Download Άλλα Ονόματα Τόπος και Χρόνος Γέννησης Τόπος και Χρόνος

IΔΡΥΜA ΜΕΙΖΟΝΟΣ ΕΛΛΗΝΙΣΜΟΥ
Συγγραφή :
Ζάχος Γεώργιος
Νάκας Ιωάννης
(23/12/2007)
Ζάχος Γεώργιος , "Brutus Junius, the Caesar-Slayer", 2007,
Εγκυκλοπαίδεια Μείζονος Ελληνισμού, Μ. Ασία
URL: <http://www.ehw.gr/l.aspx?id=7468>
Μετάφραση :
Για παραπομπή :
Περίληψη :
Brutus is known in history from the murder of Julius Caesar. But he was also a political figure which left its mark in Asia Minor as a treasurer but
also as a governor.
Άλλα Ονόματα
Marcus Junius (or Quintus Caepio) Brutus
Τόπος και Χρόνος Γέννησης
85 B.C.-Rome (?)
Τόπος και Χρόνος Θανάτου
23rd October 42 B.C.-Philippoi
Κύρια Ιδιότητα
Governor of Macedonia, Illyria and Orient
1. Family
Marcus Junius (or Quintus Caepio) Brutus was born probably in Rome in 85 B.C. His family was one of the oldest in Rome,
connected to the establishment of the Roman republic, with many of its members becoming consuls during the following years.1 His
father was Marcus Junius Brutus, a decurion (members of the town councils in the Roman municipalities) in 83 B.C. and his
mother was Servilia, who apparently had a love affair with Julius Caesar. It is said that the offspring of these relationships was Brutus.
His father was executed by Pompey in 77 B.C., because he had participated in the Lepidus plot and his mother was married for a
second time. Brutus was adopted by his uncle K. Servilius Caepio, from whom he took his second name.
2. Education
Probably under the influence of his second uncle, the philosopher and poet Cato, he acquired a Greek and a Latin education. He
studied Latin and Greek grammar, as well as dramatic and epic poetry in Rome with Staverius Erotas, a Greek freedman. He
concluded his rhetoric studies in Athens with Parmenes, one of the scholars of Demosthenes, and at Rhodes. In Athens he became
familiar with the peripatetic, epicurean and stoic philosophy, and attended the lessons of Aristos, then director of the Academy, with
great zeal. His housemate in Athens was a certain Eupylos, an orator who wrote a book, now lost, which was named Brutus and
referred to Caesar’s assassination.2
3. Activity
Brutus accompanies his uncle Cato in Cyprus in 58 B.C. and they literally become the patrons of the whole island.3 Two years later
he lends to the inhabitants of the Cypriot city of Salamis an important amount of money under the enormous interest of 48%,
bypassing the law (lex Gabinia)4 which forbade loaning to the inhabitants of the provinces with the help of his friends in Rome. 5 He
returns to Rome and becomes, probably in 54 B.C., one of the three directors of the city’s mint.6 In 53 B.C. he follows as a
treasurer his father-in-law Appius Claudius Pulcher (he had married his daughter Claudia), when the former is appointed governor of
the province of Cilicia. From this position he lends a large amount of money to Ariobarzanes III, the young king of Cappadocia, in
order to pay off his previous loan to Pompey. He entrusted the collection of these loans to his representatives, whom his father-in-law
appointed commanders in various army corps. A certain M. Scaptius became violent towards the Salaminians, who required an
audience in Ephesus by Cicero, who replaced, in 51 B.C., Pulcher as a governor of Cilicia, where Cyprus belonged. Cicero finally, in
a meeting of all parts in Tarsus, removed the command of the military corps by Scaptius, although he made sure that the money was
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IΔΡΥΜA ΜΕΙΖΟΝΟΣ ΕΛΛΗΝΙΣΜΟΥ
Συγγραφή :
Ζάχος Γεώργιος
Νάκας Ιωάννης
(23/12/2007)
Ζάχος Γεώργιος , "Brutus Junius, the Caesar-Slayer", 2007,
Εγκυκλοπαίδεια Μείζονος Ελληνισμού, Μ. Ασία
URL: <http://www.ehw.gr/l.aspx?id=7468>
Μετάφραση :
Για παραπομπή :
paid.7 He did the same with Ariobarzanes’ debt, appointing two of Brutus’ people, M. Scaptius (not the same person with the
previous one) and L. Gabinus as military commanders, with the tern that they would limit themselves in Cappadocia, which did not
belong to his dominion.8
During the civil war between Caesar and Pompey, Brutus sided with the second and was initially sent to Cilicia. He participated in
operations in Macedonia, where he wrote a Summary of Polyvius’ Histories, and later in the battle of Pharsalus in 48 B.C.
