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Unit 2 Revision PowerPoint
Remember to answer the correct
sections!
Living with Natural Hazards
Investigating Global Tourism
Living with Natural Hazards
TROPICAL
STORMS
What are tropical storms?
There are three types of tropical
storms:
• Hurricanes
• Typhoons
• Cyclones
These are the
different terms used, but
they all mean the same!!
What is a tropical storm?
•
Tropical storms are large areas of low pressure or extreme depressions
•
Depressions bring very wet and windy conditions. Depressions occur all throughout the
year, but are most common around Autumn into Winter. Depressions also bring lots of
clouds with them (try to remember a Depression as a depressingly wet and windy
day!!!)
The opposite to a Depression is an Anti-Cyclone. Anti-cyclones bring calm weather with
clear skies. You can also experience an anti-cyclone all throughout the year. During the
summer months, anti-cyclones bring very hot weather with very little cloud and no rain,
during the winter you usually get clear skies at night which makes it very cold. Usually in
winter you will get lots of frost and fog in the morning as the night brought clear skies.
Brrrrrrrr!!! Anti-Cyclones are also referred to as areas of High Pressure.
On satellite images they are shown up as, swirling masses of cloud, with the eye clearly
visible at the centre
The eye of the storm is where you will find the calm and clear area at the centre of the
tropical storm.
THINK: Why do you think that the eye of the storm may be considered as being
dangerous to people?
•
•
•
•
What is a hurricane?
EXAM TIP
The formation of a tropical
storm could appear in two
types of question; one
involving diagrams and the
other asking for a more
detailed written response.
Make sure that you can
tackle both tasks effectively.
Where can we find tropical storms?
Task: 1. Describe what these images show you
2. Using the photos, can you identify the primary and secondary
effects?
The island of Haiti was greatly
affected by Hurricane Hanna
Images of Haiti, an between the
Caribbean Sea and the Atlantic
Ocean
What is a Storm Surge?
Storm surges: Abnormal rise of the sea along a shore as the result of a storm;
sometimes called a tidal surge
http://www.nhc.noaa.gov/HAW2/english/storm_surge.shtml
A storm surge is...
Storm surge is simply water that is pushed toward the shore by the force of the winds
swirling around the storm.
This advancing surge combines with the normal tides to create the hurricane storm tide.
This rise in water level can cause severe flooding in coastal areas, particularly when the
storm tide coincides with the normal high tides.
The level of surge in a particular area is also determined by the slope of the continental
shelf. A shallow slope off the coast (right, top picture) will allow a greater surge to
inundate coastal communities.
Communities with a steeper continental shelf (right, bottom picture) will not see as much
surge inundation, although large breaking waves can still present major problems.
Storm tides, waves, and currents in confined harbours severely damage ships, marinas,
and pleasure boats.
Reducing the damage from tropical storms
In order to reduce the damage from tropical storms, people are advised to follow
these three steps:
Forecast
Prepare
Act
Forecasting and Preparing for Tropical
Storms
Did you know?!?! Forecasters analyse large amounts of weather data and use complex
computer modelling, but still only have a 20-25% chance of knowing exactly where a
tropical storm will strike 48 hours in advance.
Two large agencies monitor the movement of tropical storms, one is the ‘National
Hurricane Centre’ (Atlantic) and the other is the ‘Joint Typhoon Warning Centre’
(Pacific).
Warnings are issued to places where a tropical storm is likely to strike, but it is difficult
to predict their movement with complete accuracy. WHY?
What & Where are they?
• Wildfires are a major hazard.
• Can spread quickly & burn for a long time!
• Dead plants mean that the fires will spread
CASESTUDY
:
California
–
Mainly
physical
Causes
quickly.
• Santa
Ana Winds
– drive
the Human
Californian
wildfires.
CASESTUDY:
Greece
– Mainly
Causes
• Physical geography (shape) also affects the
spread.
• South facing slopes mean that the sun dries
vegetation.
• Steep slopes encourage the fire.
CAUSES
Natural
Human
• Lightning – Biggest single
cause of wildfires.
• Need the right conditions to
develop as smaller strikes die
out quicker.
• Spontaneous Heating - is the
warming up of material until it
catches fire without a spark
being present.
• Need large amounts of dead
dry plant.
• Volcanic eruptions - with red
hot lava and ash.
• Hot & Dry conditions.
• Accidents – to blame for
starting many wildfires.
• Matches, Campfires,
Cigarettes.
• Broken bottles magnify the
sunlight.
• Slash & burn, can get out of
control.
• Arson is when people set fires
deliberately.
• Others include sparks from
train wheels or machinery,
military, BBQs & Chimneys.
