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HONORS BIO WHAT SHOULD I KNOW FOR THE TEST- INTRO TO BIOLOGY-Chapters 1 & 2 What is an autotroph? Give an example Organism that can make its own food; also called producer EX: green plants, algae What is a heterotroph? Give an example Organism that can’t make its own food; also called consumer EX: animals, , most bacteria, humans What does unicellular mean? Give an example Made of only one cell EX: bacteria What does multicellular mean? Give examples Made of more than one cell EX: Animals, plants, fungi What is the difference between sexual and asexual reproduction? Sexual- genetic info comes from two parents Asexual- genetic info comes from one parent What is homeostasis? Maintaining stable internal conditions What is thermoregulation? process by which organisms maintain their body temperature What is osmoregulation? process by which organisms maintain their balance of water and ions What happens to an organism that can’t maintain homeostasis? Organisms can die if homeostasis is not maintained What is metabolism? All the chemical reactions that build up/break down materials as organisms carry out life processes What is differentiation? process in which cells change as they grow and develop to become specialized with different functions What is evolution? change in a population over time; process by which modern organisms have descended from ancient organisms What is a stimulus? Signal an organism responds to What are stem cells? embryonic cell that has the potential to differentiate into a wide variety of cell types Why do differentiated cells (like blood, nerve, and bone) look and act different if they have the same DNA? They have the same genes. What’s different is which ones they turn on/off. PARTICLES IN AN ATOM PROTON LOCATION In nucleus CHARGE + NEUTRON In nucleus None ELECTRON Orbits nucleus in energy levels - What is an ion? Atom with an electric charge that has gained or lost electrons What is special about carbon atoms that they can make so many kinds of molecules? It can bond with 4 different atoms at the same time ATOMS IMPORTANT FOR LIVING THINGS NAME SYMBOL Carbon C Oxygen O Hydrogen H Nitrogen N Phosphorus P Sulfur S IONS IMPORTANT FOR LIVING THINGS NAME SYMBOL Hydrogen ion H+ Sodium ion Na+ Chloride ion Cl- Potassium K+ Calcium Ca++ What makes water important to cells? (Don’t say we can’t live without it… what is it used for?) 1. Universal solvent- dissolves lots of substances 2. Doesn’t change temperature easily- helps maintain homeostasis 3. Hydrogen bonds make water molecules stick together so it flows 4. Reactant/product in many chemical reactions What is a polar molecule? Give an example. Molecule with an uneven pattern of electric charge; more + on one side/more – on other EX: water What is a non-polar molecules? Give an example. Molecule in which electric charge is distributed evenly EX: lipids, fats, oil What does hydrophobic mean? Describes a non-polar molecule that tries to stay away from water; means “water fearing” What does hydrophilic mean? Describes a polar molecule that mixes with water easily; means “water loving” Draw a phospholipid Label the parts as polar, non-polar, hydrophobic, hydrophilic Head = polar/hydrophilic Tails = non-polar/hydrophobic What are van der Waals forces? attraction between oppositely charged regions of nearby molecules What are Hydrogen bonds? attraction between oppositely charged regions of nearby molecules involving the hydrogen atoms of one molecule and the partially charged atoms in another molecule Where are reactants and products found when writing a chemical equation? Reactants on right side of arrow; products on left side of arrow What happens in a HYDROLYSIS reaction? chemical reaction in which a molecule is broken apart by the addition of the H and OH from a water molecule What happens in a DEHYDRATION SYNTHESIS reaction? chemical reaction in which smaller molecules are joined together by removing an H and an OH to make a water molecule What is a monomer? Give an example small unit that can join together with other similar small units to form a large molecule (polymer) EX: amino acids make proteins; nucleotides make nucleic acids What is a polymer? Give an example large molecule made by joining smaller monomer units together EX: DNA, proteins, polysaccharides Which 4 MACROMOLECULES are important to living things? Carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, nucleic acids Which kind of macromolecule is burned for energy in all living things? GLUCOSE Which kind of macromolecule provides long term energy storage and insulation for organisms? LIPIDS Which group of macromolecules is different than the others because it is hydrophobic? LIPIDS Which kinds of macromolecules are important in transport in organisms? PROTEINS Which kind of macromolecules store and transport information? NUCLEIC ACIDS Which 2 kinds of molecules are important in making cell membranes? PHOSPHOLIPIDS & PROTEINS Which kind of molecules can identify “self” and are involved in blood types/transplants? GLYCOPROTEINS What is ATP? How does it work to store and release energy? Molecule used to store/transport energy in all living things; Adding phosphate stores energy; Removing phosphate releases energy What does the protein hormone INSULIN do? Tells cells to remove glucose from bloodstream and store it as glycogen What is DIABETES? Disease in which insulin is not produced What does the protein HEMOGLOBIN do? Protein found in red blood cells that carries oxygen to all body cells SUBUNIT NAME NUCLEOTIDE MAKES WHAT POLYMER? NUCLEIC ACIDS DNA & RNA AMINO ACID PROTEINS GLUCOSE POLYSACCHARIDES KINDS OF CARBOHYDRATES # of SUGARS it contains EXAMPLE MONOSACCHARIDES ONE DISACCHARIDES TWO GLUCOSE, RIBOSE, DEOXYRIBOSE SUCROSE, LACTOSE OLIGOSACCHARIDES Few -2-10 GLYCOPROTEINS POLYSACCHARIDES Many-100’s-1000’s GLYCOGEN, STARCH, CELLULOSE Name 3 major polysaccharides and TELL WHAT EACH DOES. 1. Glycogen- stores sugar in animal cells 2. Starch- stores sugar in plant cells 3. Cellulose- structural/makes plants sturdy COMPARE NUCLEIC ACIDS: DNA RNA Is it Single/double stranded? DOUBLE STRANDED SINGLE STRANDED A, T, C, G A, U, C, G U T DEOXYRIBOSE RIBOSE Nitrogen bases it contains? Which nitrogen base is missing? Which Sugar does it contain? In a DNA molecule which nitrogen bases always hydrogen bond with each other across the middle? A=T G= C What is a catalyst? Substance that speeds up a chemical reaction How do catalysts change activation energy to speed up chemical reactions? Catalysts DECREASE the activation energy to speed up chemical reactions What kinds of molecules act as catalysts in living things? PROTEINS CALLED ENZYMES What happens to proteins when they denature? Lose their 3D shape and unwind What environmental factors can cause enzymes to denature? High temperature, acidity