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1
Active Transport
Process in which substances
transported from a region of lower
concentration to a region of higher
concentration against a concentration
gradient with
the use of energy.
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2
Accommodation
Adjustment of the lens so that clear
images of objects are formed on the
retina.
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3
Adaption
Any characteristic of an organism that
improves its chances of survival in its
environment.
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4
Aerobic Respiration
Oxidation of food substances in the
presence of oxygen with the release of
large amount of energy. Carbon
dioxide and water are released as
waste products.
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5
AIDS
Abbreviation for Acquired Immune
Deficiency Syndrome.
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6
Alleles
Alternative forms of a gene which
occupy the same relative positions on
a pair of homologous chromosomes.
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7
Anaerobic Respiration
Respiration without oxygen. Anaerobic
respiration releases less energy than
aerobic respiration.
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8
Anaesthetics
Drugs that make the body unable to
feel pain.
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9
Arteries
Blood vessels which carry blood away
from the heart.
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10
Asexual Reproduction
The process resulting in the
production of genetically identical
offspring from one parent, without the
fusion of gametes.
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11
Assimilation
The process whereby some of the
absorbed food materials are converted
into new protoplasm or used to
provide energy.
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12
Axon
A nerve fibre that transmits impulses
away from the cell body of a neurone.
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13
Bioaccumulation
Insecticides (non-biodegradable)
cannot be excreted from the body.
They are stored in fatty tissue of
organisms and accumulate in large
amounts in the bodies of the organism
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14
Breathing
The process that brings about an
exchange of gases between an
organism and its environment.
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15
Capillaries
Microscopic thin-walled blood vessels
which carry blood from a small artery
to a small vein.
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16
Codominance
A condition where both alleles express
themselves as a hybrid, as they are
both either dominant or recessive to
one another.
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17
Community
Populations of organisms living
together and interacting with one
another under the same environmental
conditions.
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18
Conservation
The protection and preservation of
natural resources of the environment.
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19
Consumers
All organisms that obtains energy from
feeding other organisms.
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20
Continuous Variation
Traits with phenotypes ranging from
one extreme to the other. It is brought
about by combined (or additive)
effects of many genes.
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21
Cross Pollination
Transfer of pollen grains from the
anther to the stigma of a flower in
another plant of the same kind.
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22
Decomposers
Organisms which obtain energy by
breaking down dead organisms,
faeces and excretory products.
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23
Dendron
A nerve fibre that transmits impulses
towards the cell body of a neurone.
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24
Desertification
The destruction of land leading to
desert-like conditions.
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25
Detoxification
The process of converting harmful
substances into harmless ones in the
body.
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26
Differentiation
The process by which a cell becomes
specialized for a function.
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27
Diffusion
Net movement of molecules from a
region of higher concentration to a
region of lower concentration.
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28
Digestion
The process by which large food
molecules are broken down into small,
soluble and diffusible molecules that
can be absorbed by the body cells.
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29
Diploid
Cells that contain the full number of
chromosomes.
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30
Discontinuous Variation
Traits that show limited variation in
their phenotypes which are easily
distinguishable. It is usually controlled
by only one or a few genes.
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31
Dominant
A form of a gene that is expressed and
masks the recessive gene. It gives
same phenotype in both homozygous
and heterozygous conditions.
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32
Ecology
The study of the relationships between
living organisms and the natural
environment.
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33
Ecosystem
An ecological system formed by the
interaction of living organisms and
their non-living environments.
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34
Egestion
The removal of undigested matter
from the body.
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35
Endocrine Gland
A ductless gland that secretes
hormones which are released into the
blood without having to pass through
ducts.
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36
Enzymes
Biological catalyst that speeds up the
rate of reaction by lowering the
activation energy of the reaction.
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37
Eutrophication
The profuse growth and multiplication
of algae and green plants as a result of
the enrichment of nutrients in the
water. Often leads to depletion of
oxygen levels.
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38
Excretion
Process by which metabolic waste
products are removed from the body
of an organism.
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39
Fertilisation
Fusion of the haploid sperm with the
haploid egg nuclei to form a diploid
zygote.
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40
Food Chain
A series of organisms through which
energy is transferred in the form of
food.
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41
Food Web
Two or more food chains interlinked
together.
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42
Gamete
A reproductive cell containing the
haploid number of chromosomes.
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43
Gene
Unit of inheritance / small segment of
DNA. Controls a particular
characteristic and code for specific
protein.
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44
Genetic Engineering
A technique used to transfer genes
from one organism to another.
