Download not

Plant Biology
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Plant Cell
Evolution
Life Cycles
Structures
Transport
Hormones
Tropisms
Photoperiodism
3. A botanist discovers a new species of plant in a
tropical rain forest. After observing its anatomy and
life cycle, the following characteristics are noted:
flagellated sperm, xylem with tracheids, separate
gametophyte and sporophyte phases, and no seeds.
This plant is probably most closely related to *
1) mosses.
2) Chara.
3) ferns.
4) liverworts.
5) flowering plants.
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
1. A botanist discovers a new species of plant with a
dominant sporophyte, chlorophyll a and b, and a
cell wall made of cellulose. In assigning this plant
to a division, all of the following would provide
useful information except whether or not the plant
has *
a. endosperm.
b. seeds.
c. flagellated sperm.
d. flowers.
e. starch.
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
2. Assume that a botanist was visiting a tropical region
for the purpose of discovering plants with medicinal
properties. All of the following might be ways of
identifying potentially useful plants except
a. observing which plants sick animals seek out.
b. observing which plants are the most used food
plants.
c. observing which plants animals do not eat.
d. collecting plants and subjecting them to chemical
analysis.
e. asking local people which plants they use as
medicine.
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
1. What is one result of an organism having
meristems?
1) a rapid change from juvenile to adult state
2) a seasonal change in leaf morphology
3) a rapid change from a vegetative state to
a reproductive state
4) indeterminate, life-long growth
5) production of a fixed number of segments
during growth
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
2. One important difference between the anatomy
of roots and the anatomy of leaves is that
1) only leaves have phloem and only roots have
xylem.
2) the cells of roots have cell walls that are lacking
in leaf cells.
3) a waxy cuticle covers leaves but is absent in
roots.
4) vascular tissue is found in roots but is absent
from leaves.
5) leaves have epidermal tissue but roots do not.
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
4. While studying the plant Arabidopsis, a botanist
finds that an RNA probe produces colored spots
in the sepals of the plant. From this information,
which information can be inferred?
1) The differently colored plants will attract different
pollinating insects.
2) The RNA probe is transported only to certain tissues.
3) The colored regions were caused by mutations that
took place in the sepals.
4) The RNA probe is specific to a gene active in sepals.
5) More research needs to be done on the sepals of
Arabidopsis.
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
5. Which of these statements about human evolution
is true?
1) The ancestors of Homo sapiens were
chimpanzees and other apes.
2) Human evolution has proceeded in an orderly
fashion from an ancestral anthropoid to Homo
sapiens.
3) The evolution of upright posture and enlarged
brain occurred simultaneously.
4) Different features have evolved at different rates.
5) Mitochondrial DNA analysis indicates that modern
humans are genetically very similar to
Neanderthals.
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
1. What mechanism explains the movement of sucrose
from source to sink?
a. evaporation of water and active transport of sucrose from
the sink
b. osmotic movement of water into the sucrose-loaded
sieve-tube members creating a higher hydrostatic
pressure in the source than in the sink
c. tension created by the differences in hydrostatic pressure
in the source and sink
d. active transport of sucrose through the sieve-tube cells
driven by proton pumps
e. the hydrolysis of starch to sucrose in the mesophyll cells
that raises their water potential and drives the bulk flow of
sap to the sink
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
2. The main mechanism(s) determining the direction
of short-distance transport within a potato tuber is
(are)
a. diffusion due to concentration differences and
bulk flow due to pressure differences.
b. pressure flow through the phloem.
c. active transport due to the hydrolysis of ATP and
ion transport into the tuber cells.
d. determined by the structure and function of the
tonoplast of the tuber cells.
e. not affected by temperature and pressure.
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
3. A water molecule could move all the way through
a plant from soil to root to leaf to air and pass
through a living cell only once. This living cell
would be a part of which structure?
a. the Casparian strip
b. a guard cell
c. the root epidermis
d. the endodermis
e. the root cortex
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
4. Photosynthesis begins to decline when leaves
wilt because
a. flaccid cells are incapable of photosynthesis.
b. CO2 accumulates in the leaves and inhibits
photosynthesis.
c. there is insufficient water for photolysis during
light reactions.
d. stomata close, preventing CO2 entry into the
leaf.
e. the chlorophyll of flaccid cells cannot absorb
light.
