Download pearl_harbor_awakening - The National WWII Museum

The National WWII Museum
presents
A lesson plan exploring the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor,
December 7, 1941
The National World War II Museum
945 Magazine Street
New Orleans, LA 70130
http://www.nationalww2museum.org/education/for-teachers/giant.html
“Awakening the Giant”
© The National WWII Museum
“Awakening the Giant” A Pearl Harbor Lesson Plan
Teacher Instructions
Here at The National WWII Museum, we explore why WWII was fought, how it was won, and
what it means today. The Museum has created this lesson plan to commemorate the
anniversary of the Japanese attack of Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, on December 7, 1941.
You may not be teaching WWII history in December, but consider taking one class period, or
even part of a class period to focus your students’ attention on this historic anniversary. When
an important historical event is studied on or near its anniversary, it helps bring that event to life.
Objectives:
▪
▪
▪
▪
▪
▪
Commemorate the entry of the United States into WWII
Interpret the relationship between the United States and Japan prior to the Japanese attack
on Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941
Analyze the effects of United States isolationist policies on world politics and international
relations in the 1920s and 30s
Examine primary sources in order to understand events as they occurred
Identify physical features that influenced world events and describe their influence
Utilize economic concepts to help explain historic and contemporary events and
developments.
Lesson Components:
This lesson contains the following components, some or all of which can be used:
Õ
Õ
Õ
Õ
Teacher background material
Student Fact Sheet
Primary Source Activity
Oral History Activity
3-6
7-8
9
10 and on-line at
http://www.nationalww2museum.org/education/for-teachers/giant.html
Õ Reference map of the Pacific
Õ Glossary
Õ Bibliography
11
12
14
Assessment:
Students will be assessed based on their classroom participation / discussions.
Enrichment:
As a closing activity for this lesson, students can be assigned to write a 1-2 page essay based
on this critical thinking question:
Is it important for us to study the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor today?
Awakening the Giant
2
© The National World War II Museum
“Awakening the Giant” A Pearl Harbor Lesson Plan
Teacher Background Material
The attack on Pearl Harbor on that sunny Sunday morning was not as sudden as people may
think. The origins of this conflict originated twenty-one years earlier with the conclusion of
another catastrophic event — World War I.
Japan exhibited their military prowess in two large-scale military operations where they emerged
victorious: the Sino-Japanese War (1894-1895), and the Russo-Japanese War (1904-1905).
These conflicts convinced the military infrastructure of Japan that she could compete militarily
with any power in the world. As victor in the Russo-Japanese War, Japan gained the territory of
southern Sakhalin (Karafuto) and Russia's port and rail rights in Manchuria. Throughout the
early twentieth century, Japan believed in her own military invincibility and improved her navy
and land forces. She sought to perfect expansion upon weaker neighbors.
Although they prepared for war in earnest, Japan then entered World War I (1914-1918) by
occupying German possessions in the western Pacific and in China, seeking spoils without the
sacrifice of life. But when asked by the rest of the Allies to contribute troops to the fighting in
Belgium and France, Japan declined to send those troops and stated that she needed them for
security in Asia. Moreover, the Japanese were afraid of a”white alliance” against Asians that
would cost them more troops needed for their security. This mode of thinking prevailed as the
Japanese considered themselves the keepers of Asian purity.
As the Great War came to an end, Japan demanded reparations in the manner of keeping
German possessions she seized in the Pacific and Asia prior to World War I. At the Paris
Peace Conference the Japanese government gave their delegation instructions to block the
formulation of the League of Nations; in the alternative, if they did not succeed with the original
task, the delegation was to demand an anti-racial discrimination clause in the Paris Peace
covenant. The official British position was to support the Japanese claims. However, President
Woodrow Wilson, representing the United States and lobbying feverishly for his “Fourteen
Points,” did not support an equality clause. Wilson considered the Japanese as “conniving,”
and unable to achieve their intended goal of a racial equality clause, the Japanese delegation
left Paris disillusioned.
The suspicions the United States held for the Japanese were certainly not unrequited. After the
Spanish-American War of 1898, the United States took possession of the Philippine Islands and
several small atolls which once belonged to Spain. Japan saw the United States as
encroaching on their territory, and sought means with which to limit that encroachment. Japan
continued to maintain her military course and kept the United States in the forefront of its
military plans.