However, Caesar did not turn against him after his victory, maybe due to the influence of Servilia. He followed Caesar in Asia Minor
in 48/47 B.C. and he delivered a speech in the summer of 47 B.C. in Nice of Bithynia, mediating in favour of Deiotarus I, ruler of
Armenia Minor and of the tetrarchy of Galatia, who had sided up with Pompey a year earlier.9 Finally, Deiotarus I did not lose his
throne, but his dominion was limited, since the area of Armenia Minor which bordered Cappadocia was ceded to Ariobarzanes III,
Brutus’ second debtor.
In this period of his presence in the Province of Asia he must have written his work De virtute, which he sent to Titus Pomponius the
Atticus and to Cicero. A reply to this work was obviously the rhetoric speech Brutus, which Cicero wrote in the beginning of the
year 46 B.C. Asia Minor was, however, away from the centre of action, Rome. Thus, Brutus pursued and gained the position which
his father held earlier, the governor of Cisalpine Gaul in 46 B.C.
Approximately in that period he divorced Claudia and married Porcia, daughter of Cato, who was executed by Caesar in these
years.10 Oddly enough, the trust of Caesar towards Brutus remained unchanged and in 44 B.C. he made him praetor urbanus of
Rome. Having acquired the influence he needed, he organized, along with Gaius Cassius Logginus the conspiracy which led to the
death of Julius Caesar on 15th March 44 B.C. A few months later, in August 44 B.C., he was appointed the governor of Crete, in an
effort of his opponents to get him out of the game. Brutus, however, reached Athens and started preparing his response.
In Athens he was welcomed with enthusiasm;11 he attended the lessons of Theomnestos of the Academy and of the peripatetic
Crispus of Pergamon. Meanwhile he started organizing his troops.12 He took control of Macedonia and forced the brother of Marcus
Antonius Gaius to surrender along with all his troops in Apollonia of Illyria.
Meanwhile, in Asia Minor two of the other conspirators, Gaius Trebonius and Lucius Tullius Cimber, governors of the provinces of
Asia and Bithynia, had started gathering money to equip Brutus and Cassius.13 Many inhabitants of Asia Minor who belonged to the
opposite camp were then deprived of their fortune, like Caesar’s friend Theopompus of Cnidus, who had to seek refuge to
Alexandria.14 This money was transported to Greece from the treasurer of the province of Asia Marcus Appulejus.15
The flow of money was interrupted by the arrival in Asia Minor of Puplius Cornelius Dalobella in June 43 B.C., who was appointed
governor of Syria and, as he was travelling from Rome to Syria, he murdered treacherously Gaius Trebonius in Smyrna, took the
money the former was gathering and imposed heavy taxes to the cities. Under the pressure of the Philippian speeches, which Cicero
started delivering from the 2nd September 44 B.C. against Marcus Antonius, the senate recognized in the beginning of February the
authority of Brutus in Macedonia and Illyria.16
When he heard of the formation of the third triumvirate (Octavian, Marcus Antonius, Lepidus) and the condemnation of him and the
other conspirator to death on 27th November 43 B.C., Brutus crossed the Hellespont. Reaching Asia Minor he began to occupy
himself with the cases of cities17 and to grant audiences to the local rulers, whereas he continued to gather money and troops. He also
called Cassius, who was now in command of Syria and Cilicia, to come to meet him in Smyrna. There they decided to campaign
together, Cassius against the Rhodians and Brutus against the Lycians, who refused to offer him money and troops or fleet.