EFFECTS
Primary
• Loss of Life
• Injury
• Destruction of Property &
Possessions
• Burning of Vegetation &
Crops
• Water & Air Pollution
• Health Problems
• Breathing Difficulties
Secondary
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Loss of Jobs & Income
Farm Workers & Businesses
Homelessness
Rebuilding of Properties takes
a long time
Insurance increase
Damage to Economy
Tourism disrupted
Restricted
access
to
recreational areas
Increase risk of soil erosion &
landslides
Increased surface run-off
Loss of habitats
Responses
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Fire-Fighting teams spray them with water & foam.
Aeroplanes & Helicopters can access the area
AIR DROPS
Water & Fire-Retardant chemicals
Large Buckets attached to planes
Fire lines/fire breaks, act as a barrier
Dig trenches or clear areas of ground
Remove dry grasses, bushes, leaves, twigs, which act as
fuel for the fire
• Pulaski – cross between a hoe & an axe
• Backfire – controlled burning in the path of the fire.
Preventing & Preparing
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Volunteer groups – remove leaves
Controlled burning
EDUCATION! Enhances public awareness
The Smokey Bear campaign
Advice on burning debris
Reducing the risk of sparks
Posters, leaflets, advertisements,
DVD’s sent to schools
Evacuation plans
GIS technologies
Prediction (more to come)
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Changes to wildfire intensity (severity of burning)
Increase in areas experiencing them
Increase in wildfire season
High amount of wildfires coincide with above-average
temperature and early snowmelt
Some scientists believe that climate change, due to global
warming, mean that wildfires will continue to increase
They also believe that areas that don’t currently
experience wildfires will do soon
In areas where they are common they will burn for longer,
and be more intense
These will release stored CO2 into the atmosphere, further
contributing to global warming.
Other Beliefs
• Some believe that periods of increased
wildfires are part of a natural cycle
• Higher temperatures & lower rainfall
• Detailed studies of wildfires across the globe
to see if changes are permanent
• Cost of damage is increasing
• Especially in MEDCs
INSIDE THE EARTH
• There are four main layers of Earth
• The inner core is a solid. It is five
times more dense than surface rocks.
• The outer core is a liquid.
• The mantle is a semi liquid,
containing low-density material, and
is about 2,900 km thick.
• The crust is a solid and is divided into
two main types: oceanic crust and
continental crust.
The crust
•
The depth of the crust varies between
6 km and 64 km.
•
Continental crust is mostly formed of
granite.
•
Continental crust is less dense than
the oceanic crust.
•
Because it is denser the oceanic crust
plunges beneath the continental one
when they come together.
The crust is solid and
varies in size between
about 6 to 64km (4 to
40 miles) thick
The mantle is semi
liquid at the top solid
near the bottom. And
is 2,900km (1,800
miles) thick
The outer core is a
liquid, 2,000 km
(1,240 miles) thick
The inner core is a
solid, 2,740km (1,700
miles) thick
Task: Draw an annotated diagram of a cross
section through the earth.
Continental Drift
As early as 1620 Francis Bacon noted the jigsaw-like
‘fit’ of the continents
In 1912 Wegener put forward the theory of
continental drift
He proposed that a ‘super continent’ called Pangea
split into Gondwanaland and Laurasia, separated by
the Tethys Sea
Source; USGS
What was his evidence?
Geology – Geological correspondence between continents, e.g. the Appalachian
Mountains of the USA and the mountains of NW Europe
Climatology - Evidence of glaciation in Brazil and India. Coal, sandstone and limestone
would not have formed in Britain’s present climate
Biology - Evidence of same fossils from each side of Atlantic Ocean, e.g. Mesosaurus
fossils found only in Brazil and South Africa
THE WORLD’S MAIN PLATE
BOUNDARIES
2
5
5
5
3
Complet
e
workshe
et and
stick in
your
3
books.
2
5
17
10
3
2
5
7
18
1
7
18
4
1
3
2
key
Plates
Earthquake foci
Constructive margin
Collision zone
Destructive zones
Movement of plates
Uncertain plate boundary
A Adriatic
B Aegean
C Turkish
D Juan de Fuca
E Cocos
6 Rate of movement
(cm per year)
2
TYPES OF PLATE BOUNDARY
Task: Using these slides and page 64 and page 65 of the text
book draw annotated diagrams of each plate boundary.
1 Constructive margins
(spreading or divergent plates)
Processes
•
Two plates move apart from each
other.
•
New oceanic crust is formed,
creating mid ocean ridges.
•
Volcanic activity is common.
•
Mid Atlantic Ridge (Europe is
moving away from North America).
Divergent margin
Plate 1
2 Destructive margin
(subduction zone)
Processes
• The oceanic crust moves towards
the continental crust and sinks
beneath it due to its greater
density.
• Deep sea trenches and island
arcs are formed.
• Volcanic activity is common.
• Example: Nazca sinks under the
South American plate.