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
6. Water flows into the source end of a sieve tube
because
a. sucrose has diffused into the sieve tube, making
it hypertonic.
b. sucrose has been actively transported into the
sieve tube, making it hypertonic.
c. water pressure outside the sieve tube forces in
water.
d. the companion cell of a sieve tube actively pumps
in water.
e. sucrose has been dumped from the sieve tube by
active transport.
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
7. In the pressure-flow hypothesis of
translocation, what causes the pressure?
a. root pressure
b. the osmotic uptake of water by sieve tubes at
the source
c. the accumulation of minerals and water by the
stele in the root
d. the osmotic uptake of water by the sieve
tubes of the sink
e. hydrostatic pressure in xylem vessels
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
1. What does self-incompatibility provide for a
plant?
a. means of transferring pollen to another plant
b. a means of coordinating the fertilization of an
egg with the development of stored nutrients
c. a means of destroying foreign pollen before it
fertilizes the egg cell
d. a biochemical block to self-fertilization so that
cross-fertilization is assured
e. a means of producing seeds without the need
for fertilization
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
2. What is the relationship between pollination
and fertilization in flowering plants? *
a. Fertilization precedes pollination.
b. Pollination easily occurs between plants of
different species.
c. Pollen is formed within megasporangia so that
male and female gametes are near each other.
d. Pollination brings gametophytes together so that
fertilization can occur.
e. If fertilization occurs, pollination is unnecessary.
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
2. The heavy line in this figure illustrates the
relationship between auxin concentration and cell
growth in stem tissues. If the same range of
concentrations was applied to lateral buds, what
curve would probably be produced? *
1) I only
2) II only
3) III only
4) II and III
5) either I or III
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
3. A botanist exposed two groups of plants (of the same
species) to two photoperiods, one with 14 hours of light
and 10 hours of dark and the other with 10 hours of
light and 14 hours of dark. Under the first set of
conditions, the plants flowered, but they failed to flower
under the second set of conditions. Which of the
following conclusions would be consistent with these
results?
1) The critical night length is 14 hours.
2) The plants are short-day plants.
3) The critical day length is 10 hours.
4) The plants can convert phytochrome to florigen.
5) The plants flower in the spring.
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
AP Essays and labs
AP Lab 9
2005, # 3
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Ecology
•
•
•
•
Biomes
Behavior
Populations
Community
– Symbiosis
– Competition
– Succession
• Ecosystems
4. If a meteor impact or volcanic eruption injected a
lot of dust into the atmosphere and reduced
sunlight reaching Earth's surface by 70% for one
year, all of the following marine communities
would be greatly affected except a
a. deep-sea vent community.
b. coral reef community.
c. benthic community.
d. pelagic community.
e. estuary community.
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
1. When, during a field trip, the instructor touched the body
of a moth that was sitting on a tree trunk, the moth raised
its forewings to reveal large eye-spots on its hind wings.
The instructor asked the class why the moth lifted its
wings. One student said that certain sensory receptors
had fired and triggered a neuronal reflex culminating in the
contraction of certain muscles. A second student
responded that the behavior might frighten would-be
predators.
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
1.
(cont.) What can you say about the explanations of these
two students? *
1) The first response is correct, while the second is
incorrect.
2) The first response answers a proximate question, while
the second answers an ultimate question.
3) The first response is biological, while the second is
philosophical.
4) The first explanation is testable as a scientific hypothesis,
while the second is not.
5) Both explanations are reasonable and simply represent a
difference of opinion.
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
2. A cage with male mosquitoes in it has a small earphone
placed on top, through which the sound of a female
mosquito is played. All the males immediately fly to the
earphone and thrust their abdomens through the fabric of
the cage.
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
2. (cont.) Which of the following best describes this?
1) The males learn to associate the sound with a female and
are thus attracted to it.
2) Copulation is a fixed action pattern, and the female flight
sound is a sign stimulus that initiates it.
3) The sound from the earphone irritated the male
mosquitoes, causing them to attempt to sting it.
