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PROMPT: THE TEXTBOOK IDENTIFIES THE PALEOLITHIC ERA AS A TIME WHEN THERE WAS NO WRITING. MANY SCHOLARS BELIEVE THAT THIS TIME PERIOD SHOULD NOT BE TAUGHT. OTHERS, HOWEVER, STILL BELIEVE IT IS AN IMPORTANT TIME PERIOD. BASED ON WHAT YOU READ WHAT EVIDENCE IS THERE TO SUPPORT THE CLAIM THAT WE SHOULD START TEACHING HISTORY WITH THE PALEOLITHIC ERA? ¢ Include evidence from your text that can be found in your notes ¢ You must have at least three pieces of evidence to support the teaching of the Paleolithic Era PROMPT: WHAT EVIDENCE PROVES HOW VARIOUS PALEOLITHIC SOCIETIES DIFFER FROM ONE ANOTHER, AND HOW THEY CHANGED OVER TIME? UNIT ONE: TECHNOLOGICAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL TRANSFORMATIONS Ways of the World Chapters 1-3 CHAPTER ONE: FIRST PEOPLES; POPULATING THE PLANET Unit One: Technological and Environmental Transformations PALEOLITHIC ERA ¢ From 250,000 to 10,000yrs. ago ¢ 95% of human time ¢ Initial settlement of the planet ¢ Creation of earliest societies ¢ Reflection on questions of life and death ¢ Cultural changes Foundation of human history FIRST MIGRATIONS ¢ “Human Revolution” 100,000 years ago ¢ Culture-learned or invented ways of living that shapes behavior ¢ African movements Forests and Deserts ¢ Technological innovations Stone blades, spears, bone tools Hunting/fishing live animals ¢ Adaptation to every environmental niche ¢ Sahul Supercontinent CHARACTERISTICS OF PALEOLITHIC PEOPLES ¢ ¢ ¢ ¢ ¢ Society Personal kinship, Egalitarian, Slow Population Growth, Lack of Surplus Goods Politics Leaders arose to assign tasks as need – no permanent power Austronesians - Chiefdoms Interactions Altered environment ¢ Extinction of plants, animals, other hominid’s. Culture Ceremonial life and space ¢ Deep in caves ¢ Shaman Presence of Deities Venus figurines Economy “Original affluent society” THE LASCAUX CAVES PALEOLITHIC SETTLEMENTS ¢ ¢ ¢ ¢ New environments, population growth, climate alteration, interactions cause slow change End of Ice Age More diverse environment ¢ Improved conditions Egalitarianism slipped Regional specialized technologies , larger dwellings, larger burial sites, dogs, larger consumption of animals/plants Greater demand on the environment COMPARING PALEOLITHIC PEOPLES ¢ ¢ ¢ ¢ San of S. Africa Angola, Namibia, Botswana 50,000-80,000ppl. Most absorbed or displaced by Bantu No formal leaders Traveled in bands of 10-30 ¢ ¢ ¢ ¢ ¢ Could be in multiple bands Dependent on nature Characterized by mobility, sharing, and equality “Insulting the meat” Multiple Gods Evil influences ¢ ¢ Chumash of Southern California Santa Barbara, CA ¢ Permanent Villages Spanish interrupted; new society emerged after Canoe (tomol) central innovation Led to social inequality Stimulates trade Deep-sea fishing Elaborate living conditions Class distinctions Permanent Elite Burials, clothing – bearskin caps WARM UP: ANSWER IN COMPLETE SENTENCES 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. What is the significance of the Paleolithic era in World History? What do Paleolithic peoples have in common? In what ways do they differ? What is the Human Revolution? What are the positive effects of Paleolithic settlements? What are the negative effects of Paleolithic settlements? WARM UP: CREATE NOTECARDS FOR THE FOLLOWING TERMS: ¢ ¢ Austronesian Migration Brotherhood of the Tomol ¢ Chumash culture Clovis culture ¢ Dreamtime ¢ ¢ “Gathering and hunting peoples” ¢ “Human Revolution” Ice Age ¢ “Insulting the meat” ¢ Jomon culture ¢ ¢ ¢ N/um “The original affluent society” ¢ Paleolithic Paleolithic rock art ¢ Paleolithic “settling down” ¢ ¢ ¢ ¢ ¢ San, or Ju/’hoansi Shaman Trance dance Venus figurines CHAPTER2: FIRST FARMERS; THE REVOLUTIONS OF AGRICULTURE Unit One: Technological and Environmental Transformations THE AGRICULTURAL REVOLUTION IN WORLD HISTORY ¢ Agricultural is the second great human process after settlement of the globe ¢ ¢ Agriculture = basis for almost all human developments New relationships between humans and other living things ¢ ¢ Neolithic Revolution Cultivation of plants; domestication of animals Selectively breeding animals “Domestication” Mutual dependence Lost hunting/gathering