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45
Genotype
The combination of genes in an
individual.
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46
Gland
A cell, tissue or an organ that secretes
chemical substances.
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47
Habitat
The place where an organism lives.
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48
Haploid
Half the complete number of
chromosomes.
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49
Heterozygous
Condition where one has different
alleles for a particular trait.
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50
Homeostasis
Maintenance of a constant internal
environment.
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51
Homologous Chromosomes
A pair of chromosomes of which one is
paternal, and the other maternal in
origin. They are of same shape and
length, same centromere position and
contains similar genes at specific loci.
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52
Homologous pairs
Chromosomes which have the same
genes, shape and length.
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53
Homozygous
Having identical alleles for a particular
trait.
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54
Hormone
A chemical substance produced in
minute quantities by endocrine glands
and secreted into the blood to be
transported to specific target organs
where it exerts its effect after which it is
destroyed in the liver.
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55
Meiosis
A form of cell division such that the
daughter cells contain half the number
of chromosomes as the parent cell.
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56
Mitosis
A form of cell division such that the
daughter cells contain the same
number of chromosomes as the parent
cell.
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57
Mutation
Spontaneous alteration in gene
structure or chromosome number and
may be inheritable.
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58
Negative Feedback
When there is a deviation from normal
conditions, the body will respond by
carrying out corrective actions. Once a
response is initiated to restore the norm,
negative feedback occurs to prevent
corrective action.
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59
Nerve
A collection of nerve fibres.
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60
Nerve Fibre
A long cytoplasmic extension of the
cell body of a neurone. It serves to
transmit impulses.
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61
Neurone
A nerve cell.
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62
Nutrition
The intake of food and the processes
that convert food substances into
living matter.
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63
Osmosis
Net movement of water molecules
from a region of higher water potential
to a region of lower water potential
through a partially permeable
membrane.
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64
Oxygen Debt
The amount of oxygen required to
oxidize the lactic acid produced in
muscles during anaerobic respiration
and convert it into harmless
substances.
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65
Partially Permeable Membrane
A membrane that allows selected
substances to pass through.
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66
Peristalsis
The rhythmic wave-like contractions of
the walls of the gut.
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67
Phagocytosis
The process of engulfing and
ingesting foreign particles, such as
bacteria, by white blood cells such as
the phagocytes.
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68
Phenotype
The physically expressed trait in an
individual, e.g. outward appearances
such as height and eye colour.
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69
Photosynthesis
The process in which light energy
absorbed by chlorophyll is
transformed into chemical energy.
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70
Pollination
Transfer of pollen grains from an
anther to a stigma.
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71
Pollution
The addition of substances to the
environment that damage it, making it
unfit for life.
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72
Population
A group of organisms of the same
species living together in the same
habitat.
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73
Producers
Organisms at the base of all food
chains. They are autotrophic
organisms which convert light energy
during photosynthesis and store it as
food.
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74
Recessive
A form of gene that expresses itself
only in the homozygous condition.
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75
Reflex Action
Immediate response to a specific
stimulus without conscious control.
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76
Reflex Arc
The shortest path by which impulses
travel from the receptor to the effector
in a reflex action.
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77
Respiration
The oxidation of food substances with
the release of energy in living cells.
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78
Self Pollination
Transfer of pollen grains from the
anther to the stigma of the same flower
or a different flower in the same plant.
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79
Sexual Reproduction
The process involving the fusion of two
gametes to form a zygote, resulting in
the production of genetically dissimilar
offspring as there will be variation.
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80
Species
A group of similar organisms. Organisms
within a species can breed and produce
healthy offspring that are able to grow,
develop and reproduce normally.
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81
Synapse
A junction between two neurones.
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82
Tissue
A group of similar cells which work
together to perform a specific function.
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83
Transgenic Organism
An organism which contains genes
from at least two different species.
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84
Translocation
The transport of manufactured food
substances such as sugar and amino
acids in plants via the phloem.
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85
Transpiration
Loss of water vapour from the aerial
parts of the leaf, especially the
stomata.
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86
Transpiration Pull
The suction force caused by
transpiration that is the main factor
causing water movement up the xylem.
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87
Turgor Pressure
The pressure exerted outwards on the
cell wall due to the water in the cell,
hence the cell becomes turgid.
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88
Variation
The differences that can be observed
within a species.
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89
Veins
Blood vessels which carry blood
towards the heart.
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90
Voluntary Action
An action that is under the control of
will, requires thinking and slower than
involuntary reflex actions.
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