The United States attempted to quell the disappointment and frustration felt by the Japanese
when they decided to invite a delegation to the Washington Naval Conference of 1921-1922.
The delegates from the other major countries attending the conference, Great Britain, France,
and Italy, sought to reassure the Japanese that they meant to prevent another war, not provoke
one. But Japan saw their position as a rising naval power being limited by the 5:5:3 ratio
promulgated by the conference; for every five ships that Great Britain and the United States
built, Japan was limited to three. Again, Japan perceived a racist motive for the limitation and
viewed the conference with disdain and contempt. In the end, Japanese naval builders ignored
the formula.
Awakening the Giant
3
© The National World War II Museum
After the Washington Naval Conference, Japan experienced a tremendous economic boom.
The tiny island became crowded which the military viewed as justification for further expansion.
Still at the back of their minds was the expansion of the United States to the doorstep of their
domain. But in 1927, Japan faced an export crisis and then in 1929, the Great Depression.
Japanese civilians and government officials alike began to question Japan’s relation to the world
market. Japan then broke away and pursued her own destiny.
In 1931, officers acting on their own initiative and without orders from the central Japanese
government in Manchuria staged a provocation which resulted in the invasion of Manchuria by
Japan. On the Japanese Homefront civilian politicians who disagreed with the aggression were
assassinated; a new military government emerged bent on undeterred expansion and
belligerence.
Although the League of Nations protested the
aggression and nations from all over the world
condemned the action, Japan justified their steady
course under the Great East Asia Co-Prosperity
Sphere. Finally, in 1933, because the League did
not have a military mandate to use force in deterring
Japanese infantry near Mukden during
Japan in her aggressive expansion, Japan withdrew
the invasion of Manchuria, 1931.
from the League of Nations. A puppet government
was installed in the new Japanese province of Manchukuo. In 1937, the Japanese invaded the
Chinese province of Nanking, brutalizing the occupants. Despite the world clamor for a cease
to the hostilities, the Japanese proceeded by invading French Indochina in 1940. But the United
States would not be daunted by Japan’s actions. Immediately the United States called for
embargoes on necessary military supplies so Japan could not continue the rampage. With
these restraints, Japanese military commanders realized they would not be able to maintain
their intended pace of conquest; especially when their oil reserves seemed in short supply.
Either Japan had to find an abundant source of oil, or forcibly coerce the United States into
lifting the embargo. The Japanese navy formulated a plan to execute the latter.
“TORA! TORA! TORA!”
On December 7, 1941, the Japanese military launched a surprise attack on the United States
Naval Base at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. Since early 1941 the U.S. supplied Great Britain with war
materiel in its fight against the Nazis. It had also been pressuring Japan to halt its military
expansion in Asia and the Pacific. With the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor, the U.S. could no
longer avoid an active fight. On December 8, U.S. President Franklin Delano Roosevelt asked
Congress for and received a declaration of war against Japan. On December 11, Germany and
Italy, allied with Japan, declared war on the U.S. The United
States had entered World War II.
Japanese Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto conceived the Pearl
Harbor attack and Captain Minoru Genda planned it. Two
things inspired Yamamoto’s Pearl Harbor idea: a prophetic
book and a historic attack. The book was The Great Pacific
War, written in 1925 by Hector Bywater, a British naval
authority. It was a realistic account of a clash between the
United States and Japan that begins with the Japanese
Awakening the Giant
4
© The National World War II Museum
destruction of the U.S. fleet and proceeds to a Japanese attack on Guam and the Philippines.
When Britain’s Royal Air Force successfully attacked the Italian fleet at Taranto on November
11, 1940, Yamamoto was convinced that Bywater’s fiction could become reality.
On December 6, 1941, the U.S. intercepted a Japanese message that inquired about ship
movements and berthing positions at Pearl Harbor. The cryptologist gave the message to her
superior who said he would get back to her on Monday, December 8. On Sunday, December 7,
a radar operator on Oahu saw a large group of airplanes on his screen heading toward the
island. He called his superior who told him it was probably a group of U.S. B-17 bombers and
not to worry about it.
The Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor began at 7:55 that morning. The entire attack took only
one hour and 15 minutes. Captain Mitsuo Fuchida sent the code message, “Tora, Tora, Tora,”
to the Japanese fleet after flying over Oahu to indicate the Americans had been caught by
surprise. The Japanese planned to give the U.S. a declaration of war before the attack began
so they would not violate the first article of the Hague Convention of 1907, but the message was
delayed and not relayed to U.S. officials in Washington until the attack was already in progress.
The Japanese strike force consisted of 353 aircraft launched from four heavy carriers. These
included 40 torpedo planes, 103 level bombers, 131 dive-bombers, and 79 fighters. The attack
also consisted of two heavy cruisers, 35 submarines, two light cruisers, nine oilers, two
battleships, and 11 destroyers.
The attack killed 2,403 U.S. personnel, including 68 civilians, and destroyed or damaged 19
U.S. Navy ships, including 8 battleships. Once the Japanese completed the attack, the signal
for success over their radios was, “Tora, Tora, Tora!” The three aircraft carriers of the U.S.
Pacific Fleet were out to sea on maneuvers. The Japanese were unable to locate them and
were forced to return home with the U.S. carrier fleet intact.
The battleship USS Arizona remains sunken in Pearl Harbor with its crew onboard. Half of the
dead at Pearl Harbor were on the Arizona. A United States flag flies above the sunken
battleship, which serves as a memorial to all Americans who died in the attack.
Dorie Miller, a steward on the USS West Virginia, distinguished himself by courageous conduct
and devotion to duty during the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor. He first assisted his mortally
wounded captain and then manned a machine gun, which he was not accustomed to operating,
successfully destroying two Japanese aircraft. He was the first African American awarded the
Navy Cross, the service’s highest award, for his actions during the attack.
The Japanese lost 29 aircraft and 5 midget submarines in the attack. One Japanese soldier
was taken prisoner and 129 Japanese soldiers were killed. Out of all the Japanese ships that
participated in the attack on Pearl Harbor only one, the Ushio, survived until the end of the war.
It was surrendered to the U.S. at Yokosuka Naval Base. When Admiral Yamamoto learned that
his forces had not destroyed the U.S. aircraft carriers or completely destroyed the U.S. fleet, he
feared that the United States, with its enormous industrial potential, would soon recover and
fight back. He reportedly stated, “I fear we have awakened a sleeping giant.”
The United States did recover—and quicker than Yamamoto could have imagined. After only
six months, the U.S. carrier fleet dealt a decisive blow to Yamamoto’s navy in June 1942 at the
Battle of Midway, sinking four Japanese aircraft carriers. After this U.S. victory came the start of
Awakening the Giant
5
© The National World War II Museum
the U.S. island-hopping campaign and the eventual defeat of the Japanese Empire in August
1945.
Service
Navy
Army
Marines
Civilians
Total
U.S. Casualties at Pearl Harbor
Killed
Wounded
2,008
710
218
364
109
69
68
35
2,403
1,178
Service
Navy
Army Air Corps
U.S. Aircraft Damaged at Pearl Harbor
Damaged
31
128
Type of Ship
Battleships
Cruisers
Destroyers
Auxiliaries
U.S. Ships Damaged at Pearl Harbor
Damaged
Destroyed
6
2
3
0
3
0
4
1
Awakening the Giant
6
Total
2,718
582
178
103
3,581
Destroyed
92
77
Years Repaired
1942-1944
1942
1942-1944
1942
© The National World War II Museum
“Awakening the Giant” A Pearl Harbor Lesson Plan
Student Fact Sheet
On December 7, 1941, the Japanese military launched a
surprise attack on the United States Naval Base at Pearl
Harbor, Hawaii. Since early 1941 the U.S. had been
supplying Great Britain in its fight against the Nazis. It had
also been pressuring Japan to halt its military expansion in
Asia and the Pacific. With the Japanese attack on Pearl
Harbor, the U.S. could no longer avoid an active fight. On
December 8, U.S. President Franklin Delano Roosevelt
asked Congress for and received a declaration of war
against Japan. On December 11, Germany and Italy, allied
with Japan, declared war on the U.S. The United States
had entered World War II.
