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th 8 Grade Midterm Test Review 1. What limits what scientists can study in their work? • Scientists can only study phenomena that they can observe 2. What personal trait do scientists mainly depend on when they design an experiment? • Creativity 3. When scientists develop a theory, what is the purpose for repeat trials? • To repeat experiments and verify results 4. Why is astronomy science while astrology is pseudoscience (not science)? • Astrology is pseudoscience because there is no valid scientific data to support it. 5. What is the reason for the increased popularity of hybrid cars and cars that use alternative fuels? • The high levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere 6. The terrestrial planets have a (lower or higher) density than gas giant planets? • The terrestrial planets have a higher density than the gas giant planets 7. A star system made up of two pairs of stars is called a ______ star system. • Quadruple 8. Apparent magnitude is how bright a star looks (appears) from __________. • Earth 9. How far is a light year? • 9.5 trillion km 10. Rank the following star apparent magnitudes from dimmest to brightest: -1.44, 1.23, -0.31, 9.54 • 9.54, 1.23, -.31, -1.44 11. Which of the following is farthest from Earth? Mars, the sun, the moon, Milky Way galaxy, or Andromeda galaxy? • Andromeda galaxy 12. Rank the following in order from largest to smallest: galaxy, star, universe, planet • Universe, Galaxy, Star, Planet 13. Red and yellow stars have a relatively (hot or cool) temperature while blue and white stars have a relatively (hot or cool) temperature. • Red & Yellow Stars= Cool • Blue & White Stars= Hot 14. What characteristic of stars is measured by luminosity? • Brightness 15. After the sun’s hydrogen is consumed in five billion years or so, what will be its primary fuel? • Helium 16. When distance between objects increases, gravitational force (increases or decreases). • Decreases 17. What type of surface do terrestrial planets have? • Solid 18. Which planets in the solar system have rings? • Saturn, Jupiter, Uranus, & Neptune 19. A small rocky body that travels through space is called a __________. • Meteoroid 20. An unbalanced force that makes objects move in an elliptical path is called ___________ force. • Centripetal 21. The process that joins two atomic nuclei to create a new nucleus and an enormous amount of energy is called _____________ ___________. • Nuclear Fusion 22. The geocentric theory has ________ in the center while the heliocentric theory has _______ in the center. • Earth in the center= geocentric • Sun in the center= heliocentric 23. What lies between Mars and Jupiter? • The asteroid belt 24. Why is a year on Mars longer than a year on Earth? • Mars is farther from the Sun than Earth is. 25. Arrange the following in the correct order in the formation of the solar system: protostar, planetesimal, terrestrial planet, protoplanetary disk • Protoplanetary Disk to Protostar to Planetesimal to Terrestrial Planet 26. Why are dwarf planets round? • Dwarf planets are round because of their own gravity 27. About how often does sunspot activity peak? • The length of a sunspot cycle is about 11 years 28. The path Earth travels as it revolves around the sun is called its _________. • Orbit 29. One complete rotation of Earth is called a _________. • Day 30. Why can you see the surface of the moon from Earth? • Light from the sun is reflected by the moon’s surface 31. What accounts for the differences in the appearance of the moon from day to day? • The position of the moon in its orbit around the Earth 32. Be able to identify independent and dependent variables. • Independent= factor that is deliberately manipulated in an investigation • Dependent= factor that changes as a result of manipulation of one or more independent variables 33.What is the difference between apparent magnitude and absolute magnitude? How is it possible for a star that is actually brighter than another to appear dimmer? • Apparent magnitude is how bright the star appears to someone on Earth, and absolute brightness is how bright the star is regardless of its distance from Earth. A star that is brighter than another star, but much farther away from Earth, can appear dimmer because of its distance from Earth. 34. What makes up a solar system? • A solar system consist of a star and all the objects in orbit around it. 35. If a scientist examines a star that is the same color as the sun, what can the scientist assume about he temperature of the star? • The scientist can assume that the star may have a temperature that is similar to the Sun’s because it is the same color 36. What makes up and holds together a galaxy? • A galaxy is made up of billions of stars, planets, gas and dust. • A galaxy is held together by gravity 37. When scientists refer to a light year, what do they mean? Be sure to quantify your answer. • A light-year is the distance light travels in one year, about 9.5 trillion km. 38. How did the terrestrial planets form? • The terrestrial planets developed from collisions and mergers of rocky planetismals 39. Identify and explain the process by which the sun releases energy. • Sun releases energy through nuclear fusion. • Nuclear fusion is the nuclei of two small atoms coming together to form a larger nucleus • Energy is formed from matter 40. Why might early astronomers have thought that Earth was the center of the universe? • They were unable to see parallax without a telescope 41. How did the solar system form? • The solar system formed from a solar nebula, which is a rotating cloud of gas and dust. As the nebula collapsed, the matter in the nebula condensed to form a central core and a protoplanetary disk. The central core became a protostar that was compressed by gravity until it became hot enough to begin nuclear fusion, at which point it became a star (the sun). In the protoplanetary disk, the matter collided to form planetesimals, which slowly became larger until they were large enough to be planets.