The Lycians, urged by a certain Naucratis, occupied some hills in an effort to close the passages for Brutus. The former sent against
them a unit of infantry which slaughtered 600 people. He continued by occupying the small cities and villages, leaving their inhabitants
free though. All the other cities (e.g. Patara, Myra) apparently surrendered, apart from Xanthos, where everyone still resisting Brutus
was blocked; Brutus started besieging the city. The Lycians attempted to escape through the river which flowed next to city, but were
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Συγγραφή :
Ζάχος Γεώργιος
Νάκας Ιωάννης
(23/12/2007)
Ζάχος Γεώργιος , "Brutus Junius, the Caesar-Slayer", 2007,
Εγκυκλοπαίδεια Μείζονος Ελληνισμού, Μ. Ασία
URL: <http://www.ehw.gr/l.aspx?id=7468>
Μετάφραση :
Για παραπομπή :
caught in nets with little bells hanging on them which were placed there by Brutus’ men. Their next attempt was to set fire to the siege
engines of the Romans, but the wind turned the fires towards the city. Brutus ordered his men to help put out the fire, the Lycians,
however, -men, women, children and slaves- not only attacked them, but took the fire inside the city, resulting in a total catastrophe.
They also proceeded in a massive suicide. It is said that Brutus set an award for everyone who would save any inhabitant. At the end,
150 were saved.18
Having gained control over the whole Asia Minor and the adjacent areas, either via their own troops either via commanders who had
taken part in the conspiracy against Caesar, or through puppet kings, the two friends were declared emperors by the troops at
Sardeis. Plutarch reports in the Life of Brutus that, in order to prevent any hidden thought to come between them, they closed
themselves in a building and started uttering every accusation they hid in them for each other, resulting in a heavy atmosphere between
them, which was dispersed by Cato’s lover Pheonius.
As witnessed through ancient sources, but mainly through a series of letters a certain Mithridates collected which he considered
belonged to Brutus,19 the former tried, during his stay in Asia Minor, to obtain as much equipment, men and mainly money he could.
In this correspondence the discontent of the cities which shortly before were forced to help Dolabella, a help which Brutus had used
as an argument against them, as well as Xanthos’ example, is clear. Thus Patara,20 Myra and other cities of Lycia which are not
mentioned, offered money, as well as Pergamon and Tralleis.21 The Bithynians undertook the construction of 200 warships and 50
transport ships and provide also the crews and their food, and later they offered money too.22 He also asked Kos for ships, whereas
a large part of his fleet came from Lesbos, Macedonia and Phoenicia. Miletus was called to offer weapons, money and men, whereas
Cyzicus had to ship Brutus’ munitions through the Hellespont, taking as an exchange the island of Proconnesus and the exploitation of
its quarries. He must have asked Samos too for help of unknown kind though. It is also reported that they demanded the collection of
money which were equal to the taxes of 10 years, forcing the inhabitants of Asia Minor and Syria to sell ever their jewellery. It is
estimated that more than 25,000 talents (=150,000,000 denarii) were absorbed by Brutus and Cassius from Asia Minor and Syria23
and equipped an army of 100,000 men which crossed the Hellespont in the summer of 42 B.C. On 23rd October 42 B.C.24 they
clashed with Octavian and Marcus Antonius and were defeated at Phillipoi, near Cavala. Brutus, in order not to become a prisoner of
his enemies, wanted to commit suicide, but none of his companions accepted to help him. Finally, he fell on a sword held by Straton,
with whom they had studied rhetoric together. Antonius, when he found the body of Brutus, wrapped it in purple cloth and gave it to
his mother.
4. Brutus of the contradictions
One might seek opportunism behind the actions of a person who fought vigorously next to his father’s murdered (Pompeius) against
someone who his mother loved excessively (Caesar), abandoned the first when he was defeated and served the second only to kill
him later. Could all this have been nothing more than his failed attempt to reconcile his soul with his ambitions and them with his liberal
family tradition? His faith in the Roman republic and his Greek education did not though prevent him from circumventing the laws of
the senate and use violence to gain money (Cyprus, Cilicia-Cappadocia) and later -along with Cassius- to steal the riches of Asia
Minor and Syria, in order to face his adversaries. Of course he was not the first Roman dignitary who saw Asia Minor as a source of
wealth. This discrepancy of his character is the cause of the different treatment by his contemporaries and by later scholars, with the
difference that, apart from Plutarch and Cicero, all of them based their judgment, almost always connecting him with Cassius, from
the events of 15th March 44 B.C.
