Download Grade 5 Social Studies Scope and Sequence 2016

SOCIAL STUDIES GRADE 5
SCOPE AND SEQUENCE 2016-2017
UNIT
BIG IDEA
PACING
SOCIAL STUDIES TEKS
European Exploration & Early Colonization in the United
5.24 (B) analyze
between, locate, and use
information by
valid primary and
sequencing,
secondary sources such
categorizing,
5.1(A) explain when, where, and why groups of people
as computer software;
identifying cause-and-
explored, colonized, and settled in the United States,
interviews; biographies;
effect relationships,
including the search for religious freedom and economic
oral, print, and visual
comparing,
gain;
material; documents; and
contrasting, finding
5.1(B) describe the accomplishments of significant
artifacts to acquire
the main idea,
individuals during the colonial period, including William
information about the
summarizing, making
Bradford, Anne Hutchinson, William Penn, John Smith, John
United States
generalizations and
Wise, and Roger Williams
5.26 (A) use a problem-
predictions, and
5.6(A) apply geographic tools, including grid systems,
solving process to
drawing inferences
legends, symbols, scales, and compass roses, to construct
identify a problem,
and conclusions;
and interpret maps; and
gather information, list
(C) organize and
5.6(B) translate geographic data into a variety of formats
and consider options,
interpret information
such as raw data to graphs and maps. development of the
consider advantages and
in outlines, reports,
U.S. military.
disadvantages, choose
databases, and visuals,
and implement a solution,
including graphs,
and evaluate the
charts, timelines, and
effectiveness of the
maps;
solution; and
(D) identify different
(B) use a decision-making
points of view about an
process to identify a
issue, topic, or current
situation that requires a
event; and
decision, gather
(E) identify the
information, identify
historical context of
options, predict
an event.
consequences, and take
5.25 (C) express ideas
action to implement a
orally based on
decision.
research and
(1400's – 1500's)
Unit 1
Exploration
& Early
Colonization
WAYS TO SHOW
5.24 (A) differentiate
States
European
TOOLS TO KNOW
Vocabulary:
Early Exploration:
expedition, colony, New World, Age of Exploration,
Columbian Exchange, Puritans, Pilgrims
Freedom Week and Labor Day
September 12-16
Resource
Folder
Pearson My
World:
Chapter 2,
Age of
Exploration pp.
84-87
Lesson 1
"Technology
Shapes
Exploration"
Pp. 88-95
Lesson 2
"Explorers for
Spain"
pp. 98-105
RESOURCES
5.3 (B) identify the contributions of individuals, including
experiences; (D)
James Madison, and others such as George Mason, Charles
create written and
Read aloud:
Pinckney, and Roger Sherman who helped create the U.S.
visual material such as
Shhh...We're
Constitution
journal entries,
Writing the
5.15(B) explain the purposes of the U.S. Constitution as
reports, graphic
Constitution.
identified in the Preamble; and
organizers, outlines,
5.15(C) explain the reasons for the creation of the Bill of
and bibliographies
Rights and its importance.
The
Declaration of
5.17(C) recite and explain the meaning of the Pledge of
Independence
Allegiance to the United States Flag;
pp. R1-R3
5.17(D) describe the origins and significance of national
celebrations such as Memorial Day, Independence Day,
U.S.
Labor Day, Constitution Day, Columbus Day, and Veterans
Constitution
Day
Preamble pp.
5.19(A) explain the contributions of the Founding Fathers to
R4
the development of the national government;
Vocabulary:
Freedom Week
independence, declaration, Articles of Confederation,
constitution, Constitutional Convention, preamble,
amendments
Early Colonization
5.25(E) use standard
5.24(B) analyze
Resource
grammar, spelling,
information by
Folder
sentence structure, and
sequencing,
5.1(A) explain when, where, and why groups of people
punctuation
categorizing,
explored, colonized, and settled in the United States,
5.26(A) use a problem-
identifying cause-and-
including the search for religious freedom and economic
solving process to
effect relationships,
gain; and
identify a problem,
comparing,
5.1(B) describe the accomplishments of significant
gather information, list
contrasting, finding
individuals during the colonial period, including William
and consider options,
the main idea,
Bradford, Anne Hutchinson, William Penn, John Smith, John
consider advantages and
summarizing, making
Wise, and Roger Williams.