Convergent margin (subduction)
Plate 1
Plate 2
Oceanic crust
Mid-ocean ridge
Rift valley
Oceanic trench
Oceanic crust
Lithosphere
Asthenosphere
Asthenosphere
Plate 2
Continental crust
Iceland
Iceland lies on the plate boundary between the North American and the Eurasian
plates. The Island has been created by the divergent plate movement. The photo
shows Thingvellir – to the right is the Eurasian plate, and to the left is the North
American plate
Plates pulling
apart
TYPES OF PLATE BOUNDARY
(CONTINUED)
3 Collision zones
Processes
• Two continental crusts collide.
• As neither can sink they are
folded up into fold mountains.
• Example: The Indian plate
collided with the Eurasian plate to
form the Himalayas.
Convergent margin (collision)
4 Conservative margins (passive
margins or transform plates)
Processes
• Two plates move sideways past
each other but land is neither
destroyed nor created.
• Example: San Andreas fault in
California.
Transform fault margin
Plate 1
Plate 1
Transform fault
Continental crust
Lithosphere
Lithosphere
Asthenosphere
Plate 2
Plate 2
Asthenosphere
Continental crust
Tectonic hazards: earthquakes
An earthquake is the shaking of the ground due to a sudden release of energy. What
causes this to happen?
It occurs because there is a fracture (break) or sudden movement in the Earth’s crust. This
usually happens because the plates that make up the Earth’s crust are moving.
Seismic waves spread out from the focus
The further the waves
travel the more energy
they lose and the less
damage they are likely to
do
The epicentre is the place on the surface, directly above the
focus, where the earthquake waves are first felt
The focus is the
place where the
fracture or
break in actually
happens inside
the crust
Task: Draw an
annotated
diagram which
Varying impacts
Why does the damage from an earthquake vary substantially
from one location to another?
The extent of earthquake damage is influenced by:
• Magnitude
• The time of the day it strikes
• The structural materials of the buildings
• The duration of the earthquake
• The depth of the focus and distance from epicentre
• The nature of the underlying material (rock or unconsolidated sediment)
• The population (total and density) of the area
• The level of economic development / disaster response
• The vulnerability of the population
• Secondary hazards such as fires, landslides and tsunami.
• The occurrence of aftershocks
• Other factors may hinder rescue and response efforts, e.g. conflicts, terrain,
weather
• Human alterations to the natural environment
How does where you live affect
the impact of an Earthquake?
IMPACTS
LEDC
MEDC
Deaths
Likely to be high, thousands
Probably fairly low
Injuries
Many, lots from aftershocks
and people trying to rescue
others
Lower number due to good
rescue services and
education of people
Damage
Extensive, especially to
buildings e.g. housing and
infrastructure
Structures more likely to be
‘earthquake proof’ and be
better built
Homelessness
Potentially a long term
problem. Thousands due to
poorly built slum areas
Quite low as people are more
likely to be insured, so be
able to rebuild
Cost
Not too high, but more of a
problem in an LEDC. More
likely to need aid
Very high due to greater
amount of possessions, and
insurance claims
Measuring the magnitude of
earthquakes
Each level
goes up by a
magnitude
of 10.
COPING WITH EARTHQUAKES
People cope with hazards in a number of ways.
• At an individual level three important factors affect how a person copes:
• Experience: people with more experience of hazards are better able to
adjust to them.
• Levels of wealth: people with more money have more choices open to them.
• Personality: is the person a leader or a follower, a risk-taker or very cautious?
The three basic options from which they can choose are:
• to do nothing and accept the hazard.
• to adjust to living in a hazardous environment.
• to leave the area.
The first and last options are the most extreme actions.
In most cases, the middle option is used.
How people adjust to the hazard depends on:
• the type of hazard.
• the risk (probability) of the hazard - several factors influence how people view the risk.
• the likely cost (loss) caused by the hazard.
Ways of managing the consequences of a hazard include:
• sharing the cost of loss, through insurance or disaster relief.
• modifying the hazard event, through building design, building location and emergency
procedures.
• improved forecasting and warning.
METHOD
EXPLANATION
Rubber block building:
The house is built on rubber blocks which absorb the movement
in the ground. They separate the house from the ground.
Building held with wire:
The building is supported at the top with soft wires that run
deep into the ground. This stops the top of the building shaking
so it all moves in one go.
LEDC wall:
This is a method of strengthening walls, used in LEDC’s. The
barbs on the wire stick into the wood and hold it firmly.
LEDC ‘I’ bar:
These are used in LEDC’s. They are heavily welded strong steel
bars used to support buildings. The problem with these is that
small earthquakes and tremors cause micro fractures in the
steel, which weakens them for when a big earthquake strikes.
Dome shaped building:
The dome is a very safe shape for buildings but it costs a lot and
there is a lot of wasted space.
Houses spread apart:
Houses in LEDC’s need to be a good space apart so that if an
earthquake strikes, it does not produce a ‘domino’ effect.
Chinese house:
This house is not directly attached to the floor but if it is built
around a bamboo pole, which is in the ground, when an
earthquake strikes, the house will simply move around the pole,
instead of moving away.
Computerised weight:
The computerised weight on the building moves to the opposite
side of the building shifts. This will balance the weight, keeping
the top of the building straight, to stop it from wobbling.