Japanese Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto conceived the Pearl Harbor attack and Captain Minoru
Genda planned it. Two things inspired Yamamoto’s Pearl Harbor idea: a prophetic book and a
historic attack. The book was The Great Pacific War, written in 1925 by Hector Bywater, a
British naval authority. It was a realistic account of a clash between the United States and
Japan that begins with the Japanese destruction of the U.S. fleet and proceeds to a Japanese
attack on Guam and the Philippines. When Britain’s Royal Air Force successfully attacked the
Italian fleet at Taranto on November 11, 1940, Yamamoto was convinced that Bywater’s fiction
could become reality.
On December 6, 1941, the U.S. intercepted a Japanese message that inquired about ship
movements and berthing positions at Pearl Harbor. The cryptologist gave the message to her
superior who said he would get back to her on Monday, December 8. On Sunday, December 7,
a radar operator on Oahu saw a large group of airplanes on his screen heading toward the
island. He called his superior who told him it was probably a group of U.S. B-17 bombers and
not to worry about it.
The Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor began at 7:55 that morning. The entire attack took only
one hour and 15 minutes. Captain Mitsuo Fuchida sent the code message, “Tora, Tora, Tora,”
to the Japanese fleet after flying over Oahu to indicate the Americans had been caught by
surprise. The Japanese planned to give the U.S. a declaration of war before the attack began
so they would not violate the first article of the Hague Convention of 1907, but the message was
delayed and not relayed to U.S. officials in Washington until the attack was already in progress.
The Japanese strike force consisted of 353 aircraft launched from four heavy carriers. These
included 40 torpedo planes, 103 level bombers, 131 dive-bombers, and 79 fighters. The attack
also consisted of two heavy cruisers, 35 submarines, two light cruisers, nine oilers, two
battleships, and 11 destroyers.
The attack killed 2,403 U.S. personnel, including 68 civilians, and destroyed or damaged 19
U.S. Navy ships, including 8 battleships. The three aircraft carriers of the U.S. Pacific Fleet
were out to sea on maneuvers. The Japanese were unable to locate them and were forced to
return home with the U.S. carrier fleet intact.
Awakening the Giant
7
© The National World War II Museum
The battleship USS Arizona remains sunken in Pearl Harbor with its crew onboard. Half of the
dead at Pearl Harbor were on the Arizona. A United States flag flies above the sunken
battleship, which serves as a memorial to all Americans who died in the attack.
Dorie Miller, a steward on the USS West Virginia, distinguished himself by courageous conduct
and devotion to duty during the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor. He first assisted his mortally
wounded captain and then manned a machine gun, which he was not accustomed to operating,
successfully destroying two Japanese aircraft. He was the first African American awarded the
Navy Cross, the service’s highest award, for his actions during the attack.
The Japanese lost 29 aircraft and 5 midget submarines in the attack. One Japanese soldier
was taken prisoner and 129 Japanese soldiers were killed. Out of all the Japanese ships that
participated in the attack on Pearl Harbor only one, the Ushio, survived until the end of the war.
It was surrendered to the U.S. at Yokosuka Naval Base. When Admiral Yamamoto learned that
his forces had not destroyed the U.S. aircraft carriers or completely destroyed the U.S. fleet, he
feared that the United States, with its enormous industrial potential, would soon recover and
fight back.
The United States did recover—and quicker than Yamamoto could have imagined. After only
six months, the U.S. carrier fleet dealt a decisive blow to Yamamoto’s navy in June 1942 at the
Battle of Midway, sinking four Japanese aircraft carriers. After this U.S. victory came the start of
the U.S. island-hopping campaign and the eventual defeat of the Japanese Empire in August
1945.
Service
Navy
Army
Marines
Civilians
Total
U.S. Casualties at Pearl Harbor
Killed
Wounded
2,008
710
218
364
109
69
68
35
2,403
1,178
Navy
Army Air Corps
U.S. Aircraft Damaged at Pearl Harbor
Damaged
31
128
Type of Ship
Battleships
Cruisers
Destroyers
Auxiliaries
U.S. Ships Damaged at Pearl Harbor
Damaged
Destroyed
6
2
3
0
3
0
4
1
Service
Awakening the Giant
8
Total
2,718
582
178
103
3,581
Destroyed
92
77
Years Repaired
1942-1944
1942
1942-1944
1942
© The National World War II Museum
“Awakening the Giant” A Pearl Harbor Lesson Plan
Primary Source Activity
Directions: Read the message below sent from the Chief Naval Operations, Admiral Harold R.
