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164
Chapter 5
Soft Computing and
Computational Intelligent
Techniques in the Evaluation of
Emerging Energy Technologies
Selcuk Cebi
Karadeniz Technical University, Turkey
Cengiz Kahraman
Istanbul Technical University, Turkey
İhsan Kaya
Yıldız Technical University, Turkey
ABSTRACT
The global warming and energy need requires developing emerging energy technologies for the electricity, heat, and transport markets. The emerging energy technologies aim at increasing efficiency of energy
utilization processes from energy sources and diminish CO2 exhalation. The main aim of the chapter
is to exhaustively present soft computing and computational intelligent techniques in the evaluation of
emerging energy technologies. In the scope of the chapter, classification of emerging energy technologies, their application trends in the literature, a brief explanation for soft computing and computational
intelligent techniques, and literature survey of related techniques on both emerging energy technologies
and energy planning are included. Moreover, technique for order performance by similarity to ideal
solution, analytic hierarchy processes, and their fuzzy structures are introduced.
INTRODUCTION
Energy is a vital issue for human society and also
an important topic for economical development.
Energy consumption has physically started with
DOI: 10.4018/978-1-61350-138-2.ch005
the industrial revolution. In the initial phase of
the industrial revolution, steam machine has been
utilized to obtain power by using coal. Because of
the hard structure of steam machine and environmentally negative effects of coal, new fossil fuels
emerged such as gas and crude oil. Comparing with
the coal, gas has provided cleaner burning power
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Soft Computing and Computational Intelligent Techniques
plants and cleaner heating of homes. In addition,
crude oil made possible new transportation options
such as road vehicle and aircraft by invention of the
internal combustion engine (Vanek and Albright,
2008). Nowadays, fossil fuels play an important
role in the transport and stationary. However, it is
thought that current energy systems are not sustainable since most of the world primary energy use
is from fossil fuels (Kajikawa et al., 2007). There
are two serious hazards with fossil fuels; the first
one is that the production of fossil fuel has been
predicted to diminish at the middle of this century
(Kajikawa et al., 2007; Jefferson, 2006) and the
other is that fossil fuels have caused emission of
greenhouse gases into the atmosphere and also
global warming. Global warming and fossil fuel
depletion are two of the most important issues of
this century. The considerations of energy security
and climate change force increased societal interest
in technologies that enable a reduction in the use
of fossil fuels. It has been well-recognized that
an effective solution to these issues is to develop
non-carbon-dioxide-emitting and inexhaustible
energy resources and energy technologies (Chen et
al., 2009). Recently, discovering of nuclear power
have provide both to diminish our dependence on
fossil fuel resources, and also to provide electricity
without any emissions of harmful air pollutants.
Although nuclear power is cleaner than many
other forms of energy production and although
nuclear energy can be produced in large quantities over short periods of time, nuclear power
generates harmful radiation and throwing out of
nuclear waste which is produced by nuclear power
plants is difficult and expensive. Negative effects
of both fossil and nuclear technology, renewable
energy technologies became more advanced and
the range of their applications became broader
(Vanek and Albright, 2008). Therefore, sustainable
and renewable energy sources such as sun, wind,
geothermal, biomass, wave etc. and emerging
energy technologies have been attracted greater
interest as an important concept while energy
planning of a country. In addition, it is thought
that it is an urgent need to develop highly efficient energy utilization processes from energy
sources effectively and substitute energy sources
since the emerging energy technologies are still
in an early phase of development (Jacobsson and
Bergek, 2004; Kajikawa et al., 2007). Therefore,
recent budgets for governmental research and
development (R&D) for energy technologies
have increased to support emerging energy researches (Hultman and Koomey, 2007). Moreover,
European Union is committed in supporting the
development of emerging energy technologies,
in improving the use of renewable energy, and in
increasing the energy efficiency, to reach global
objectives of sustainability, competitiveness, and
security of energy supply (Segurado et al., 2009).
When any investment or design decision about
energy systems is required, a number of goals or
criteria that are local, regional, or global must be
taken into account. It is possible to classify these
into three categories; (1) Physical goals which meet
physical requirements that make it possible for the
system to operate. (2) Financial goals which are
monetary objectives related to the energy system.
(3) Environmental goals which are the objectives
related to the way in which the energy system impacts the natural environment. Regional or global
impacts include the emissions of greenhouse gases
that contribute to climate change, air pollutants
that degrade air quality and physical effects from
extracting resources used either for materials or
energy (Vanek and Albright, 2008). Therefore,
the emerging technologies have high degree of
uncertainty and it represents the large variety of
opportunities that a new technology has to offer.
This uncertainty creates opportunities for investors to engage in emerging technologies. Thus, the
relation between uncertainty and the decision of
investors to engage in emerging technologies is
very complex (Mejer et al., 2007). Furthermore,
traditional techniques or conventional (hard)
computing models may not present an effective
solution dealing with the problems in which the
dependencies between variables are complex or
165
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