Cross bracing:
Cross bracing is used in LEDC’s. The wall is strengthened at
each corner to prevent it from collapsing.
Legs on the house:
This method is sometimes used to separate the house from the
ground.
LEDC house:
In LEDC’s, houses are safest if they are made of light weight
materials, such as wood and corrugated iron. The lower the
building, the safer it is.
Volcanoes Warm Up
• The plate boundary which causes the most
volcanoes.
Processes
•The
oceanic
crust
moves
towards
the
continental crust and
sinks beneath it due to
its greater density.
•Deep sea trenches and
island arcs are formed.
•Volcanic
activity
is
common.
•Example: Nazca sinks
under
the
South
American plate.
Destructive margin (subduction)
Plate 2
Plate 1
Oceanic trench
Oceanic
crust
Asthenosphere
Continental
crust
Inside the Volcano
• The magma chamber is a collection of magma
inside the Earth, below the volcano.
• The main vent is the main outlet for the magma to
escape.
• Secondary vents are smaller outlets through which
magma escapes.
• The crater is created after an eruption blows the
top off the volcano.
• An eruption occurs when pressure in the magma
chamber forces magma up the main vent, towards
the crater at the top of the volcano. Some magma
will also be forced out of the secondary vent at the
side of the volcano.
Causes
• Volcanoes form when magma reaches the
Earth's surface, causing eruptions of lava and
ash. They occur at destructive and
constructive plate boundaries
• The immediate effects of volcanic eruptions
can be devastating, but they may be beneficial
in the long term
How They Form
• Magma rises through cracks or weaknesses in the
Earth's crust.
• Pressure builds up inside the Earth.
• When this pressure is released, eg as a result of
plate movement, magma explodes to the surface
causing a volcanic eruption.
• The lava from the eruption cools to form new
crust.
• Over time, after several eruptions, the rock builds
up and a volcano forms
EFFECTS
Primary
•
•
•
•
Destroyed by fire
Explosions
Weight of ash
Crops/Livestock destroyed
Secondary
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Mudflows
Changes in landscape/climate
Food/water supply
Homelessness
Businesses Close
Insurance Claims
Unemployment
Premiums increase
Tourism depleted
Why Live Near A Volcano
•
•
•
•
•
Geothermal Energy
Tourism
Fertile Soils
Mineral Extraction
Raw Materials
• Would you live near a volcano?
Complete the Table
Reason For Living
Near A Volcano
Fertile Soils
WHY?
RICH IN MINERALS, WHEN WEATHERED THEY
ARE VERY FERTILE. IDEAL FOR FARMERS TO
GROW CROPS.
Geothermal Energy
STEAM FROM WATER HEATED BY ROCKS
BELOW THE SURFACE DRIVES TURBINES TO
GENERATE ELECTRICITY.
Mineral Extraction
Raw Materials
MANY VALUABLE MINERALS FORM WHEN
VOLCANIC ACTIVITY OCCURS.
Tourism
THE RAW MATERIALS FOR MANY PRODUCTS
COME FROM VOLCANOES. THESE INCLUDING
BUILDING MATERIALS AND CHEMICALS USED
IN INDUSTRY
VOLCANIC LANDSCAPES CAN HAVE BEAUTIFUL
SCENERY THAT ATTRACTS MANY VISITORS.
Case Studies
LEDC – Montserrat
MEDC – Mt. Etna
Mount Etna, MEDC 2001
• Europe’s most active Volcano
• NE Coast of Sicily, Italy
• Located on Destructive plate boundary
(Eurasian & African plates)
• African subducted under the Eurasian plate
• 12th July 2001
• Gas & Steam escape
• Volcanic Bombs
• Lava & Pyroclastic Flows (lava reached 1000oc)
Montserrat, LEDC 1997
• Small Island in Caribbean
• Poor population who rely on subsistence farming
• Before 1995, 12000 people lived there, now less
than 5000 live there
• Destructive plate boundary, oceanic pushed below
continental
• 2/3 of island covered in ash
• 50% of island evacuated to North (temporary
accommodation)
• 23people died in 1997
• The capital – Plymouth – became a ghost town
Primary Effects
• Floods as valleys were blocked with ash
• The airport and port were closed
• Farmland was destroyed
• Forest fires caused by
pyroclastic flows
• Many schools and hospitals were destroyed
The Secondary effects of the Eruption
• As most of the southern area was destroyed any
remaining inhabitants have had to endure harsh
living conditions in the North.
• Transport remains a problem for people travelling to
the island as the port and airport remained closed.
• The tourist industry is still suffering with few visitors
except for cruise ships looking at the volcano
• Over half the population left the island and have not
returned
Responses
• £41 million was given in aid by the British
Government.
• Money was given to individuals to help them move
to other countries.