Stark, to the commander-in-chief of the Pacific Fleet, Admiral Husband A. Kimmel, concerning a
conversation that took place between a Peruvian Ambassador and the American Ambassador in
Tokyo in January 1941—11 months before the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor. Answer the
questions that follow.
1. Would you have given this message any validity knowing that tensions were growing
between the United States and Japan? Why or why not?
2. What other sources of information would you want to investigate in order to determine any
Japanese plans for war against the United States?
Awakening the Giant
9
© The National World War II Museum
“Awakening the Giant” A Pearl Harbor Lesson Plan
Oral History Activity
Donald Stratton
USS Arizona crewman,1941
Donald Stratton was aboard the U.S.S. Arizona on December 7, 1941, when a
Japanese bomb crashed through its hull detonating the powder magazine. More than
half the casualties suffered at Pearl Harbor were sailors aboard the Arizona. Mr.
Stratton’s oral history was taken by Museum historians and excerpts can be accessed
on the Museum’s web site at http://www.nationalww2museum.org/education/for-teachers/giant.html.
After listening to this oral history, answer the following questions:
1. What did Mr. Stratton do prior to the attack? How was he alerted to the attack?
What was his reaction?
2. What emotions do they hear in Mr. Stratton’s voice as he relates the events of
December 7, 1941?
3. Do you believe his memory to be vivid of the events that day? Why or why not?
4. What are Mr. Stratton’s feelings toward the Japanese presently?
5. Is it important to listen to the voices of veterans who fought in WWII? Why or why
not?
Awakening the Giant
10
© The National World War II Museum
“Awakening the Giant” A Pearl Harbor Lesson Plan
Reference Map
Can you find the
following places on this
map?
Pacific Ocean
Japan
United States
Hawaii
Pearl Harbor
Equator
International Date Line
China
Manchuria
French Indochina
Philippines
Tokyo
San Francisco
“Awakening the Giant”
© The National WWII Museum
“Awakening the Giant” A Pearl Harbor Lesson Plan
Glossary
Battleship Row: The grouping of nine battleships in port at Pearl Harbor when the Japanese
launched the Attack on Pearl Harbor. These ships bore the brunt of the Japanese assault.
“Day of Infamy”: In his speech to Congress following the Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor,
President Roosevelt referred to December 7, 1941, as a “day which will live in infamy.” In his
use of this phrase, President Roosevelt framed the date as being synonymous with the attack,
giving rise to the familiarity with the statement ever since.
Embargo: An embargo is the prohibition of commerce (division of trade) and trade with a
certain country, in order to isolate it and to put its government into a difficult internal situation,
given that the effects of the embargo are often able to make its economy suffer from the
initiative.
Ford Island: Located in the middle of Pearl Harbor, Hawaii, Ford Island is connected to the
main island by the Ford Island Bridge. Battleship Row (see above) was located alongside Ford
Island.
French Indo-China: Area now comprising Vietnam, Laos, and Cambodia, the Japanese
invaded the northern area of this French colony in 1940.
Fuchida, Mitsuo: (3 December 1902 - 30 May 1976), was a Captain in the Imperial Japanese
Navy Air Service and a Imperial Japanese Navy flying ace pilot during World War II. He is
perhaps best known for leading the first air wave attacks on Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941.
Captain Fuchida was responsible for the coordination of the entire aerial attack.
Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere: ideology developed by the Japanese military
government which advocated Japanese dominance over Asia and the Pacific and the use of
force in territorial expansion to achieve that goal.
League of Nations: A multinational organization which began as an idea of United States
President Woodrow Wilson following WWI. The League of Nations was to be an international
body that would settle future problems through negotiations instead of warfare. The United
States did not join. Other nations, such as Japan and Germany, dropped out when they began
their expansionist policies.
Manchukuo: Following the invasion of Manchuria in 1931—one of Japan’s first expansionist
actions in Asia—the Japanese established a puppet state called Manchukuo which they
controlled.
Miller, Dorie: (October 12, 1919 – November 24, 1943) a steward on the USS West Virginia,
distinguished himself by courageous conduct and devotion to duty during the Japanese attack
on Pearl Harbor. He first assisted his mortally wounded captain and then manned a machine
gun, which he was not accustomed to operating, successfully destroying 1-2 Japanese aircraft.