Thus, Brutus found his best, though not his most objective, supporter in Cicero, whereas during the Augustan era (31 B.C.-14 A.D.)
there was no formal attempt of a damnatio memoriae of the murderers of the tyrant. Tiberius (14-37) and Nero (54-68) were less
tolerate towards them, and in the following period Titinius Capitus, a friend of Pliny the Younger and an admirer of Cassius and
Brutus, maintained his position next to the emperors Domitian (81-96), Nerva (96-98) and Trajan (98-117). The imperial historians
Velleius Paterculus, Dio Cassius and Appian condemn them; Seneca notes the decisiveness of their action according to his stoic
education, whereas Plutarch, though he opposed the assassination, he is rather positive towards Brutus as a person. It is noteworthy
finally that the philosopher and emperor Marcus Aurelius (161-180) expresses his gratitude for these people for formulated his
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Συγγραφή :
Ζάχος Γεώργιος
Νάκας Ιωάννης
(23/12/2007)
Ζάχος Γεώργιος , "Brutus Junius, the Caesar-Slayer", 2007,
Εγκυκλοπαίδεια Μείζονος Ελληνισμού, Μ. Ασία
URL: <http://www.ehw.gr/l.aspx?id=7468>
Μετάφραση :
Για παραπομπή :
political ideas.
Later bibliography faced him as a symbol. Thomas Aquinas in his early works takes the side of the assassins of the tyrant, only to
condemn them later. Dante places him –as well as Cassius- along with Judas Iscariot, whereas his work is considered of the highest
value by Boccaccio and Petrarch. He is seen in a romantic way by Shakespeare and as a hero in the time of the American and the
French Revolution. Contrary to that, the Anglo-Saxon and Prussian historiography of the 18th and 19th century would only stand
against them, to reach their de-symbolization today.25
1. According to the tradition, a certain Lucius Junius Brutus deposed his grandfather, the king Tarquin the Proud during his absence, and was
elected, along with a certain Calatinus, as the first consuls of Rome (509 B.C.), Liv. 2.2.
2. It is also reported that he had philosophical discussions with Pheonius, Cato’s lover, the epicurean Statilius and his later commander-in-chief
Labeon. The two last ones would be killed in the battle of Philippoi.
3. Cic. Att. 6.1.5; Fam. 15.4.15; Fin. 6.56.
4. Laws of the senate concerning Asia Minor.
5. Cic. Att. 5.21.1.
6. It this period the coins where on one side his ancestors from his mother’s side Lucius Brutus and Servilius Ahala, who were both killers of tyrants.
Crawford, M.H., Roman Republican Coinage (Cambridge 1974), no. 455-456.
7. Cic. Att. 5.21.10-13, 6.1.5-7, 6.2.7-9 and 6.3.5. Along with Scaptius in Salamis there was a certain P. Matinius.
8. Cic. Att. 6.1.4 and 6.3.5-6.
9. Cic. Brut. 21, Tac. Dial. 21.
10. Porcia was constantly and frantically in love with Brutus. She died either of an incurable disease, either by swallowing hot coals when Brutus left
for the Orient, that is after the August of 44 BC (cf. Cic. Brut. 1.9 and Plut. Brut. 53.5-7). Another tradition which was created during the time of
Augustus sustains she murdered with the same manner when she learned of her husband death (V. Max. 4.6.5· Mart. 1.42; Appian. Bell. Civ. 4.136; Dio
C. 47.49; Plut. Brut. 53.5-7). Bibulus, her son from her previous wedding with Marcus Calpurnius Bibulus, documented the memoirs of Brutus
(Plut. Brut. 13.2).
11. Dio Cassius (47.20) reports that the Athenians erected a statue to honour him and Cassius next to the statues of Armodios and Aristogeiton, the
tyrant killers of Athens.
12. Plutarh reports (Brut. 25) that he took many young Romans who were studying in Athens in his side, amongst them the son of Cicero, he
gathered Pompeius’ soldiers who had dispersed in Thessaly after his defeat at Pharsalus (48 B.C), appropriated the weapons which were at Demetrias
(near Volos) for the Partian campaign Caesar never made, whereas he also received 500 men with horses which were to be given to Dalobella.