• Riots occurred as locals complained that the British
were not doing enough to help the island
• The MVO (Montserrat Volcano Observatory) was
set up to study the volcano and provide warnings for
the future
• A Risk assessment was done to help islanders
understand which areas are at risk and reduce
problems for the future.
Global Tourism Revision
Warm up
Key words, you need to know....
• Tourism:
The short term movement of people to places away from
where they live and work, normally for pleasure but also
for business.
• Package holiday:
A tour where transport, accommodation and food are all
included in one price.
• Long haul:
A flight over a long distance usually taking more than
three hours to get to a location.
• Short haul:
A short-flight of three hours or less.
• Mass tourism:
Large numbers of people visiting the same area.
Key words
• Specialist holidays:
Holidays based on a particular area, interest or
activity.
• Fair-trade tourism:
Makes sure the benefits go directly to those whose
land, natural resources, work, knowledge and culture
are being used.
• Event tourism:
Travel based around specific events whether sporting,
cultural or historical.
• Wilderness:
An underdeveloped and isolated environment.
What does this graph show?
• Describe and explain the pattern show in
the graph. Why do you think there is this
pattern?
The number of
tourist
internationals
Years 1950-2020
Why the increase in tourism?
• More disposable income
• Smaller families mean that holidays are more
affordable
• Better technology and transport, such as
aircraft
• More choices of holiday destinations
• More tourist attractions
• Package holidays
• Ease of booking
• Longer paid holidays
• Greater car ownership
Tourist Attractions
Look at the following pictures, describe what
you see and think about why people visit the
destination.
What tourism types do you think exist at these destinations?
• Long haul: a flight over three hours
• Specialist holidays: holidays based on a
particular area, interest or activity.
• Specialist holidays: holidays based on a
particular area, interest or activity.
• Mass tourism: large numbers of people
visiting the same area.
• Honeypot: a place of attractive scenery
or historic interest that attracts large
numbers of visitors.
• Ecotourism: holidays that do or little or
no damage to the natural environment
and local community.
Key words
• Infrastructure:
Basic networks such as transport, power
supplies and telecommunications.
• Heritage tourism:
Visiting historical aspects of a country.
• European City of Culture:
A city designated by the European
Union for one year.
What
is
this
model
showing?
Butler Tourist Resort Life-Cycle Model
Butler Tourist Resort Life-Cycle
Model 1-2
• The basic idea of Butler’s tourist
resort life cycle model is that a
destination begins as a relatively
unknown and visitors initially come in
small numbers restricted by lack of
access, facilities, and local knowledge,
Exploration . The locals see the
opportunities and become involved.
Butler Tourist Resort Life-Cycle
Model 3-4
• As more people discover the
destination, the word spreads about its
attractions and the amenities are
increased and improved
(Development). Tourist arrivals then
begin to grow rapidly and the
consolidation phase begins.
Butler Tourist Resort Life-Cycle
Model 5-6
• Tourism is now major part of the local
economy but some hotels become old
and the destination begins to go
downhill. Rowdiness becomes a problem.
The resort now becomes unfashionable
and numbers begin to fall,
(Stagnation), The rise from
Exploration to Stagnation often
happens very rapidly, as implied by the
exponential nature of the growth curve.
MEDC
Case study:
Blackpool
What is Mass tourism?
Talk in a group and think about advantages and
disadvantages of mass tourism.
Think about local people, tourists, local businesses, travel
companies, hotel owners, the environment etc.
Mass Tourism
Advantages
•Provides good jobs for people
who might have been in
subsistence agriculture
•New roads, airports, public
transport, power supplies are
built, which also benefits local
people
•Construction jobs building
hotels goes to locals, improving
the local economy
•Leisure facilities may be open
for local people
Disadvantages
•Work is often seasonal
•Large travel companies dominate
the industry. Money earned often
goes to these large foreign
companies and not the local
economy.
•Most local employees are not paid
very well
•Locals can’t afford to use
facilities
•Land gets built on and spoiled
•Less farm land left for local food
production
Key words
• Conflict:
The result of contrasting demands between
people.
• Honeypot:
A place of attractive scenery or historic interest
that attracts large numbers of visitors..
• National parks:
Areas set aside to protect the landscape so that
it can be enjoyed by visitors now and in the future.
• Resident population:
The permanent population living in an area.
UK-National Parks
This is an MEDC
tourism Case study
What is a National
Park?
Where are they
found?
What are the main
aims of National
Parks?
Key information about national
parks
A national park is a large area of land that
is protected by law, to benefit the whole
nation.
About 10% of England and Wales has been
turned into National parks.
To provide opportunities for people to
understand and enjoy the areas.
To conserve the natural beauty, wildlife and
cultural heritage of the area.
British National Parks
• Northumberland –
moors and forest
• North Yorks. Moors –
moors, coast
• Peak District – moors,
valleys, limestone
• Norfolk Broads –
wetlands
• South Downs – chalk
and coast
• New Forest –
woodland
• Dartmoor – moors,
valleys
• Exmoor – moors, coast
• Brecon Beacons –
moors, limestone
• Pembrokeshire Coast –
Coast
• Snowdonia – mountains,
lakes, coasts
• Yorkshire Dales –
moors, valleys,
limestone
• Lake district – lakes,
mountains, coast.