disadvantages, choose
generalizations and
5.4 (G) identify the challenges, opportunities, and
and implement a solution,
predictions, and
contributions of people from various American Indian and
and evaluate the
drawing inferences
immigrant groups
effectiveness of the
and conclusions
1400's-1700's
Unit 2
Colonization
&
Settlements
of the United
States
Voting Week
solution
Pearson My
World:
Chapter 3:
Lesson 2 "The
English
Colonies in
Virginia"
pp. 128-135
Lesson 3
"Pilgrims and
Puritans in
5.8(A) identify and describe the types of settlement and
5.24(C) organize and
New England"
patterns of land use in the United States;
interpret information
pp. 138-145
5.8(B) explain the geographic factors that influence
in outlines, reports,
Lesson 4 "The
patterns of settlement and the distribution of population in
databases, and visuals,
Dutch Arrive"
the United States, past and present; and
including graphs,
pp. 151-152
5.8(C) analyze the reasons for the location of cities in the
charts, timelines, and
United States, including capital cities, and explain their
maps
My World
distribution, past and present
Activity:
5.9(A) describe how and why people have adapted to and
Hands On "My
modified their environment in the United States, past and
Life in
present, such as the use of human resources to meet basic
America" pp.
needs; and
156
5.9(B) analyze the positive and negative consequences of
human modification of the environment in the United States,
past and present.
5.10(A) explain the economic patterns of early European
colonists
5.10(B) identify major industries of colonial America.
5.11(A) describe the development of the free enterprise
system in colonial America and the United States;
5.14(A) identify and compare the systems of government of
early European colonists, including representative
government and monarchy; and
5.14(B) identify examples of representative government in
the American colonies, including the Mayflower Compact and
the Virginia House of Burgesses.
Vocabulary:
Early Colonization
colony, colonization, settle, Mayflower Compact, Virginia
House of Burgesses
Voting
5.18(A) explain the duty individuals have to participate in
civic affairs at the local, state, and national levels; and
Pearson My
World:
Chapter 4:
Lesson 1 "New
England,
Middle, and
Southern
Colonies"
pp. 162-169
Lesson 2
"Daily Life in
the Colonies"
pp. 172-179
5.18(B) explain how to contact elected and appointed leaders
in local, state, and national governments.
5.19(B) identify past and present leaders in the national
I was the
government, including the president and various members of
first.
Congress, and their political parties
VOTE for ME!
5.19(C) identify and compare leadership qualities of national
www.texaslre.org
government, including the president and various members of
Congress, and their political parties.
Pearson My
World:
5.20(B) describe various amendments to the U.S.
Participating in
Constitution such as those that extended voting rights of
Our
U.S. citizens.
Government
pp. 46-51
Vocabulary:
Voting
vote, civic duty, elect, political parties, symbols, allegiance,
ideals, liberty
UNIT 2 POWER LEARNING TASK (see PLT folder)
American Revolution
Unit 3
1700's
5.25(A) use social
5.24(E) identify the
Resource
studies terminology
historical context of
Folder
correctly
an event
American
5.2(A) identify and analyze the causes and effects of
5.25(E) use standard
5.25(B) incorporate
Revolution
events prior to and during the American Revolution
grammar, spelling,
main and supporting
5.2(B) identify the Founding Fathers and Patriot heroes,
sentence structure, and
ideas in verbal and
including John Adams, Samuel Adams, Benjamin Franklin,
punctuation
written communication
Nathan Hale, Thomas Jefferson, the Sons of Liberty, and
George Washington, and their motivations and contributions
during the revolutionary period; and
5.2(C) summarize the results of the American Revolution,
including the establishment of the United States and the
development of the U.S. Military
5.15(A) identify the key elements and the purposes and
Pearson My
World:
Chapter 4:
Lesson 4 " The
French and
Indian War"
Pp. 190-195
Pearson My
World:
explain the importance of the Declaration of Independence
Chapter 5:
5.19(A) explain the contributions of the Founding Fathers to
"Tensions with
the development of the national government;
Lesson 1
5.21(A) identify significant examples of art, music, and
Britain" pp.
literature from various periods in U.S. history such as the
204-209
painting American Progress, "Yankee Doodle," and "Paul
Lesson 2 "The
Revere's Ride"
Colonists
Rebel" pp.212-
Vocabulary:
219
American Revolution
Lesson 3
patriot, loyalists, militias, parliament, federalists,
"Declaring
Declaration of Independence, founding fathers
Independence"
pp. 220-225
Lesson 4 "On
the Battlefield
UNIT 3 POWER LEARNING TASK (see PLT folder)
and at Home"
Pp. 228-235
Lesson 5
"Winning
Independence"
pp. 236-241
Pearson My
World:
Chapter 5,
TEKS Practice
pp. 242-244
The Constitution & The Bill of Rights
5.26(A) use a problem-
5.24(E) identify the
Resource
solving process to
historical context of
Folder
identify a problem,
an event
5.2(C) summarize the results of the American Revolution,
gather information, list
5.25(B) incorporate
Constitution
including the establishment of the United States and the
and consider options,
main and supporting
Bill of Rights
development of the U.S. Military
consider advantages and
ideas in verbal and
disadvantages, choose
written communication
Late 1700's
Unit 4
Unit 4
The U.S.
