land, in air or water) 4. 1707 – 1778 Carolus Linnaeus - Swedish botanist who developed system of classification that is still used today - based on close relationships of organisms. • Binomial nomenclature – 2 name naming system • Genus & species • italicized or underlined • Genus name is capitalized and species is lower case Ex: Homo sapiens • Genus - a group of closely related species • species - population of interbreeding organisms capable of producing fertile offspring Why use scientific names??? Common Names usually have regional (location) differences • Dolphin… dolphin fish… mahi mahi… porpoise… Huh??? Mountain Lion? Cougar? Puma? Confusion in Using Different Languages for Names Common Names Latin Names are Understood by all Taxonomists Scientific Name Binomial Nomenclature Common Name Scientific Name B. Taxonomy- the study of classification Why classify? 1. EASE OF COMMUNICATION *We need a universal system of naming organisms so that the scientists around the world know they are studying the same organism 2. EASE OF IDENTIFICATION *It is a useful tool when trying to identify diseases or pathogens quickly – Ex: poisonous vs. non-poisonous mushrooms 3. PROTECTING SPECIES *Provides economic/ ecological advantages when a particular species produces something useful – Ex: the Pacific Yew produces taxol which may be used in treating some forms of cancer. C. How Living Things are Classified 1. Taxonomic categories - a hierarchy taxon (taxa-plural): Kingdom, Phylum, Class, Order, Family, Genus , species Taxon- group or level into which organisms are classified King Phillip Came Over For Grape Soda II. The six Kingdoms A. Kingdom Eubacteria - True bacteria - prokaryotic (no nucleus or organelles), unicellular decomposers or photosynthetic EX: E. coli, Salmonella, Staphylococcus aureus B. Kingdom Archaebacteria - Prokaryotes, unicellular, microscopic, thrive in extreme environments like salt, lakes, swamps & hot springs. Thought to most closely resemble first life on Earth! Ex: Methanogens, extreme halophiles Bacteria Of Boiling Hot Springs In Yellowstone National Park Black Smokers on ocean floor C. Kingdom Protista - unicellular and multi-cellular organisms that are either plant-like, animal-like or fungus-like. Eukaryotic and usually live in moist environments. Amoeba Paramecium Radiolarian Red Algae Diatom Giant Kelps D. Kingdom Fungi - Mostly multicellular (yeast are unicellular), heterotrophic, chitinous cell walls, eukaryotic, absorbs nutrients obtained by decomposing dead organisms or waste/ detritus (detritivores/ saprobes). Once classified with Plantae. Mushrooms Yeast Bracket Fungi E. Kingdom Plantae - eukaryotic with cell walls of cellulose, multicellular, stationary, autotrophic, producers F. Kingdom Animalia - Multicellular heterotrophs, eukaryotic, no cell walls, and most with highly organized tissue and organ systems. Domain: Bacteria Domain: Archaea Kingdom Eubacteria Archaebacteria Mode of Nutrition Autotroph or heterotroph Autotroph or heterotroph Cell Structures Cell walls with Cell walls w/o peptidoglycan peptidoglycan Domain: Eukarya PROTISTA FUNGI PLANTAE ANIMALIA Autotroph or heterotroph Heterotroph Autotroph Heterotroph Some have Cell Cell walls of Cell walls of walls of chitin cellulose cellulose, some have CW of silica No cell walls How Are Relationships Determined? 1. By Evolutionary History (classification) 2. By Development 3. By Biochemistry 4. By Behavior 5. Cladistic Analysis D. How Are Relationships Determined? 1. By evolutionary history (classification) - common ancestors, studying modern day life-forms and comparing them with fossils (ancestors) *Phylogeny - The evolutionary relationship of a species 2. By development - examining the development stages of animals for similarities to determine their relationships and phylogeny *Ontogeny – the origin and development of a species 3. By Biochemistry - examining composition in DNA & proteins, more sequences in common mean more closely related. DNA analysis is studying “Molecular Clock” 4. By Behavior - noting similarities in behavioral patterns 5. Cladistic Analysis- classifying based of derived characters (appear in recent lineages) *Cladogram AKA Phylogenetic Tree Watch this video Cladogram A derived character Cladogram = Diagram showing how organisms are related based on shared, derived characters such as feathers, hair, or scales Primate Cladogram • It can be helpful to assign letters or symbols to the derived characters in order to draw a clear cladogram Examples of Cladograms