The Lake District National Park
Keswick: An example of a
‘honeypot’ town.
The Lake District receives around 20 million visitors a year but
has a population of just 40,000. Nearly half of these earn their
living through tourism.
Advantages of tourism in
National Parks
• Tourism creates lots of jobs.
• Tourists spend a lot of money in the
areas they visits.
• Park and Ride schemes increase public
transport.
Think about why there is conflict
in the Lake District National
Parks.
Conflicts in Lake District
National Park
-Footpath erosion from overcrowded footpaths, spoiling the
landscape.
-Farmers don’t like it when footpaths cut through their land.
-Car parks and tourist infrastructure spoil the scenery.
-Tourists may drop litter.
-Honey pot sites can become overcrowded.
-Small roads can’t cope with the traffic, this causes congestion.
-Tourists buying second homes pushes up house prices.
• Conflicts between visitors, some tourists want peace and quiet
while other tourists want to use jet ski and motor boats.
•Competition for parking spaces and places in restaurants is often
fierce and overcrowding causes stress.
Practice exam question
Describe and explain the conflicts that may
arise from tourism in a National Park area.
(6marks)
How would you answer this question?
What strategies are used to manage
conflicts from tourism in The Lake
District ?
Speed
limits…
B & B’s
Which destination is this?
• I am a popular tourist destination outside of
Europe
• The climate is much warmer and drier than
the UK
• I am an LEDC country in East Africa.
• The capital city is Nairobi.
• Wildlife is the main tourist attraction, as
people go on Safari here.
Kenya is an LEDC case study
Why is tourism very important to LEDCs?.
Benefits of tourism
• Earnings from tourism increased to $670 million in
2005 about 12% of GDP (Gross domestic product)
• Employment Over 200, 000 people (10% of the
labour force) are directly employed in tourism e.g.
as tour guides, porters etc while 300, 000 are
employed indirectly e.g. making souvenirs, growing
food for tourists, providing transport etc.
• Multiplier effect – The money spent by tourists
becomes available to local people who then buy
things, improve their houses etc.
• Improved infrastructure roads, airports, water
electricity etc also benefits local people.
Disadvantages of tourism
• Visitor numbers and so earnings fluctuate e.g. in
2002 after a bomb at Mombasa numbers
plummeted. Kenya lost $1 million per day and there
were severe consequences for local employment and
incomes. In 200 visitors were advised not to visit
Kenya after problems following the elections. This
is a problem in LEDCs, which become over
dependent on tourism.
• Most profit goes to the foreign tour companies or
government e.g. in the Masai Mara Park less than
2% of the money goes to the local people.
• Food is flown in for tourists.
Environmental damage
• Coral is a fragile living community and is easily damaged when
boats anchor in the reefs or tourists take pieces as souvenirs
•
Minibuses disturb wildlife especially when drivers go off roads
to get closer to the animals. Some also ignore poaching rules.
Animal numbers have fallen by two thirds in the last 30 years
due to destruction of habitats and poaching.
•
Minibuses also churn up the ground in the wet season and
drivers try new routes to avoid getting stuck. This ruins the
vegetation e.g. in the Masai Mara area where there are large
numbers of visitors in a small area. In the dry season e.g. in the
Amboseli park the wind, minibuses and herds of animals cause
mini dust storms which increases soil erosion.
•
Balloon safaris disturb the animals.
Social disadvantages
Social conflicts between local tribes people e.g.
the Masai and the Kenyan authorities, which drove
them off their land to make way for the wild
animals.
• Former Masai warriors forced off their land now
have to earn money by entertaining the tourists and
selling souvenirs. This is demeaning for them
• Shortage of grazing land coupled with rapid
population growth has forced farmers to move to
the edge of the parks where lions eat cattle (and
people) though the farmers are not allowed to kill
the animals.
•
Key words
• Grassroots:
Run by local people to benefit local
communities.
• Community tourism:
Tourism that has close contact with and
mainly benefits, local communities.
• Biodiversity:
The number of and variety of plant and
animal species that live in a particular area.
Key words
• Sustainable:
Meeting the needs of the present population without
damaging the environment and local community for
future generations.
• Ecotourism:
Holidays that do or little or no damage to the natural
environment and local community.
• Corporate responsibility:
How a company manages its impact on local
communities and the environment
• Indigenous:
Naturally occurring in a particular place.
Sustainable (responsible) tourism
What does sustainable mean?
“Sustainable development meets the needs of the present
without compromising the ability of future generations to
meet their own needs”
If we apply this to tourism-what is sustainable tourism?
Ecotourism Facts
Ecotourism is: "Responsible travel to natural areas that conserves
the environment and improves the well-being of local people."