4) The reproductive drive is so strong that when males are
deprived of females, they will attempt to mate with
anything that has even the slightest female characteristic.
5) Through classical conditioning, the male mosquitoes have
associated the inappropriate stimulus from the earphone
with the normal response of copulation.
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
3. Which of the following is true about imprinting?
1) It may be triggered by visual or chemical
stimuli.
2) It happens to many adult animals, but not to
their young.
3) It is a type of learning involving no innate
behavior.
4) It occurs only in birds.
5) It causes behaviors that last for only a short
time (the critical period).
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
4. Every morning at the same time John went into the
den to feed his new tropical fish. After a few weeks
John noticed that the fish would rise to the top of the
tank as soon as he would enter the room. This is a
good example of
1) habituation.
2) imprinting.
3) classical conditioning.
4) operant conditioning.
5) maturation.
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
5. A dog learns that it will get a treat when it barks.
Which of the following might you use to describe
this behavior?
1) The dog is displaying an instinctive fixed action
pattern.
2) The dog is performing a social behavior.
3) The dog is trying to protect its territory.
4) The dog has been classically conditioned.
5) The dog's behavior is a result of operant
conditioning.
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
2. As N approaches K for a certain population,
which of the following is predicted by the
logistic equation?
a. The growth rate will not change.
b. The growth rate will approach zero.
c. The population will show an Allee effect.
d. The population will increase exponentially.
e. The carrying capacity of the environment will
increase.
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
3. In which of the following habitats would you
expect to find the largest number of Kselected individuals?
a. an abandoned field in Ohio
b. the sand dunes south of Lake Michigan
c. the rain forests of Brazil
d. south Florida after a hurricane
e. a newly emergent volcanic island
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
The following question refers to the figure below,
which depicts the age structure of three
populations
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
4. Assuming these age structure diagrams describe
human populations, in which population is
unemployment likely to be most severe in the future?
a. I
b. II
c. III
d. No differences in the magnitude of future
unemployment would be expected among these
populations.
e. It is not possible to infer anything about future social
conditions from age structure diagrams.
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
5. Which of the following variables is (are)
important in contributing to the rapid growth of
human populations?
a. the high percentage of young people
b. the average age to first give birth
c. carrying capacity of the environment
d. only A and B
e. A, B, and C
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
1. Clear-cutting tropical forests yields agricultural land with
limited productivity because
a. it is too hot in the tropics for most food crops.
b. the tropical forest regrows rapidly and chokes out
agricultural crops.
c. few of the ecosystem’s nutrients are stored in the
soil; most are in the forest trees.
d. phosphorus, not nitrogen, is the limiting nutrient in
those soils.
e. decomposition rates are high but primary
production is low in the tropics.
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Use the figure below to answer the following questions
(2 and 3). Examine this food web for a particular
terrestrial ecosystem. Each letter is a species. The
arrows represent energy flow.
2. Which species is autotrophic?
a. A
b. B
c. C
d. D
e. E
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
3. Species C makes its predators sick. Which
species is most likely to benefit from being a
mimic of C? *
a. A
b. B
c. C
d. D
e. E
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
6. If the flow of energy in an Arctic ecosystem goes
through a simple food chain from seaweeds to fish to
seals to polar bears, then which of the following is true?
a. Polar bears can provide more food for Eskimos
than seals can.
b. The total energy content of the seaweeds is lower
than that of the seals.
c. Polar bear meat probably contains the highest
concentrations of fat-soluble toxins.
d. Seals are more numerous than fish.
e. The carnivores can provide more food for the
Eskimos than the herbivores can.