skills “Intensification” of living More food/resources from less land COMPARING AGRICULTURAL BEGINNINGS ¢ ¢ Agricultural Rev. happens independently in several regions Happens at same time 12,000-4,000yrs. Common Patterns Coincided with end of last Ice Age ¢ Warmer/wetter allowed plants to flourish Managed natural world ¢ Broad spectrum diet ¢ Tools to use wild grain ¢ Amazon-cut back for growth Women were innovators Permanent Villages ¢ Near resource rich area ¢ “Food Crisis” ¢ Agricultural ¢ Styles/Techniques Depended on plants/animals available ¢ Few hundred plants ¢ 14 mammal species AGRICULTURAL REVOLUTION AGRICULTURAL VARIATIONS ¢ ¢ ¢ Fertile Crescent (Iraq) First: Variety of plants/ animals 500yrs Societal Sophistication ¢ Architecture, burials, tools Sahara(Sudan) More hospitable earlier Cattle: animals first Less productive Americas Absence of animals Cereal grain- maize/corn Slow transition to agriculture North/South altered agricultural practices due to climates THE GLOBALIZATION OF AGRICULTURE ¢ Diffusion and Migration of Agricultural peoples ¢ Spread of language/ culture Indo-European Bantu Austronesian ¢ 10,000yrs New Guinea Resisted in unsuitable lands ¢ Gathering/Hunting dwindles CULTURE OF AGRICULTURE ¢ ¢ ¢ ¢ ¢ ¢ Greater populations 10,000yrs = 6mil 5,000yrs = 50mil Decline in health Hard work, new diseases, famine, and epidemics Constraints Permanent villages Banpo people in China Technological Innovations Pots, textiles, metallurgy “Secondary products revolution” Milking, riding, hitching plows/ carts Alteration of Ecosystem Ground cover, irrigation, soil erosion, deforestation SOCIAL VARIATION IN THE AGE OF AGRICULTURE ¢ ¢ ¢ Pastoral Societies Relied on animals ¢ Horses, Camels, etc. C Asia, Arabian Peninsula, Sahara desert, etc. None in Americas AgriculturalVillage Societies Bampo/Jericho Most characteristic form of agricultural societies ¢ Equality Catalhuyuk Turkey, several thousand ppl., dead under homes, no streets, specialized crafts ¢ No inherited social inequality ¢ No sign of sex dominance ORGANIZATION OF VILLAGE BASED AGRICULTURAL SOCIETIES ¢ ¢ ¢ ¢ By kinship, group, or lineage Functions of gov’t Tiv of Nigeria = 1mil in 1800’s Modest social/economic classes form Elders could win privileges Chiefdoms Generosity, ritual status, or charisma to govern Emerged in Mesopotamia after 6,000 B.C.E. Pacific Islands, Cakokia in N.A., Elite and commoner distinction THE LEGACIES OF AGRICULTURE ¢ Recent development ¢ Adaptation to interglacial period ¢ Transformed human life and life on planet ¢ Homo sapiens had power over animals/ plants ¢ People power over other people WARM UP: ANSWER IN COMPLETE SENTENCES 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. What is the “secondary products revolution”? What is another name for the Agricultural Revolution? What is intensification? Why did health decline during the Agricultural Revolution? Why didn’t the Agricultural Revolution spread out of New Guinea as well as to all regions of the world? Why was there a “food crisis” in certain villages during the Agricultural Revolution? What enabled the fertile crescent to be successful during the Agricultural Revolution? During the Agricultural Revolution who became the dominant species? What was spread due to diffusion and migration? WARM UP: CREATE THE FOLLOWING CHAPTER TWO NOTECARDS ¢ Agricultural Revolution ¢ Austronesian ¢ Banpo ¢ Bantu ¢ Bantu migration ¢ Broad spectrum diet ¢ Cahokia ¢ Catalhuyuk ¢ Chiefdom ¢ Diffusion ¢ Teosinte ¢ Domestication ¢ End of last ice age ¢ Fertile Crescent ¢ Horticulture ¢ Intensification ¢ Jericho ¢ Mesopotamia ¢ Native Australians ¢ Pastoral society ¢ “Secondary products revolution” ¢ Stateless societies WARM UP 1. How did agricultural societies alter the ecosystem? 2. How did pastoral societies differ from agricultural village societies? 3. How did chiefs successfully govern their people in an agriculture society? 4. What were the constraints that the Banpo of China faced? 