Ecotourism aims to take into account environmental, cultural and
social considerations.
Eco-tourists want to experience the natural world directly, doing
activities like trekking or bird-watching.
Ecotourism is the fastest expanding tourism sector
Case study: Costa Rica
National Parks in Costa Rica
• There are one hundred and twenty four
national parks, biological reserves and
wildlife refuges in Costa Rica. Thirty of
these are National Parks.
• They cover 2,853,869 acres of land.
• They are home to 4% of the world's
total flora and fauna.
• They take up no less than 25% of the
nation's territory
Ecotourism
in Costa Rica
– Small scale tourist projects that create money for
conservation, as well as local jobs
– Around 70% of Costa Rica’s tourists visit
protected environments
– In 2000 income from ecotourism reached $1.25
billion
– One example is the canopy walkway across a small
reserve where tourists are charged $45 dollars to
walk through the canopy.
Key words
• Pollution:
Damage caused to water, air, scenery, etc.
• Water table:
The upper level of water underground.
• Greenhouse gases:
Gases from burning fossil fuels that pollute
the air and add to the problem of global
warming.
Great Barrier Reef
• The Great Barrier Reef, located off
Australia’s eastern coast, is one of the
world’s natural wonders. The 2 million
visitors it receives each year to come to
dive or stay on island resorts, cruising
the area on ships or fly over in
helicopters and planes.
Great Barrier Reef
It is larger than the Great Wall of China and the only
living thing on earth visible from space. The marine park
stretches over 3000km (1800 miles) almost parallel to
the Queensland coast, from near the coastal town of
Bundaberg, up past the tip of Cape York.
Impacts of tourism on the Great
Barrier Reef
• Divers, snorkellers and reef walkers can break
or abrade corals through physical contact.
These impacts are likely to be highest at major
tourist destinations or around tourist pontoons.
• In many areas, massive new tourist
developments have been built - including
airports, marinas, resorts, and golf courses.
Overdevelopment for tourism has the same
problems as other coastal developments, but
often has a greater impact as the tourist
developments are located at or near fragile
marine ecosystems.
Impacts of tourism on the Great
Barrier Reef
• Tourism can also add to the consumption of
seafood in an area, putting pressure on
local fish populations and sometimes
contributing to over fishing.
• Collection of corals, shells, and other
marine souvenirs - either by individual
tourists, or local people who then sell the
souvenirs to tourists - also has a
detrimental effect on the local
environment.
Management of the Great Barrier
Reef
• Any organisation or project wanting to use the
reef has to prepare a full report on how the
environment will be affected.
• Tourist and tourism companies must obtain
permits before diving, camping or fishing in the
area.
• Staff at visitor education centres make sure
people know how their trips will affect the
reef.
• Ten patrol boats check for illegal activity –
polluting the reef, for instance, can result in a
fine for up to £50,000.
Great Barrier Reef Marine Park
Reef zoning
• The whole reef has been surveyed the
whole reef map its biodiversity.
• After talking to all reef users the
authority produced zoning maps showing
where different activities can be carried
out.
• There are areas set aside for fishing by
tourist and for traditional fishing methods
used by the indigenous communities.
Explain how tourism development can damage local
environments.
(Use the Great Barrier Reef)
There are number of ways in which tourism
development can damage the local environment.
For example at the Great Barrier Reef,
Australia, divers, snorkellers and reef walkers
can break or abrade corals through physical
contact. Massive influxes of tourists, often to a
relatively small area, have a huge impact.
Tourists often exploit the environment. They
add to the pollution, waste, and water needs of
the local population, putting local
infrastructure and habitats under enormous
pressure.
Use more than one case study...and
key facts.
In Kenya, tourist developments have
damaged the local environment as
minibuses disturb wildlife especially
when drivers go off roads to get closer
to the animals. Some also ignore
poaching rules. Animal numbers have
fallen by two thirds in the last 30 years
due to destruction of habitats and
poaching.
Use plenty of examples of how the
environment is exploited
Minibuses also churn up the ground in
the wet season and drivers try new
routes to avoid getting stuck. This ruins
the vegetation e.g. in the Masai Mara
area where there are large numbers of
visitors in a small area. In the dry
season e.g. in the Masai Mara the wind,
minibuses and herds of animals cause
mini dust storms which increases soil
erosion (dust bowl)
Managing the Great Barrier Reef
• ƒProtecting coral reefs and other habitats
such as sea grass from boat anchors
• Damage, poor diving practices, waste
disposal, reef walking and collecting
• Protecting turtles and seabirds from
disturbance, especially during nesting
seasons
• ƒRespecting the cultural importance of the
Great Barrier Reef to the indigenous
community.
Managing the Great Barrier Reef
• ƒ Minimising conflicts in access within this
multiple use Marine Park
• ƒ Informing the community about the Great
Barrier Reef and its World Heritage values
• ƒ Encouraging the adoption of best
practices within tourism operations
• ƒ Assisting the marine tourism industry to
contribute to management
• Initiatives and monitoring programs.