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
AP Labs and Essays
Lab 12
Lab 11
1997, # 1
1997, # 3 (lab)
1998, # 4
2002, # 2
2003, # 3
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Cell Parts
•
•
•
•
Prokaryote
Animal / Plant Cells
Endosymbiotic Hypothesis,
Structures and Functions
Evolution
•
•
•
•
Lamarck/ vs. Darwin
Evidence
Homologous vs. Analogous
Mechanisms
– Natural Selection
– Genetic drift
– Gene Flow
– Mutations
– Non-Random Mating
•
•
•
•
Populations (Hardy Weinberg)
Speciation, Reproductive isolation
Adaptive Radiation
Modes of Natural Selection
2. Mice that are homozygous for a lethal recessive allele die shortly after
birth. In a large breeding colony of mice, you find that a surprising 5%
of all newborns die from this trait. In checking lab records, you
discover that the same proportion of offspring have been dying from
this trait in this colony for the past three years. (Mice breed several
times a year and have large litters.) How might you explain the
persistence of this lethal allele at such a high frequency?
a. Homozygous recessive mice have a reproductive advantage.
b. A large mutation rate keeps producing this lethal allele.
c. There is some sort of heterozygote advantage and perhaps
selection against the homozygous dominant trait.
d. Genetic drift has kept the recessive allele at this high frequency
in the population.
e. Since this is a diploid species, the recessive allele cannot be
selected against when it is in the heterozygote.
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
3. Genetic analysis of a large population of mink inhabiting an island in
Michigan revealed an unusual number of loci where one allele was fixed.
Which of the following is the most probable explanation for this genetic
homogeneity? *
a. The population exhibited nonrandom mating, producing homozygous
genotypes.
b. The gene pool of this population never experienced mutation or gene
flow.
c. A very small number of mink may have colonized this island, and this
founder effect and subsequent genetic drift could have fixed many
alleles.
d. Natural selection has selected for and fixed the best adapted alleles
at these loci.
e. The colonizing population may have had much more genetic
diversity, but genetic drift in the last year or two may have fixed these
alleles by chance.
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
4. Increased UV irradiation causes the skin of humans
to become more darkly pigmented over a period of
days. The notion that the offspring of such tanned
individuals should consequently inherit darkened skin
from their parents is consistent with the ideas of
a. Charles Darwin.
b. Carolus Linnaeus.
c. Alfred Wallace.
d. Jean Baptiste Lamarck.
e. Charles Lyell.
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
5.
A biologist studied a population of squirrels for 15 years. Over
that time, the population was never fewer than 30 squirrels and
never more than 45. Her data showed that over half of the
squirrels born did not survive to reproduce, because of
competition for food and predation. Suddenly, the population
increased to 80. In a single generation, 90% of the squirrels
that were born lived to reproduce. What inferences might you
make about that population?
a. The amount of available food probably increased.
b. The number of predators probably decreased.
c. The young squirrels in the next generation will show greater levels
of variation than in the previous generations because squirrels that
would not have survived in the past are now surviving.
d. All three of these are reasonable inferences.
e. Only B and C are reasonable inferences.
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
6.
In a hypothetical environment, fishes called pike-cichlids are
visual predators of algae-eating fish, i.e., they locate their prey
by sight. If a population of algae eaters experiences predation
pressure from pike-cichlids, then which of the following should
not be observed in the algae-eater population over the course
of many generations?
a. Coloration of the algae eaters may become drab.
b. The algae eaters may become nocturnal (active only at
night).
c. Female algae eaters may become larger, bearing broods
composed of more, and larger, young.
d. The algae eaters may become sexually mature at smaller
overall body sizes.
e. The algae eaters may become faster swimmers.
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
7. When chemicals are used to control unwanted
organisms, then the wisest application strategy, in
light of natural selection and assuming that chemicals
generally have negative effects on the environment,
is to apply
a. a large dose of a single chemical.
b. a small dose of a single chemical.
c. a moderate dose of a single chemical.
d. large doses of several different chemicals.
e. moderate doses of several different chemicals.
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
8. As adults, certain species of whales possess baleen
instead of teeth. Baleen is used to filter the whales' diet of
planktonic animals from seawater. As embryos, baleen
whales possess teeth, which are later replaced by baleen.
The teeth of embryonic baleen whales are evidence that
a. all whales are the descendants of terrestrial mammals.
b. baleen whale embryos pass through a stage when they
resemble adult toothed whales.
c. baleen whales are descendants of toothed whales.
d. ontogeny recapitulates phylogeny.
e. among ancient whales, baleen evolved before teeth.
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
1.