13. Appian. Bell. Civ. 3.2; Plut. Brut. 19.2.
14. Cic. Phil. 13.33.
15. It is reported he carried 500,000 drachmas to Carystos in Euboea, when Brutus was in Athens [Plut. Brut. 24.3-4 and 25.1, for the correction of his
name from Antistius to Appulejus see Plutarch, Lives, Brutus, ed. B. Perrin, in Plutarch’s Lives, vol. VI (Loeb, London - New York 1962), comments
by passage], and 16,000 talents more, probably to Macedonia (Appian. Bell. Civ. 3.63 and 4.75. Cf. also Cic. Phil. 10.11 and IBM 547).
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Συγγραφή :
Ζάχος Γεώργιος
Νάκας Ιωάννης
(23/12/2007)
Ζάχος Γεώργιος , "Brutus Junius, the Caesar-Slayer", 2007,
Εγκυκλοπαίδεια Μείζονος Ελληνισμού, Μ. Ασία
URL: <http://www.ehw.gr/l.aspx?id=7468>
Μετάφραση :
Για παραπομπή :
16. Cic. Phil. 10.11 abd 10.25.6; Velleius Paterculus 2.62.2. The information of Flor. 2.17.4 and Appian. Bell. Civ. 3.2.7-8 and 24, 4.57, that Brutus and
Cassius were appointed governors in Macedonia and Syria right after Caesar’s death, authorities taken from them by Antonius and Dolabella, are
considered inaccurate.
17. A quarrel between the Italian Rupilius Rex and the local Persius Hybridas at Clazomenae (Hor. Sat. 1.7).
18. Maybe with this occasion he minted coins portraying Apollo on one side and a trophy with prisoners on the other, Crawford, M.H., Roman
Republican Coinage (Cambridge 1974), tab. LXI, no. 8 (503/1). It also seems that he made battles in the sea, which are not though mentioned, since he
minted coins with the personification of Liberty on one side (Libertas) and a ship’s figure hear with an anchor on the other, Crawford, M.H., op.cit.,
tab. LXI, no. 15 (506/3). This could of course have been minted Cassius’ victories against the Rhodian fleet, though there are also coins of the former,
celebrating this victory
19. For the authenticity or not of the letters see Magie, D., Roman Rule in Asia Minor to the End of the Third Century after Christ (Princeton 1950)
p.1274, n. 54.
20. Cf. also Appian. Bell. Civ. 4.71-81
21. The execution of this order was undertaken by his friend Menodorus.
22. For this he sent his friend Akylas, the Bithynians were, however, late, due, according to them, to the harsh winter of 43/42 B.C.
23. Apparently they were Roman dignitaries who exploited this situation, such as Lucius Ocella, who was accused from the inhabitants of Sardeis for
theft and was punished by Brutus, whereas two friends of Cassius committed similar mischief see Plut. Brut. 35.
24. From this period come the coins with the head of Libertas (a personalization of Liberty), as well as those with the inscription EID MAR, which
refer to the roman fest of March, during which the assassination of Caesar took place, Crawford, M.H., Roman Republican Coinage (Cambridge 1974),
tab. LXI, no. 19 (508/3).
25. A more analytical discussion of this issue in Clarke, M.L., The Noblest Roman. Marcus Brutus and His Reputation (London 1981) p. 79 ff.
Βιβλιογραφία :
Magie D., Roman Rule in Asia Minor to the end of the 3rd century AD, Princeton 1950
Broughton T.R.S., "Roman Asia Minor, Communications", Frank, T., An Economic Survey of Ancient
Rome v.4, New Jersey 1959, 857-868
Kniely E.M., Quellenkritische Studien zur Tätigkeit des M. Brutus im Osten 44-42 v.Chr., Graz 1974
Clarke M.L., The Noblest Roman. Marcus Brutus and His Reputation, London 1981
Gerutti S., "Brutus, Cyprus and the coinage of 55 B.C.", AmJNum, 5-6, 1993-1994, 69-87
Hollstein W., "Apollo und libertas in der Münzprägung des Brutus und Cassius", JNG, 44, 1994, 113-133
Huss W., "Die menschlichen und politischen Beziehungen zwischen Brutus und Cassius", Würzbjb, 3 , 1977,
115-125
Badian E., "Iunius Brutus Marcus", S. Hornblower and A. Spawforth (eds), OCD, 3, Oxford 1996, OCD,
788
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Συγγραφή :
Ζάχος Γεώργιος
Νάκας Ιωάννης
(23/12/2007)
Ζάχος Γεώργιος , "Brutus Junius, the Caesar-Slayer", 2007,
Εγκυκλοπαίδεια Μείζονος Ελληνισμού, Μ. Ασία
URL: <http://www.ehw.gr/l.aspx?id=7468>
Μετάφραση :
Για παραπομπή :
Porte P., "La perle de Servilia. Note sur la naissance de Marcus Junius Brutus", REA, 96, 1994, 465-484
Raubitschek A.E., "Brutus in Athens", Phoenix, 11, 1957, 1-11
Rawson E., "Cassius and Brutus. The Memory of the Liberators", Moxon, I.S. (ed.), Past Perspectives.