&
Amendments
5.3(A) identify the issues that led to the creation of the
U.S. constitution, including the weaknesses of the Articles
of Confederation
5.15(C) explain the reasons for the creation of the Bill of
Rights and its importance.
and implement a solution,
and evaluate the
effectiveness of the
solution
5.26(B) use a decisionmaking process to
Pearson My
World:
Chapter 6,
"A New
Nation"
pp. 246- 281
Lesson 1
"Articles of
5.16(A) identify and explain the basic functions of the
identify a situation that
Confederation"
three branches of government;
requires a decision,
pp. 250-255
gather information,
Lesson 2
identify options, predict
"Creating the
consequences, and take
Constitution"
action to implement a
PP. 258-265
decision
Lesson 3 "The
5.16(B) identify the reasons for and describe the system of
checks and balances outlined in the U.S. Constitution; and
5.16(C) distinguish between national and state governments
and compare their responsibilities in the U.S. federal
Bill of Rights"
system.
pp. 266-271
5.19(A) explain the contributions of the Founding Fathers to
Lesson 4 "Key
the development of the national government
concepts of
the
5.20(A) describe the fundamental rights guaranteed by
Constitution"
each amendment in the Bill of Rights, including freedom of
pp. 274- 281
religion, speech, and press; the right to assemble and
petition the government; the right to keep and bear arms;
the right to trial by jury; and the right to an attorney
Pearson My
World: pp.270
Vocabulary:
The Bill of
The Constitution & The Bill of Rights
Rights
Constitution, Bear Arms, Constitutional Convention,
Amendments, Articles of Confederation, Branches of
Governments
Pearson My
World:
Chapter 6
TEKS Practice
pp.282-284
Expansion of the U.S. & Manifest Destiny
Unit 5
Westward
Expansion
5.24(A) differentiate
5.24(C) organize and
Resource
between, locate, and use
interpret information
Folder
valid primary and
in outlines, reports,
5.4(A) describe the causes and effects of the War of 1812
secondary sources such
databases, and visuals,
5.4 (C) identify reasons people moved west
as computer software;
including graphs,
5.4(D) identify significant events and concepts associated
interviews; biographies;
charts, timelines, and
with US territorial expansion, including the Louisiana
oral, print, and visual
maps
1800's
Pearson My
World:
Chapter 7,
Lesson 2
Purchase, the expedition of Lewis and Clark and Manifest
material; documents; and
"Jefferson
Destiny.
artifacts to acquire
and the
5.4 (G) identify the challenges, opportunities, and
information about the
Louisiana
contributions of people from various American Indian and
United States
Purchase" pp.
immigrant groups
5.25(A) use social
298-303
5.6(A) apply geographic tools, including grid systems,
studies terminology
Lesson 3 "The
legends, symbols, scales, and compass roses, to construct
correctly
War of 1812"
and interpret maps
pp. 304-309
5.8 (A) identify and describe the types of settlement and
patterns of land use in the United States;
Pearson My
5.8 (B) explain the geographic factors that influence
World:
patterns of settlement and the distribution of population in
Chapter 8,
the United States, past and present; and
Lesson 3
5.8 (C) analyze the reasons for the location of cities in the
"Trails to
United States, including capital cities, and explain their
West"
distribution, past and present.
pp. 350-357
5.9 (A) describe how and why people have adapted to and
modified their environment in the United States, past and
present, such as the use of human resources to meet basic
needs; and
5.9 (B) analyze the positive and negative consequences of
human modification of the environment in the United States,
past and present.
5.13 (B) identify and explain how geographic factors have
influenced the location of economic activities in the US
5.13 (C) analyze the effects of immigration, migration, and
limited resources on the economic development and growth
of the United States.