5. What is the legacy of the Neolithic Revolution? WARM – UP: WRITE THE FOLLOWING TERMS ON YOUR NOTE CARDS…. ¢ Code of Hammurabi ¢ Cradle of Civilization ¢ Cuneiform ¢ Egypt “gift of the Nile” ¢ Epic of Gilgamesh ¢ Harappa ¢ Hatshepsut ¢ Hebrews ¢ Hieroglyphics ¢ Hittites ¢ Hyksos ¢ Indus Valley ¢ Mandate of Heaven ¢ Mesopotamia ¢ Minoan civilization ¢ Mohenjo Daro ¢ Zhou dynasty ¢ Norte Chico/Caral ¢ Nubia ¢ Olmec civilization ¢ Oracle bones ¢ Patriarchy ¢ Pharaoh ¢ Phoenicians ¢ Pyramid ¢ Quipu ¢ Rise of state ¢ Salinization ¢ Saningdui ¢ Shang dynasty ¢ Son of Heaven ¢ Teotihuacan ¢ Uruk ¢ Xia dynasty ¢ Ziggurat CHAPTER 3 FIRST CIVILIZATIONS; CITIES, STATES, AND UNEQUAL SOCIETIES Unit One: Technological and Environmental Transformations THE EMERGENCE OF CIVILIZATIONS ¢ ¢ ¢ ¢ ¢ ¢ Sumer Mesopotamia 3500-3000 B.C.E. First written language (cuneiform) Egypt Nile River Valley Hieroglyphics Norte Chico Peru 3000-1800 B.C.E. 25 urban centers, only import was Maize, no trade Indus/Sarasawati Valley Pakistan 3000-2000B.C.E. Written script un-deciphered Elaborately planned cities – grid system, weights/measures, brick sizes, etc. Uncertain government – environmental issues China 2200 B.C.E. Centralized state, dynasties arose (Xia, Shang, and Zhou) “Son of Heaven” Written language with oracle bones – culture continued to modern times Olmec Veracruz, MX 1200 B.C.E. Cities created with ceremonial centers 1st language in Americas in 900 B.C.E. Influenced Maya and Teotihuacan ORIGINS AND URBAN REVOLUTION ¢ ¢ ¢ ¢ ¢ ¢ Developed from competing chiefdoms Relied on agriculture; stemmed from agriculture Cities = most distinctive feature Scale, layout, industries, etc. Political/Administrative capitals Cultural production Art, architecture, literature, ritual, and ceremony New societies with greater specialization/inequality THE EROSION OF EQUALITY ¢ ¢ ¢ ¢ ¢ Hierarchies of Class New levels of inequality represent a major turning point in history of humankind Upper Classes – wealth, no phys. Labor, finest items, top positions in gov’t, religious life, and military. Free commoners – majority of population (artisans, low level officials, servants/farmers ¢ Resentment, surplus production to upper Slaves were bottom ¢ Slavery + Civilization emerge together ¢ Rarely sacrificed Hierarchies of Gender Women in horticultural society remain equal War, property, intensive agriculture, role of procreation/nature, inheritance. David Christian – Women status = Product of growing social complexity Patriarchy in Practice Gerda Lerner (Mesopotamia) written law codified patriarchal family life Regulation of female sexuality, Goddess’ replaced by male deities Egyptian Patriarchy Women = own property and slaves, administer and sell land, make own wills, sign own marriage contracts, initiate divorce Statues and love poetry suggest affection between sexes RISE OF THE STATE ¢ ¢ ¢ ¢ Central to the organization/stability Coercion and Consent Coordination – irrigation systems, conflicts, defense Served needs of upper class – farmers give crops to city, labor of public projects, etc. Divine Right Mandate of Heaven Writing and Accounting Support for state (Andes used knotted strings – quipus) Fostered literature, astronomy, math, history, threatened rulers Propaganda, rules, status Grandeur of Kings State authority, monumental structures, luxurious dress, and elaborate burials COMPARING MESOPOTAMIA AND EGYPT ¢ ¢ ¢ ¢ ¢ ¢ Environment/Culture Differing Rivers Isolation World Views Negative Mesopotamian Positive Egyptian Mesopotamian ecosystem alteration Egyptian sustainability Different political systems Cities/States M-city states, many kings, environ. Devastation, outside forces conquer E-Unified, God-King, agricultural villages, anarchy removes pharaohs INTERACTION AND EXCHANGE ¢ ¢ ¢ ¢ ¢ Trade with Mesopotamia Agriculture and architecture benefited Egypt Extensive long distance trade Meso-Indus, Anatolia, Iran, Afghanistan Egypt-Mediterranean and Middle East Influences Hebrews, Phoenicians, IndoEuropeans Neighborly influence Horse/Chariot based armies, Hittites conquer Babylon, Hyksos invades Egypt Egypt becomes an imperial state “Civilization”: What’s in a Word? ¢ First Civilizations reveal immense similarities: ¢ Inspiring art ¢ Profound reflections on life ¢ Productive technology ¢ Increased control over nature ¢ Writing ¢ Massive inequalities ¢ State oppression ¢ Slavery ¢ Large scale warfare ¢ Subordination of women ¢ Epidemic disease