Studies in Greek and Roman Historical Writing. Papers presented at a conference in Leeds 6-8 April
1983, Cambridge 1986, 101-119
Gelzer M., "M. Iunius Brutus (53)", RE 9. 2, 1917, 973-1020
Girardet K.M., "Die Rechtsstellung der Caesarattentäter Brutus und Cassius in den Jahren 44-42 v. Chr.",
Chiron, 23, 1993, 207-232
Charlesworth M.P., "The avenging of Caesar", CAH Χ, CAH , 1-25
Rawson E., "Caesar: Civil war and dictatorship", CAH IX, 2 , CAH, 424-490
Richardson J., "The administration of the Empire", CAH IX, 2, CAH, 593-594
Griffin M., "The intellectual developments of the Ciceronian Age", CAH IX, 2, CAH
Δικτυογραφία :
Marcus Brutus
http://www.4literature.net/Plutarch/Marcus_Brutus/
Silver denarius of Marcus Junius Brutus
http://www.thebritishmuseum.ac.uk/explore/highlights/highlight_objects/cm/s/silver_denarius_of_marcus_juni.aspx
Γλωσσάριo :
consul, -lis
An official of the Roman state. In the period of the Republic, it was the highest military and political office: two consuls were elected each year. The
consular office survived into the Imperial period (and further into the early Byzantine period), becoming a honorary post.
damnatio memoriae
The official condemnation of the memory of a Roman emperor. They had their names erased from the public buildings, monumets and inscriptions and their statues reworked.
denarius
Roman silver coin equal to two silver attic drachmas
freedman, the
a slave that was set free.
praetor urbanus or praetor urbis
Roman magistrate responsible for the city jurisdictions, the various courts and legal differences among the citizens.
senate, the
The top political body of the Roman state. During the early Republic, it was represented by the council of the consuls, the top archons of the roman
state. Later on, its power and responisibilities increased. As a result, it became the main governmental body of Rome. However, during the Imperial
period, the responsibilities of the senate were restricted.
talent, the
Numismatic weight unit. The silver talent equaled 60 mnai or 6000 silver drachmas.
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IΔΡΥΜA ΜΕΙΖΟΝΟΣ ΕΛΛΗΝΙΣΜΟΥ
Συγγραφή :
Ζάχος Γεώργιος
Νάκας Ιωάννης
(23/12/2007)
Ζάχος Γεώργιος , "Brutus Junius, the Caesar-Slayer", 2007,
Εγκυκλοπαίδεια Μείζονος Ελληνισμού, Μ. Ασία
URL: <http://www.ehw.gr/l.aspx?id=7468>
Μετάφραση :
Για παραπομπή :
Πηγές
Appianus Bellum Civile 3.2.7‑8, 4.71‑81, 4.136, 24, 4.573.2. Cassius Dio 47.49.
Cicero Brutus
Cicero De Finibus Bonorum et Malorum 6.56.
Cicero Epistulae ad Atticum 5.21.1, 5.21.10‑13, 6.1.4, 6.1.5‑7, 6.2.7‑9, 6.3.5‑6.
Cicero Epistulae ad Familiares 15.4.15.
Cicero Philippicae 10.11 , 10.25.6, 13.33. Horatius Satirae 1.7.
Livius 2.2.
Plutarch Brutus
Tacitus Dialogus de Oratoribus 21
Velleius Paterculus 2.62.2.