A botanist identifies a new species of plant that has 32
chromosomes. It grows in the same habitat with three
similar species: species A (2n 5 14), species B (2n 5 16),
and species C (2n 5 18). Suggest a possible speciation
mechanism for the new species.
a. allopatric divergence by development of a
reproductive isolating mechanism.
b. change in a key developmental gene that causes the
plants to flower at different times.
c. autopolyploidy, perhaps due to a nondisjunction in
the formation of gametes of species B.
d. allopolyploidy, a hybrid formed from species A and C.
e. Either answer c or d could account for the formation
of this new plant species
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
1.The following question refers to this
information: In the year 2500, five male space
colonists and five female space colonists from
Earth settle on an uninhabited Earthlike planet
in the Andromeda galaxy. The colonists and
their offspring randomly mate for generations.
All ten of the original colonists had free ear
lobes, and two are heterozygous for that trait.
The allele for free ear lobes is dominant to the
allele for attached ear lobes
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
2. After many generations, the population on this
planet has an unusually high frequency for the
incidence of retinitis pigmentosa, relative to
Earth's population. This is most likely due to
a. the founder effect.
b. sexual selection.
c. the inheritance of acquired characteristics.
d. mutations.
e. the bottleneck effect.
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
The restriction enzymes of bacteria protect the
bacteria from successful attack by
bacteriophage, whose genomes can be degraded
by the restriction enzymes. The bacterial
genomes are not vulnerable to these restriction
enzymes because bacterial DNA is methylated.
This situation selects for bacteriophage whose
genomes are also methylated. As new strains of
resistant bacteriophage become more prevalent,
this in turn selects for bacteria whose genomes
are not methylated and whose restriction
enzymes instead degrade methylated DNA.
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
3. Over the course of evolutionary time, what
should occur?
a. Methylated DNA should become fixed in the
gene pools of bacterial species.
b. Nonmethylated DNA should become fixed in
the gene pools of bacteriophage.
c. Methylated DNA should become fixed in the
gene pools of bacteriophage.
d. Methylated and nonmethylated strains should
be maintained among both bacteria and
bacteriophage, with ratios that vary over time.
e. Both A and B are correct.
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
4. A balanced polymorphism exists through diversifying
selection in seedcracker finches from Cameroon in
which small- and large-billed birds specialize in cracking
soft and hard seeds, respectively. If long-term climatic
change resulted in all seeds becoming hard, what type
of selection would then operate on the finch population?
a. diversifying selection.
b. directional selection
c. stabilizing selection
d. sexual selection
e. No selection would operate because the population
is in Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium.
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
1. A biologist discovers two populations of wolf spiders
whose members appear identical. Members of one
population are found in the leaf litter deep within the
woods. Members of the other population are found in
the grass at the edge of the woods. The biologist
decides to designate the members of the two
populations as two separate species. Which species
concept is this biologist most closely utilizing?
a. Ecological
b. Biological
c.
Morphological
d. Pluralistic
e. genealogical
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
2. The formation of a land bridge between North and South
America about three million years ago should have resulted in
which of the following?
I. allopatry of marine populations that were
previously sympatric
II. sympatry of marine populations that were
previously allopatric
III. sympatry of terrestrial populations that were
previously allopatric
a. I only
b. II only
c. III only
d. I and II
e. I and III
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
3. If two subspecies, A and B, are not considered separate
species even though they cannot interbreed, then
a. they are groups that are endemic to isolated
geographic regions.
b. they have eliminated postzygotic barriers but not
prezygotic barriers.
c. gene flow between A and B may exist through other
related subspecies.
d. gene flow has ceased and genetic isolation is
complete.
e. their diploid gametes are produced by
nondisjunction.
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
AP Labs and Essays
•
•
•
•
•
•
Lab 8
1992, # 4
1996, # 4
1997, # 4
2001, # 2
2004, # 3
Diversity of Life
• 5 Kingdoms vs. 3 Domains
1. The temperature at which hybrid DNA melts is
indicative of the degree of homology between the
DNA sequences. The more extensive the pairing, the
higher the temperature required to separate the
strands. You are trying to determine the phylogenetic
relationships among species A, B, and C. You mix
single-stranded DNA from all three species (in test
groups of two) and measure the temperatures at
which the hybrid DNA melts (separates). You find that
hybrid BC has the highest melting temperature, AC
the next highest, and AB the lowest.