Finally can tourism reduce the
development gap?
• Think about the ways in which we can
measure the development gap?
• Can tourism reduce the development
gap?
• Think for arguments for and against.
• Use case studies such as Kenya and
Costa Rica.
What about the global
environmental impacts of
tourism?
• Climate change –why?
• Pollution-what types?
• Coral reef damage-why?
Development indicators
• GDP Gross Domestic Product $
The total value of goods and services produced in a year
divided by the population.
• Infant Mortality Rate
How many babies die before their first birthday per 1000
of births.
• Number People per doctor
The number of potential patients for every doctor.
• Life Expectancy
The average age a person can expect to live.
Development indicators
• Literacy %
Percentage of adults who can read and write.
• Calorie Intake
The average number of calories eaten per day. An adult woman
needs 2000 and a man 2500 to stay healthy.
• Energy Consumption
The number of kilos of coal (or equivalent) used per person per
year.
• GNI Gross national Income $
This is all of a countries income from abroad and at home
divided by the population. Used to be called GNP.
Millennium Development Goals
• The United Nations summit of 2000
agreed 8 Millennium Development Goals
(MDG) to tackle extreme poverty in its
many dimensions. These goals are to:
• Eradicate extreme poverty and hunger
• Achieve universal primary education
• Promote gender equality and empower
women
• Reduce child mortality
Millennium Development Goals
• Improve maternal health.
• Combat HIV/AIDS, malaria, and other
diseases.
• Ensure environmental sustainability.
• Develop a global partnership for
development
Human Development Index
• The United Nations uses the Human
development Index as an indicator of
development.
• The HDI combines social and economic factorslife expectancy, educational attainment and
GNI. Each of these variables is ranked , with 0
as the poorest and 1 as the best.
• The HDI is the average of the three scores
and, using the final figure, it is possible to rank
countries according to their level of
development.
What is the development gap?
• The difference between the rich and the
poor.
Arguments for tourism reducing
the development gap.
• Increased taxes for governments to spend on improving
social and economic conditions.
• More money to spend on infrastructure such as roads,
shipping ports and airports in order to increase trade.
• Increased trade attracts more industry and foreign
investment.
• Increased business opportunities through the multiplier
effect.
• More people working in tourism spend money in their local
communities.
• More money is spent in local business-multiplier effect.
• People can afford to improve their local conditions and
their quality of life.
Can tourism reduce the
development gap? Arguments
against it reducing the gap.
• Some countries have an over reliance on tourist
incomes. Tourists often move from one
destination to another, they are persuaded by
the next big thing and often leave countries in
debt and rising unemployment.
• Natural disasters also have an effect on tourist
numbers. Many tourist destinations in South
east Asia were hit by the tsunami wave in
December 2004 that killed nearly 300,000
people. On the Maldive Islands in the Indian
Ocean, almost 40 % of the population relies on
tourism. As a result of the tsunami, visitor
numbers dropped 70%.
Arguments for or against tourism
reducing the development gap?
• Since 2000, Kenya’s tourist industry has
declined. Terrorist attacks in the Capital
Nairobi led to Western governments advising
their citizens not to travel there.
• In 2007, things became worse following
disputed presidential elections in December
2007 when more than 1,000 people died in
rioting and violence.. Tourists stayed away – a
36% fall of numbers in the first half of 2008
meant that the country lost an estimated
£500 million.
Consequences of tourism
Social
Economic
Environmental
Local
Kenya, Lake
District-conflicts
between tourist
and local residents.
Blackpool-seasonal
jobs .
National parkssecond homes
Dust bowl
Footpath erosion
National
Kenya- Large travel
companies
dominate the
industry. Money
earned often goes
to these large
foreign companies
and not the local
economy and local
people don’t feel
the benefits.
Blackpool-tourists
pay taxes on
goods, this money
is invested into the
national economyimproved
infrastructurepublic transport.
Large scale damage
of coral reef
Global
Climate change
Exam tips
• Read the questions carefully.
• Make sure that you identify the command
words and the key words in the question.
• Use key words such as exploitation and explain
what they mean.
• Use key facts and good examples to show a
really good knowledge and understanding of
case studies.
• Use more than one case study to show a really
good understanding of the issue such as
conflict use both Kenya and Lake District
National Park.
10 questions recap quiz
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
Name 1 reason why international tourism is increasing
What happens at stage 3 of the Butler model?
What happens at stage 6 of the Butler model?
List 2 physical features that attract tourists to the Lake
District
State 1 conflict in the Lake District
What is a honey-pot location?
Name and explain one way in which the development gap is
measured.
An area that is usually designated by law where development
is limited and planning controlled. The landscape is regarded
as unusual and valuable and therefore worth preserving?
Tourism that focuses on the environment and the local way of
life?
A location attracting a large number of tourists who, due to
their numbers, place huge pressure on the environment and
people?