Χρονολόγιο
85 B.C.: Birth of J. Brutus in Rome
77 B.C.: J. Brutus’ father execution by Pompeius. 58 B.C.-56 B.C.: He accompanies his uncle Cato in Cyprus in 58 B.C. Two years later he lends to the inhabitants of the city of Salamis an important amount of money under an enormous interest. 54 B.C.: He becomes one of the three directors of the Rome’s mint. 53-51 B.C.: Treasurer of the province of Cilicia. He lends a large amount of money to Ariobarzanes III. 51-50 B.C: Cicero, governor of the province of Cilicia and friend of J. Brutus, makes sure that the money of Brutus’ loans was paid. 48 B.C.: During the civil war between Caesar and Pompeius Brutus sided with the second and was initially sent to Cilicia. He participated in operations in Macedonia where he wrote a Summary of Polyvius’ Histories and in the battle of Pharsalus where Pompeius was beaten. 48/47 B.C.: J. Brutus follows Caesar in Asia Minor.
Summer 47 B.C.: He delivers a speech in Nice of Bithynia mediating in favour of Deiotarus I. 47 B.C.: During his presence in the Province of Asia he composed De virtute (Mytilene?). 46-45 B.C: Governor of Cisalpine Gaul. Δημιουργήθηκε στις 7/5/2017
Σελίδα 7/8
IΔΡΥΜA ΜΕΙΖΟΝΟΣ ΕΛΛΗΝΙΣΜΟΥ
Συγγραφή :
Ζάχος Γεώργιος
Νάκας Ιωάννης
(23/12/2007)
Ζάχος Γεώργιος , "Brutus Junius, the Caesar-Slayer", 2007,
Εγκυκλοπαίδεια Μείζονος Ελληνισμού, Μ. Ασία
URL: <http://www.ehw.gr/l.aspx?id=7468>
Μετάφραση :
Για παραπομπή :
44 B.C: Praetor urbanus of Rome. 15 March 44 B.C.: He organizes, along with Gaius Cassius Logginus the conspiracy which led to the death of Julius Caesar. August 44 B.C.: He is appointed the governor of Crete, but he settles in Athens. Automn, December 44 B.C.: J. Brutus takes control of Macedonia and forced the brother of Marcus Antonius Gaius to surrender along with all his troops in Apollonia of Illyria. February 43 B.C.: The Senate recognizes the authority of Brutus in Macedonia and Illyria. 27 November 43 B.C.: When he heard of the formation of the third triumvirate (Octavian, Marcus Antonius, Lepidus) and the condemnation of him and the other conspirator to death on 27th November 43 B.C., Brutus crosses the Hellespont and settles in Asia Minor. Automn 43 B.C.-Summer 42 B.C.: Cassius against the Rhodians and Brutus against the Lycians. Summer 42 B.C.: Brutus’ and Cassius’ army crosses the Hellespont. 23 October 42 B.C.: Battle of Phillipoi, death of J. Brutus and Cassius. Βοηθ. Κατάλογοι
Brutus' works
De Virtute: He composed it during his presence in the Province of Asia (47 B.C.) and dedicated it to Cicero (Cic. Tusc. 1.1,5.121). Influenced by the life of M. Marcellus, who supported Pompeius and was expelled to Mytilene by J. Caesar, he claims that virtue is sufficient for a fulfilled life. A reply to this work was obviously the rhetoric speech Brutus, which Cicero wrote in the beginning of the year 46 B.C. Summary of Polyvius’ Histories: Written in 48 B.C. during the civil war between Caesar and Pompeius Brutus. Not preserved (Plut. Brut. 4.4) De Patientia: Not preserved. We know nothing about its’ content. De Officiis: Probably written in greek under the title «περί καθήκοντος». Probably Cicero was based on it in order to compose his work “De Oficiis”. Not preserved (Sen. Ep. 95.45). Mithridatis epistularum Bruti collection: 35 letters that J. Brutus sent to the Bithynia, Cyzicus, Tralleis, Caunus, Patara, Myra, the Lycians, Cos, Samos, Rhodes (43 B.C.) [Hercher, R., Epistolographi Graeci (Paris 1873) pp. 177‑191] Δημιουργήθηκε στις 7/5/2017
Σελίδα 8/8