He was the first African American awarded the Navy Cross, the service’s highest award, for his
actions during the attack.
“Awakening the Giant”
© The National WWII Museum
Nanking: Province in northeastern China where the Japanese invaded in 1937, brutalizing the
occupants.
Oahu: Island in the Hawaiian chain and location of Pearl Harbor.
Pearl Harbor: Located on the island of Oahu, the Japanese conducted a surprise military strike
against the United States Pacific fleet on the morning of Sunday December 7, 1941, resulting in
a U.S. declaration of war against Japan.
Roosevelt, Franklin Delano: (January 30, 1882 – April 12, 1945), often referred to by his
initials FDR, was the thirty-second President of the United States, and delivered the “Day of
Infamy” speech following the attack on Pearl Harbor on December 7, 1941. FDR proved to be a
popular and resourceful leader during WWII, but died before he could see the conclusion of that
conflict.
Sortie: A mission flown by a military aircraft.
“The Great War”: The name given to World War I, which lasted from 1914-1918, before World
War II.
“Tora, Tora, Tora!”: The code words that were used by the Japanese to indicate that complete
surprise was achieved in their attack of December 7, 1941.
U.S.S. Arizona: United States battleship sunk when the Japanese attacked Pearl Harbor on
December 7, 1941. A majority of the deaths in the attack occurred on this ship.
Wilson, Woodrow: President of the United States from 1912-1920, formulator of the “Fourteen
Points,” which Wilson guaranteed would preserve peace throughout the world following WWI.
Washington Naval Conference: An international conference held in Washington, D.C. from 12
November 1921 to 6 February 1922. There nations agreed to strict limits in building new
battleships.
Yamamoto, Isoroku: (April 4, 1884 – April 18, 1943) Japanese admiral who oversaw the
planning for the attack on Pearl Harbor. He was later shot down and killed by U.S. airmen.
Zero: The Mitsubishi A6M Zero was a lightweight fighter aircraft operated by the Imperial
Japanese Navy Air Service (IJNAS) from 1940 to 1945.
Awakening the Giant
13
© The National World War II Museum
“Awakening the Giant” A Pearl Harbor Lesson Plan
Bibliography
Allen, Thomas B. Remember Pearl Harbor: American and Japanese Survivors Tell
Their Stories. Washington, D.C.: National Geographic Society, 2001.
Barker, A.J. Pearl Harbor. New York: Ballantine Books, 1969.
Hudson-Goff, Elizabeth and Michael V. Uschan. Graphic Histories: The Bombing of
Pearl Harbor. Pleasantville, NY: Gareth Stevens Publishing Company, 2006.
Ienaga, Saburo. The Pacific War, 1931-1945: A Critical Perspective on Japan’s
Role in World War II. English Translation, 1978. New York: Pantheon Books, 1978.
Krull, K. V is for Victory : America Remembers World War II. New York: Knopf
Books for Young Readers, 2002.
MacMillan, Margaret. Paris, 1919: Six Months that Changed the World. New
York: Random House, 2002.
Murray, Williamson and Allan R. Millett. A War to be Won: Fighting the Second
World War. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 2000.
Nicholson, Dorinda Makanaonalni. Pearl Harbor Child: A Child’s View of Pearl Harbor
from Attack to Peace. Kansas City: Woodson House Publishing, 2001.
Prange, Gordon At Dawn We Slept: The Untold Story of Pearl Harbor. New
York: McGraw Hill, 1981.
_____________, with Donald M. Goldstein and Katherine V. Dillon. Dec. 7 1941:
The Day the Japanese Attacked Pearl Harbor. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1978.
Sonntag, Raymond. A Broken World. New York: Harper & Row Publishers, 1971.
Tanaka, Shelley. Attack on Pearl Harbor: The True Story of the Day America entered
World War II. New York: Hyperion Books for Children, 2001.
Uschan, Michael V. Landmark Events in American History: The Bombing of Pearl
Harbor. Pleasantville, NY: Gareth Stevens Publishing Company, 2003.
Wels, Susan. Pearl Harbor: America’s Darkest Day. Hong Kong: Tehobi Books,
2001.
Awakening the Giant
14
© The National World War II Museum