Download م.م عدي فارس الفرطوسي PhD Pediatric Nsg St. Obesity Obesity is a

‫م عدي فارس الفرطوسي‬.‫م‬
PhD Pediatric Nsg St.
Obesity
•
•
 Obesity is a complex disorder involving an excessive amount of body fat.
 Obesity isn't just a cosmetic concern.
 It increases risk of diseases and health problems such as heart disease, diabetes and high
blood pressure.
Symptoms
Obesity is likely when an individual's body mass index (BMI) is 30 or higher. Your body mass index
is calculated by dividing your weight in kilograms (kg) by your height in meters (m) squared.
Weight status
•
•
•
•
•
•
Below 18.5
18.5-24.9
25.0-29.9
30.0-34.9
35.0-39.9
40.0 and higher
BMI
Underweight
Normal
Overweight
Obese (Class I)
Obese (Class II)
Extreme obesity (Class III)
•
•
•
•
•
•
Causes
Although there are genetic and hormonal influences on body weight, obesity occurs when you take
in more calories than you burn through exercise and normal daily activities. Your body stores these
excess calories as fat.
Obesity usually results from a combination of causes and contributing factors, including:
Inactivity. If you're not very active, you don't burn as many calories. With a sedentary lifestyle, you
can easily take in more calories every day than you use through exercise and normal daily activities.
Unhealthy diet and eating habits. Having a diet that's high in calories, lacking in fruits and
vegetables, full of fast food, missing breakfast, and laden with high-calorie beverages and oversized
portions all contribute to weight gain.
Lack of sleep. Too little sleep can cause changes in hormones that increase your appetite. You may
also crave foods high in calories and carbohydrates, which can contribute to weight gain.
Certain medications. Some medications can lead to weight gain if you don't compensate through
diet or activity. These medications include some antidepressants, anti-seizure medications, diabetes
medications, antipsychotic medications, corticosteroids and beta blockers.
Medical problems. Obesity can sometimes be traced to a medical cause, such as Cushing's
syndrome, and other diseases and conditions. Some medical problems, such as arthritis, can lead to
decreased activity, which may result in weight gain. A low metabolism is unlikely to cause obesity, as
is having low thyroid function.
Risk factors
 Genetics. Your genes may affect the amount of body fat store and where that fat is
distributed. Genetics may also play a role in how efficiently body converts food into energy
and how body burns calories during exercise. Even when someone has a genetic
predisposition, environmental factors ultimately make you gain more weight.
 Family lifestyle. Obesity tends to run in families. That's not just because of genetics. Family
members tend to have similar eating, lifestyle and activity habits. If one or both of parents
are obese, risk of being obese is increased.
1









Inactivity. If not very active, don't burn as many calories. With a sedentary lifestyle, can
easily take in more calories every day than you burn off through exercise and normal daily
activities.
Unhealthy diet and eating habits. A diet that's high in calories, lacking in fruits and
vegetables, full of fast food, missing breakfast, and laden with high-calorie beverages and
oversized portions contributes to weight gain.
Quitting smoking. Quitting smoking is often associated with weight gain. And for some, it can
lead to enough weight gain that the person becomes obese. In the long run, however,
quitting smoking is still a greater benefit to health than continuing to smoke.
Pregnancy. During pregnancy, a woman's weight necessarily increases. Some women find
this weight difficult to lose after the baby is born. This weight gain may contribute to the
development of obesity in women.
Lack of sleep. Not getting enough sleep or getting too much sleep at night can cause changes
in hormones that increase your appetite. You may also crave foods high in calories and
carbohydrates, which can contribute to weight gain.
Certain medications. Some medications can lead to weight gain if you don't compensate
through diet or activity. These medications include some antidepressants, anti-seizure
medications, diabetes medications, antipsychotic medications, steroids and beta blockers.
Age. Obesity can occur at any age, even in young children. But as age, hormonal changes and
a less active lifestyle increase risk of obesity. In addition, the amount of muscle in body tends
to decrease with age. This lower muscle mass leads to a decrease in metabolism. These
changes also reduce calorie needs and can make it harder to keep off excess weight. If you
don't control what you eat and consciously become more physically active as you age, you'll
likely gain weight.
Social and economic issues. Certain social and economic issues may be linked to obesity.
may not have safe areas to exercise, may not have been taught healthy ways of cooking or
may not have money to buy healthier foods. In addition, the people spend time with may
influence weight —more likely to become obese if have obese friends or relatives.
Medical problems. Obesity can rarely be traced to a medical cause, such as Prader-Willi
syndrome, Cushing's syndrome, and other diseases and conditions. Some medical problems,
such as arthritis, can lead to decreased activity, which may result in weight gain.
Complications
1. High triglycerides and low high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol
2. Type 2 diabetes
3. High blood pressure
4. Metabolic syndrome — a combination of high blood sugar, high blood pressure, high
triglycerides and low HDL cholesterol
5. Heart disease
6. Stroke
7. Cancer, including cancer of the uterus, cervix, endometrium, ovaries, breast, colon, rectum,
esophagus, liver, gallbladder, pancreas, kidney and prostate
8. Breathing disorders, including sleep apnea, a potentially serious sleep disorder in which
breathing repeatedly stops and starts
9. Gallbladder disease
10. Gynecologic problems, such as infertility and irregular periods
2
11. Erectile dysfunction and sexual health issues
12. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, a condition in which fat builds up in the liver and can cause
inflammation or scarring
13. Osteoarthritis
14. Skin conditions, including poor wound healing
Treatments and drugs
need to work with a team of health professionals
— including a dietitian, behavior therapist or an obesity specialist
— to help understand and make changes in eating and activity habits.
can start feeling better and seeing improvements in health by just introducing better eating and
activity habits. The initial goal is a modest weight loss
— 3 to 5 percent of total weight. That means that if weigh 200 pounds (91 kg) and are obese by BMI
standards, would need to lose only about 6 to 10 pounds (2.7 to 4.5 kg) for health to begin to
improve. However, the more weight lose, the greater the benefits.
•
•
•
•
•
behavioral problems : Obese people may even encounter discrimination.
1. Other weight-related issues that may affect quality of life include:
2. Depression
3. Disability
4. Sexual problems
5. Shame and guilt
6. Social isolation
7. Lower academic achievement
Prevention
Exercise regularly. need to get 150 to 300 minutes of moderate-intensity activity a week to prevent
weight gain. Moderately intense physical activities include fast walking and swimming.
Eat healthy meals and snacks. Focus on low-calorie, nutrient-dense foods, such as fruits, vegetables
and whole grains.
Avoid saturated fat and limit sweets and alcohol. can still enjoy small amounts of high-fat, highcalorie foods as an infrequent treat. Just be sure to choose foods that promote a healthy weight and
good health most of the time.
Know and avoid the food traps that cause to eat Identify situations that trigger out-of-control
eating. Try keeping a journal and write down what eat, how much eat, when eat, how 're feeling and
how hungry are. After a while, should see patterns emerge. can plan ahead and develop strategies
for handling these types of situations and stay in control of your eating behaviors.
Monitor weight regularly. People who weigh themselves at least once a week are more successful in
keeping off excess pounds. Monitoring weight can tell whether efforts are working and can help
detect small weight gains before they become big problems.
Be consistent. Sticking to healthy-weight plan during the week, on the weekends, and amidst
vacation and holidays as much as possible increases chances of long-term success.
3