Download Adjectives Original handout by Olga Lizoń and Filip Wojnowski

Adjectives
Original handout by Olga Lizoń and Filip Wojnowski
1. Kinds of adjectives
Q: In the sentence How deep is that pool? ‘deep’ is an ........................ whereas in How
deep did you dive? ‘deep’ is an ........................ .1
Q: Create adjectives from the following words
a. enjoy ..............
f. affection ..............
b. change ..............
g. picture ..............
c. business ..............
h. glory ..............
d. hour ..............
i. fear ..............
e. hesitate ..............
j. sense .............. 2
A. Main kinds






Demonstrative (this, that, these, those)
Distributive (each, every; either neither)
Quantitative (some, any, no, little/few; many, much; one, twenty)
Interrogative (which, what, whose)
Possessive (my, your, his, her, its, our, your, their)
Of quality (clever, dry, fat, golden, good, heavy, square)
B. Participles used as adjectives
 Present participle (amusing, boring, tiring etc.) – these are active and
mean ‘having this effect’
 Past participle (amused, horrified, tired etc.) – these are passive and
mean ‘affected in this way’
C. Agreement
 Adjectives in English have the same form for singular and plural,
masculine and feminine nouns
a good boy, good boys
a good girl, good girls
 The only exceptions are the demonstrative adjectives this and that,
which change to these and those before plural nouns:
this cat, these cats
that man, those men
1
2
...adjective…adverb.
a.
able
b.
able
c.
like
d.
ly
e.
ant
f.
ate
g.
sque
h.
ious
i.
some/ful
j.
ible
2. Position of adjectives: attributive and predicative use
A. Attributive adjectives – it means that they come before their nouns, all
kinds of adjectives can be attributive (this book, which boy, my dog, a rich
man)
B. Predicative adjectives – it means that they came after link verbs which
connect the noun with the adjective (Tom became rich, Ann seems happy,
Tom felt good, the idea sound interesting)
Q: Adjectives beginning with ‘a-‘ are usually: a) attributive b) predicative. Can you
think of some examples.3
Q: Mark adjectives that change their meaning when used attributively or
predicatively:
a. old b. small
c. late
d. angry4
Q: Have a look at the following sentences: "I saw three happy kids", and "I saw three
kids happy enough to jump up and down with glee." Does the second sentence
contain a predicative or an attributive usage of the adjective ‘happy’?5
Q: Shameful is an attributive counterpart of ashamed:
a. true b. false6
C. Absolute adjectives – adjectives of this type do not belong to any larger
construction and modify a noun or pronoun they are closest to (The boy,
happy with his lollipop, did not look where he was going)
D. Substantive adjectives – act almost as nouns (He preferred the sad book,
but she preferred the happy; the elderly = old people)
3. Order of ‘of quality’ adjectives
A. Several variations are possible but a fairly usual is: (adjectives of)
 size (except little)
 general description
o excluding adjectives of personality, emotion
o adjectives of personality/emotion come after adjectives of
physical description e.g. : dark, fair, pale, but before colours: a
small suspicious official, a pale anxious girl, a kindly black
doctor.
 age, and the adjective little7
 shape
3
b), examples: afraid, adrift, afloat, alive, alive, alone, ashamed, asleep (but note many predicative adjectives
beginning with a letter other than ‘a’ e.g. upset and many attributive adjectives beginning with ‘a’)
4
abc, old chap -> old = good, chap is old -> old = elderly; small farmer -> small = having a small farm; farmer is
small -> small = short; late man -> late = dead, man is late -> late = delayed
5
Both are attributive. Q: Consequently, how would you modify the definition of attributive adjective (par.2A)
to provide for such examples? A: Attributive adjectives are part of the noun phrase headed by the noun they
modify
6
b
7
This point concern little, old and young used to give information.




colour
material
origin
purpose (these are really gerunds used to form compound nouns)
walking stick
riding boots
B. little, old and young8 are often used, not to give information, but as part
of an adjective-noun combination. They are then places next to their nouns:
Your nephew is a nice little boy.
That young man drives too fast.
C. Fine, lovely, nice and sometimes beautiful, + adjective usually express
approval of the size, shape etc. If we say a beautiful big room, a lovely warm
house9, we imply that we like big rooms and warm houses.
Q: order the following
a. a small Canadian thin lady
b. a carving steel new knife
c. a beautiful blue sailing boat
d.
e.
f.
g.
an old wooden square table
an new French exciting band
a red big plastic hat
a cotton dirty old tie10
4. Comparison
A. Three degrees of comparison:
Positive
Comparative
Superlative
[a]dark
[b]interested
[c]useful
obscure
[d]clever
silly
darker
more interested
more useful
more obscure
cleverer
sillier
darkest
most interested
most useful
most obscure
cleverest
silliest
B. One syllable adjectives

Comparative and superlative formed by adding er and est [a]
C. Adjectives of three or more syllables

