Download STUDY GUIDE –Intro to Cell Biology

HONORS BIO WHAT SHOULD I KNOW FOR THE TEST- INTRO TO BIOLOGY-Chapters 1 & 2
What is an autotroph? Give an example
Organism that can make its own food; also called producer EX: green plants, algae
What is a heterotroph? Give an example
Organism that can’t make its own food; also called consumer EX: animals, , most bacteria, humans
What does unicellular mean? Give an example
Made of only one cell EX: bacteria
What does multicellular mean? Give examples
Made of more than one cell
EX: Animals, plants, fungi
What is the difference between sexual and asexual reproduction?
Sexual- genetic info comes from two parents
Asexual- genetic info comes from one parent
What is homeostasis?
Maintaining stable internal conditions
What is thermoregulation?
process by which organisms maintain their body temperature
What is osmoregulation?
process by which organisms maintain their balance of water and ions
What happens to an organism that can’t maintain homeostasis?
Organisms can die if homeostasis is not maintained
What is metabolism?
All the chemical reactions that build up/break down materials as organisms carry out life processes
What is differentiation?
process in which cells change as they grow and develop to become specialized with different functions What
is evolution?
change in a population over time; process by which modern organisms have descended from ancient organisms
What is a stimulus?
Signal an organism responds to
What are stem cells?
embryonic cell that has the potential to differentiate into a wide variety of cell types
Why do differentiated cells (like blood, nerve, and bone) look and act different if they have the same DNA?
They have the same genes. What’s different is which ones they turn on/off.
PARTICLES IN AN ATOM
PROTON
LOCATION
In nucleus
CHARGE
+
NEUTRON
In nucleus
None
ELECTRON
Orbits nucleus in energy levels
-
What is an ion?
Atom with an electric charge that has gained or lost electrons
What is special about carbon atoms that they can make so many kinds of molecules?
It can bond with 4 different atoms at the same time
ATOMS IMPORTANT FOR LIVING THINGS
NAME
SYMBOL
Carbon
C
Oxygen
O
Hydrogen
H
Nitrogen
N
Phosphorus
P
Sulfur
S
IONS IMPORTANT FOR LIVING THINGS
NAME
SYMBOL
Hydrogen ion
H+
Sodium ion
Na+
Chloride ion
Cl-
Potassium
K+
Calcium
Ca++
What makes water important to cells? (Don’t say we can’t live without it… what is it used for?)
1. Universal solvent- dissolves lots of substances
2. Doesn’t change temperature easily- helps maintain homeostasis
3. Hydrogen bonds make water molecules stick together so it flows
4. Reactant/product in many chemical reactions
What is a polar molecule? Give an example.
Molecule with an uneven pattern of electric charge; more + on one side/more – on other
EX: water
What is a non-polar molecules? Give an example.
Molecule in which electric charge is distributed evenly EX: lipids, fats, oil
What does hydrophobic mean?
Describes a non-polar molecule that tries to stay away from water; means “water fearing”
What does hydrophilic mean?
Describes a polar molecule that mixes with water easily; means “water loving”
Draw a phospholipid
Label the parts as polar, non-polar, hydrophobic, hydrophilic
Head = polar/hydrophilic
Tails = non-polar/hydrophobic
What are van der Waals forces?
attraction between oppositely charged regions of nearby molecules
What are Hydrogen bonds?
attraction between oppositely charged regions of nearby molecules involving the hydrogen atoms of one
molecule and the partially charged atoms in another molecule
Where are reactants and products found when writing a chemical equation?
Reactants on right side of arrow; products on left side of arrow
What happens in a HYDROLYSIS reaction?
chemical reaction in which a molecule is broken apart by the addition of the H and OH from a water molecule
What happens in a DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS reaction?
chemical reaction in which smaller molecules are joined together by removing an H and an OH to make a water
molecule
What is a monomer? Give an example
small unit that can join together with other similar small units to form a large molecule (polymer)
EX: amino acids make proteins; nucleotides make nucleic acids
What is a polymer? Give an example
large molecule made by joining smaller monomer units together EX: DNA, proteins, polysaccharides
Which 4 MACROMOLECULES are important to living things?
Carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids
Which kind of macromolecule is burned for energy in all living things? GLUCOSE
Which kind of macromolecule provides long term energy storage and insulation for organisms? LIPIDS
Which group of macromolecules is different than the others because it is hydrophobic? LIPIDS
Which kinds of macromolecules are important in transport in organisms? PROTEINS
Which kind of macromolecules store and transport information?
NUCLEIC ACIDS
Which 2 kinds of molecules are important in making cell membranes? PHOSPHOLIPIDS & PROTEINS
Which kind of molecules can identify “self” and are involved in blood types/transplants? GLYCOPROTEINS
What is ATP? How does it work to store and release energy?
Molecule used to store/transport energy in all living things;
Adding phosphate stores energy; Removing phosphate releases energy
What does the protein hormone INSULIN do?
Tells cells to remove glucose from bloodstream and store it as glycogen
What is DIABETES?
Disease in which insulin is not produced
What does the protein HEMOGLOBIN do?
Protein found in red blood cells that carries oxygen to all body cells
SUBUNIT
NAME
NUCLEOTIDE
MAKES WHAT POLYMER?
NUCLEIC ACIDS
DNA & RNA
AMINO ACID
PROTEINS
GLUCOSE
POLYSACCHARIDES
KINDS OF CARBOHYDRATES
# of SUGARS it contains
EXAMPLE
MONOSACCHARIDES
ONE
DISACCHARIDES
TWO
GLUCOSE, RIBOSE,
DEOXYRIBOSE
SUCROSE, LACTOSE
OLIGOSACCHARIDES
Few -2-10
GLYCOPROTEINS
POLYSACCHARIDES
Many-100’s-1000’s
GLYCOGEN, STARCH, CELLULOSE
Name 3 major polysaccharides and TELL WHAT EACH DOES.
1. Glycogen- stores sugar in animal cells
2. Starch- stores sugar in plant cells
3. Cellulose- structural/makes plants sturdy
COMPARE NUCLEIC ACIDS:
DNA
RNA
Is it Single/double stranded?
DOUBLE STRANDED
SINGLE STRANDED
A, T, C, G
A, U, C, G
U
T
DEOXYRIBOSE
RIBOSE
Nitrogen bases it contains?
Which nitrogen base is missing?
Which Sugar does it contain?
In a DNA molecule which nitrogen bases always hydrogen bond with each other across the middle?
A=T
G= C
What is a catalyst?
Substance that speeds up a chemical reaction
How do catalysts change activation energy to speed up chemical reactions?
Catalysts DECREASE the activation energy to speed up chemical reactions
What kinds of molecules act as catalysts in living things? PROTEINS CALLED ENZYMES
What happens to proteins when they denature?
Lose their 3D shape and unwind
What environmental factors can cause enzymes to denature?
High temperature, acidity