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2016 Final Exam Study Guide Design Process used in IED 1. Identify a Problem 2. Generate Concepts 3. Develop a Solution 4. Construct and Test a Prototype 5. Evaluate the Solution 6. Present the Solution This design process was developed based on the University of Maryland - College Park - IRB Research Project Know each Step! • Brainstorming rules? • What is a design brief? • What is a decision matrix? – Exploring different ideas. • What is a prototype? • Prototype • A full-scale working model used to test a design concept by making actual observations and necessary adjustments. Check Point • What is good practice for an engineers note book? • What are two brainstorming rules? • What type of analysis tool is used to narrow down ideas? • The first iPod is best described as an invention or innovation? • After a group of engineers generate ideas they create detailed design solution. The engineers create what type of drawings? • Technical Drawings Front Views • Recommendations for how to select the front view – Most natural position or use – Shows best shape and characteristic contours – Longest dimensions – Fewest hidden lines – Most stable and natural position Isometric Pictorials Isometric means equal measure. The edges that converge at this point will appear as 120 degree angles or 30 degrees from the horizon line. Line Types B A Type of drawing? Why is tonal shading used? Mean, Mode, Median, Range Mean – add all data divide by data amount Mode – most occurring Median – right in the middle Range – biggest number – smallest number Area Area is the extent or measurement of a surface. All shapes represent enclosed two-dimensional spaces, and thus have area. Standard Deviation • Measure of data variation. • The standard deviation is a measure of the spread of data values. – A larger standard deviation indicates a wider spread in data values – Normal distribution - A function that represents the distribution of variables as a symmetrical bellshaped graph. Normal Distribution Distribution If the data are normally distributed: • 68% of the observations fall within 1 standard deviation of the mean. • 95% of the observations fall within 2 standard deviations of the mean. • 99.7% of the observations fall within 3 standard deviations of the mean. Math • Volume • A cast iron cylinder serves as a counterbalance that is used in a window manufacturer’s doublehung window design. The cylinder has a height of 5.25 inches and a diameter of 1.75 inches. The weight density of cast iron is .259 lbs/in.3. Use this information to answer the following questions. • What is the volume of the cylinder? Precision = 0.00 Volume: Indirect Measure • Volume of an irregular object can be determined indirectly with fluid displacement Level Elevates Volume: Indirect Measure • • • • Record water level with only water Add samples What is the weight of the following object if the density weight is .259lbs? Record new level Difference is sample volume 4.50 3.00 Volume Change Read level here Meniscus shape is exagerated for clarity Surface Area • A wood board is one of a dozen different parts in a homemade robot kit. The width, depth, and height dimensions of the board are 3.5 x 17 x 1.5 inches, respectively. The board is made from southern yellow pine, which has an air dry weight density of .021 lbs/in.3. • What is the surface area of the wood board? Precision = 0.00 Check point • What information can a designer use from a statistical analysis of a product? • What are the three main views of a sketch or drawing that are required to depict an object? • Who is responsible for establishing measurement standards that are used by engineers and manufacturers today? • What is the difference between a geometric constraint and a numeric constraint? Reverse Engineering • Visual – Elements and Principles • Aesthetics • Color, shape, rhythm • What is a visual analysis of my coffee tumbler? • Functional – How it works – What does the black box indicate? – What is a functional analysis of my coffee tumbler? • Structural – What is it made of? – Structural Analysis of my coffee tumbler? Alternate Views Tolerances Group Norms • Principles of right action, guidelines, protocols and rules of conduct that teams develop, to guide control, or regulate proper and acceptable behavior. Documentation • Locating a hole – Size – Location (2 edges) Physical Properties Examples: • • • • Volume Surface Area Density Mass Geometric Constraints Vs. Numeric Constraints • Non-numerical relationship between shapes. • A measurement, angle, or equation. Inventor • Degree Of Freedom (Constraints) Check Point • What is normal distribution? • What is the purpose of a design brief? – A written plan that identifies a problem to be solved, its criteria, and its constraints. The design brief is used to encourage thinking of all aspects of a problem before attempting a solution. • What are physical properties? • What are some examples of geometric/numeric constraints? • What does tonal shading to do a pictorial sketch? • Describe a functional analysis? • Describe a datum dimension. • How do engineers narrow down a solution to a problem? • Why do engineers need an auxiliary view? • What is a design brief, what is on a design brief? • What are physical properties (examples)? Global, Human, and Ethical Impacts Ethics • A set of moral principles or values; a theory or system of moral values • The discipline dealing with what is good and bad and with moral duty and obligation Ethical Design Dilemmas • Situations in which decisions you make are in conflict with what may or may not be morally correct • Sometimes this is obvious right away, and other times it is not • Solutions to open-ended design problems provide dilemmas that designers face when creating the product • Let’s look at some pictures of products and discuss the ethics involved Inventions • What are the ethical consequences suggested in these pictures? Product Lifecycle • Definition • Five Steps Raise and Extract • All consumer products begin their lifecycle with a dependence on the natural environment • Some form of energy is always required to extract the natural resources from the earth or its atmosphere Process • Raw materials are processed or refined • Energy is required for the processing and refining Manufacture • Additional energy is required as the processed or refined materials move through the manufacturing and assembly process Use • Consumer products are transported to stores (consuming additional energy) and are ready for purchase • Products remain at this stage as long as they are usable or repairable Dispose • When the product is no longer of use to us, we “get rid” of it