Comparative and superlative formed by putting more and most before
the positive [b]
D. Adjectives of two syllables
[follow one or other of the rules below]
8
Little + old + noun is possible, but little + young + noun is not.
When used predicatively, such pairs are separated by and (beautiful is not much used in this sense)
10
a. a small thin Canadian lady
b. a new steel carving knife
c. the order is correct
d. an old square wooden table
e. an exciting new French band
f. a big red plastic hat
g. a dirty old cotton tie
9
 Those ending in ful or re usually take more and most [c]
 Those ending in er, y or ly usually add er, est [d]
E. Irregular comparisons:
Positive
Comparative
Superlative
bad
far
worse
farther
further
better
less
more
elder
older
worst
farthest11
furthest12
best
least
most
eldest13
oldest14
good
little
many/much
old
Q: Mark non-gradable adjectives a. daily b. medical c. unique d. dead15
5. Constructions with comparisons
A. With the positive form
 as . . . as in the affirmative (He was as white as a sheet)
 not as/ not so . . . as in the negative (Manslaughter is not as/so bad
as murder)
B. With the comparative
 . . . than . . . ( He makes fewer mistakes than you)16
C. With the superlative
 Comparison of three or more things is expressed with the . . . in/of
This is the oldest theatre in London.
 A relative clause is useful especially with perfect tense
This is the best beer I have ever drunk.
D. Parallel increase
 Parallel increase is expressed by the + comparative . . . the + comparat.
The bigger the better.
E. Gradual increase or decrease
 Expressed by two comparatives joined by and
The weather is getting colder and colder.
F. Comparisons with like and as
 In theory like is used only with noun, pronoun and gerund
11
Of distance only
Used more widely; further used with abstract nouns means ‘additional/extra’ (Further supplies will soon be
available.); furthest can be used similarly.
13
Imply seniority rather than age and it is chiefly used for comparisons within a family (my elder brother).
14
Necessary when than is used (He is older than I am.).
15
abcd
16
When than is omitted, it is very common in colloquial English to use a superlative instead of a comparative
This is the best way could be said when there are only two ways.
12
Do like Peter: go jogging and as is used only with a finite verb
Do as Peter does: go jogging but in colloquial English like can be used
insted of as.
 Like + noun as + noun
He worked like a slave (very hard indeed)
He worked as a slave (=He was a slave.)
Q:
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
Mark sentences containing grammatical, stylistic or semantic errors
He’s littler than you are.
I’m the elder.
I’m elder than him.
He is as bold as a hatter.
He is as bright as a button.
f. The play was as dry as desert.
g. I'm feeling as right as cucumber
again after a period of sick leave.
h. Choose the smaller of two evils.
i. John is easily the tallest boy in our
class.17
6. The + adjective
A. Certain adjectives such as blind, healthy, deaf, living, rich, unemployed,
can be preceded by the and used to represent a class of persons. These
expressions:
 have a plural meaning
 take a plural verb
 the pronoun is they
The poor get poorer, the rich get richer
B. National adjectives
 If we wish to refer to a particular group (not a group considered in
general sense only), we must add a noun.
The French like to eat well.
The French tourists complained about the food.
 The can be used in the same way with national adjectives ending in ch,
sh, se or ss (the Dutch, the Spanish; the Japanese, the Swiss)
7. Adjectives used as pronouns and + one/ones
A. Most adjectives can be used with the pronouns one/ ones, when one/ones
represents a previously mentioned noun.
I lost my camera; this is a new one.
Don’t buy the expensive apples; get the cheaper ones.
B. With first/ second
Which train did you catch? I caught the first (one)
C. With superlatives
Which of these two is the strongest?
The eldest was only ten.
8. Structures after adjectives
17
c
d
f
g
h
A. We use a to- infinitive after some adjectives following ‘link’ verbs, e.g. be, feel: It
is bound to rain later. I am willing to try.They don’t seem able to help.
B. We use a prepositional phrase after some adjectives. The preposition
collocates with the adjective.
Nobody is immune from criticism.
 Here are more examples:
ashamed of, integral to, subject to, devoid of, lacking in, descended
from, intent on, compatible with, characteristic of, compatible with
Q: Provide prepositions for the following adjectives:
a. annoyed ….................... sth
g.
b. ashamed ….................... sb/sth
h.
c. awful ….................... (doing) sth
i.
d. busy ….................... sth
j.
e. careless ….................... danger
k.
f. certain ....................... facts
l.
contrary ...................... advice
glad ....................... sth
jealous ....................... sth
late ....................... work
nervous ....................... sth
wrong ....................... sth18
C. We use a that- clause after some adjectives referring to people’s beliefs and
feelings.
I am pleased that you’ve found a new job.
I am sorry for breaking the window.
I am sorry about your window.
She’s afraid that he won’t believe her.
I am afraid that we have no news.
9. Adjectives and adverbs


Adjectives ending in ly, like monthly and early have the same form as
adverbs. Others can’t be transformed into adverbs. Instead we have to
use a phrase:
He had a friendly attitude.
He behaved in a friendly way.
Other adjectives like this include:
costly, cowardly, deadly, likely, lively, lonely, silly, ugly
Q: The last and a bit off-topic question is: what is the part of speech of the
word to which ied is added in the words like: cross-eyed, flat-chested, hardhearted, slow-footed :
a. noun
b. verb19
18
a.
19
a
at/about/with
b.
of/about
c.
at/for/about
d.
at/with
e.
of/about
f.
of/about
g.
to
h.
about
i.
of/about
j.
for/at/to
k.
of/US about
l.
about/with/etc