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
1. (cont.) From these data you conclude that *
a. species A and B are most closely related, whereas
B and C are least closely related.
b. B and C must be the same species, and A is more
closely related to C than to B.
c. species B and C must have diverged most recently,
and A is more closely related to C than to B.
d. A hybridizes most easily with B, and they must have
a more recent common ancestor than do A and C.
e. these tests are inconclusive and you had better go
back and check the fossil record.
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
2. According to this dichotomous phylogenetic tree created
using cladistic analysis, C and D are most closely related
because they
a. do not share a common
ancestor with O, A, or
B.
b. are monophyletic.
c. evolved from a
common ancestor a
long time ago.
d. have the most shared
derived characters in
common.
e. have the greatest
number of anatomical
similarities as shown by
statistical analysis.
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
3. A biologist discovers two new species of organisms,
one in Africa and one in South America. The organisms
resemble one another closely. Which type of evidence
would probably be least useful in determining whether
these organisms are closely related or are the products
of convergent evolution?
a. the history and timing of continental drift
b. a comparison of DNA from the two species
c. the fossil record of the two species
d. analysis of the behavior of the two species
e. comparative embryology
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Use Figure 25.1 to answer the following questions.
4. A common ancestor for species C and E could
be at position number
a. 1.
b. 2.
c. 3.
d. 4.
e. 5.
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
5. The two extant species that are most closely
related to each other are
a. A and B.
b. B and D.
c. C and B.
d. D and E.
e. E and A.
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
6.
If this evolutionary tree is an accurate depiction of relatedness, then
which of the following should be correct?
1) The entire tree depicts
anagenesis.
2) If all species depicted
here make up a taxon,
this taxon is
monophyletic.
3) The last common ancestor
of species B and C occurred
more recently than the last
common ancestor of species
D and E.
a.
2 only
b.
1 and 3
4) Species A is the ancestor of
both species B and C.
c.
3 and 4
d.
2, 3, and 4
e.
2, 3, and 5
5) The species present at position number
three is ancestral to three extant species.
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
7. Some DNA-DNA hybridization data place the giant
panda in the bear family (Ursidae), but place the
lesser panda in the raccoon family (Procyonidae).
The similarity of body morphology of these two
animals must therefore be due to
a. inheritance of acquired characteristics.
b. sexual selection.
c. inheritance of shared derived characters.
d. convergent evolution.
e. possession of shared primitive characters.
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
A researcher compared the nucleotide sequences of a
homologous gene from five different species of
mammals. The sequence homology between each
species' version of the gene and the human gene are
presented as a percentage of similarity.
Species
Percentage
Chimpanzee
99.7
Orangutan
98.6
Baboon
97.2
Rhesus Monkey
96.9
Rabbit
93.7
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
8. What conclusion can be validly drawn from these
data?
a. Humans and other primates evolved from
rabbits.
b. All organisms have similar DNA.
c. Among the organisms listed, humans shared a
common ancestor most recently with
chimpanzees.
d. Humans evolved from chimpanzees.
e. Both A and D are correct.
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
9. Which statement represents the best explanation for
the observation that the nuclear DNA of wolves and
domestic dogs has a very high degree of homology?
a. Dogs and wolves have very similar
morphologies.
b. Dogs and wolves belong to the same genus.
c. Dogs and wolves are both members of the family
Canidae.
d. Dogs and wolves shared a common ancestor
relatively recently.
e. Convergent evolution has occurred.
Copyright © 2005 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings
• Auxin –
– Promotes plant cell growth, apical dominance
and cell elongation
• Cytokinens –
– Cell growth in roots, removes axilary buds
from apical dominance,
• Gibberillins –
– Cell elongation between nodes, seed
germination, fruit development, seedless fruits
• Ethylene –
– Fruit ripening, leaf abscission, (gas)
• Abscisic acid –
– Closing of stomata, maintains seed dormancy
• FAP seen in goose
• Releaser/sign
stimulus signals
the pattern
• Behavior is innate
The Prokaryotic Cell:
General Eukaryotic Cells:
In what way
are these
organisms
displaying
examples of
convergent
evolution?