5.17(B) sing or recite "The Star-Spangled Banner" and
explain its history
Vocabulary:
Expansion of the U.S. & Manifest Destiny
pioneers, manifest destiny, expedition, westward expansion,
discrimination, entrepreneur, wagon train
UNIT 5 POWER LEARNING TASK (see PLT folder)
Industrial Revolution
5.25(E) use standard
5.24(B) analyze
Resource
Mid 1700's-1800's
grammar, spelling,
information by
Folder
sentence structure, and
sequencing,
5.4(B) identify and explain how changes resulting from the
punctuation 5.26(A) use
categorizing,
Industrial Revolution led to conflict among sections of the
a problem-solving
identifying cause-and-
US
process to identify a
effect relationships,
5.4(F) explain how industry and the mechanization of
problem, gather
comparing,
agriculture changed the American way of life
information, list and
contrasting, finding
5.12(A)explain how supply and demand affects consumers in
consider options,
the main idea,
the United States
consider advantages and
summarizing, making
5.12(B) evaluate the effects of supply and demand on
disadvantages, choose
generalizations and
business, industry, and agriculture, including the plantation
and implement a solution,
predictions, and
system in the US
and evaluate the
drawing inferences
5.13(B) identify and explain how geographic factors have
effectiveness of the
and conclusions
influenced the location of economic activities in the United
solution 5.26(B) use a
States;
decision-making process
5.13(D) describe the impact of mass production,
to identify a situation
specialization, and division of labor on the economic growth
that requires a decision,
of the United States
gather information,
5.23 (A) identify the accomplishments of notable individuals
identify options, predict
in the fields of science and technology, including Benjamin
consequences, and take
Franklin, Eli Whitney, John Deere, Thomas Edison,
action to implement a
Alexander Graham Bell, George Washington Carver, the
decision
Unit 6
Industrial
Revolution
& Civil War
Wright Brothers, and Neil Armstrong
5.23(B) identify how scientific discoveries, technological
innovations, and the rapid growth of technology industries
have advanced the economic development of the United
States, including the transcontinental railroad and the
space program;
5.23(C) explain how scientific discoveries and technological
innovations in the fields of medicine, communication, and
transportation have benefited individuals and society in the
United States
Pearson My
World:
Chapter 8,
Lesson 1
"Inventions,
Roads, and
Railroads"
Pp. 332-339
Vocabulary:
Industrial Revolution
industrialization, mass production, profit, manufacture,
abolitionist, plantation, Underground Railroad, Union
Civil War
Mid 1800's
5.4(E)identifying the causes of the Civil War, including
sectionalism, states’ rights, and slavery, and the effects of
the Civil War, including Reconstruction and the 13th, 14th,
Pearson My
and 15th
World:
amendments to the U.S. Constitution
Chapter 9,
5.4(G)identify the challenges, opportunities, and
Lesson 1
"Struggles
contributions of people from immigrant groups
over Slavery"
pp.374-381
Vocabulary:
Lesson 2 "The
Civil War
War Begins"
Confederacy, secede, emancipation, reconstruction,
pp. 384-389
proclamation, amendment, emancipation,
Lesson 3 "Life
during the Civil
War"
pp. 392-399
Lesson 4 "The
War Ends"
pp. 400-407
The Progressive Era (1890-1920’s) Industrialization &
5.24(A) differentiate
5.24(B) analyze
Resource
between, locate, and use
information by
Folder
valid primary and
sequencing,
5.5(A) analyze various issues and events of the 20th century
secondary sources such
categorizing,
Pearson My
such as industrialization, urbanization, increased use of oil
as computer software;
identifying cause-and-
World:
and gas
interviews; biographies;
effect relationships,
Chapter 12,
oral, print, and visual
comparing,
Lesson 1 "The
Urbanization
Unit 7
20th Century
5.5(B) identify how scientific discoveries, technological
material; documents; and
contrasting, finding
Progressive
innovations, and the rapid growth of technology industries
artifacts to acquire
the main idea,
Era"
have advanced the economic development
information about the
summarizing, making
pp. 494-501
5.8(A) settlement and patterns of land use in the United
United States
generalizations and
Lesson 2
States;
predictions, and
"Unequal
5.5(C) identify the accomplishments of individuals and
drawing inferences
Opportunities
groups such as Jane Addams, Susan B. Anthony, who have
and conclusions;
for African
made contributions to society in the areas of civil rights,
Americans"
women’s rights, military actions, and politics
pp. 504-509
5.13(E) explain the impact of American ideas about progress
and equality of opportunity on the economic development and
growth of the United States
5.21(B) explain how examples of art, music, and literature
reflect the times during which they were created
5.22(C) summarize the contributions of people of various
racial, ethnic, and religious groups to our national identity
Vocabulary:
The Progressive Era, Industrialization & Urbanization
industrialization, specialization, mass production, strike,
suffrage, Civil Rights, boycott
WWI (1914-1918), The Great Depression (1929- 1939)
& The New Deal (1933-1939)
5.5(A) analyze various issues and events of the 20th century
such as the Great Depression, the world wars & military
actions
5.5(C) identify the accomplishments of individuals and
groups such as, Franklin D. Roosevelt, the Tuskegee Airmen,
and the 442nd Regimental Combat Team who have made
contributions to society in the areas of, military actions, and
politics
5.9(A) describe how and why people have adapted to and
modified their environment in the United States, past and
present, such as the use of human resources to meet basic
needs
Pearson My
World:
Chapter 13,
Lesson 1
"World War I"
pp. 526-533
Lesson 2 "The
Roaring
Twenties"
pp. 536-543
Lesson 3 "The
Great
Depression"
pp. 544-551
5.17(A) explain various patriotic symbols, including Uncle
Lesson 4 "The
Sam
New Deal"
5.21(B) explain how examples of art, music, and literature
pp. 554-559
reflect the times during which they were created
5.22(C) summarize the contributions of people of various
racial, ethnic, and religious groups to our national identity
Vocabulary:
WWI, The Great Depression & The New Deal
Dust Bowl, migration, First Hundred Days, migrant worker,
nationalism, New Deal, scarcity
Pearson My
World War II (1939-1945)
5.5(A) analyze various issues and events of the 20th century
such as the Great Depression, the world wars & military
World:
Chapter 14,
Lesson 1
actions
"World War II
5.5(C) identify the accomplishments of individuals such as
568-575
Dwight Eisenhower who have made contributions to society
Lesson 2
in the areas of civil rights, women's rights, military actions,
"World War II
and politics.
at Home"
5.17(A) explain various patriotic symbols, including Uncle
pp. 578-583
Sam,
Lesson 3
Begins" pp.
"World War II
Vocabulary:
in Europe"
World War II
pp. 584-591
Communism, atomic bomb, axis, code talker, concentration
camp, D-Day, dictator, fascism, genocide, ghetto, war bond
UNIT 7 POWER LEARNING TASK (see PLT folder)
Postwar America
Unit 8
21st Century
5.25(A) use social
5.25(B) incorporate
Resource
studies terminology
main and supporting
Folder
5.5 (C) identify the accomplishments of individuals and
correctly
ideas in verbal and
groups such as Martin Luther King Jr., Rosa Parks, Cesar
5.25(E) use standard
written communication
Chavez and Ronald Reagan who have made contributions to
grammar, spelling,
5.25(C) express ideas
society in the areas of civil rights, women's rights, military
sentence structure, and
orally based on
actions, and politics.
punctuation
research and
5.26(B) use a decision-
experiences
making process to
5.25(D) create
identify a situation that
written and visual
requires a decision,
material such as
gather information,
journal entries,
identify options, predict
reports, graphic
consequences, and take
organizers, outlines,
action to implement a
and bibliographies
5.21(B) explain how examples of art, music, and literature
reflect the times during which they were created
5.22(C) summarize the contributions of people of various
racial, ethnic, and religious groups to our nation,
Vocabulary:
Postwar America
affirmative action, civil rights, discrimination, freedom ride,
the Great Society, integration, sit-in
Chapter 16
Lesson 2 "Civil
Rights"
Pp. 666-673
Lesson 3
"From the
Great Society
to Reagan"
Pp. 676-683
decision
Cultures, Peace & Prosperity
5.5(B) analyze various issues and events of the 21st century
such as the War on Terror and the 2008 presidential
election
5.19(B) identify past and present leaders in the national
government, including the president and various members of
Pearson My
World:
Chapter 17,
Congress, and their political parties
Lesson 1
5.22 (A) identify the similarities and differences within and
Home and
among various racial, ethnic, and religious groups in the
Abroad" pp.
United States;
692-697
5.22 (B) describe customs and traditions of various racial,
Lesson 2
ethnic, and religious groups in the United States
"Threats to
"Trials at
Peace and
Vocabulary:
Prosperity"
Cultures, Peace & Prosperity
pp. 700-705
Terrorism, hijack, radical, social media, innovation
Lesson 3
"Meeting
Today's
Challenges"
Technology and Discoveries
pp. 708-715
5.23 (A) identify the accomplishments of notable individuals
in the fields of science and technology, including Benjamin
Franklin, Eli Whitney, John Deere, Thomas Edison,
Alexander Graham Bell, George Washington Carver, the
Wright Brothers, and Neil Armstrong
Lesson 4
5.23(B) identify how scientific discoveries, technological
"Science and
innovations, and the rapid growth of technology industries
Technology"
have advanced the economic development of the United
pp. 716-721
States, including the transcontinental railroad and the space
program
5.23(C) explain how scientific discoveries and technological
innovations in the fields of medicine, communication, and
transportation have benefited individuals and society in the
United States; and
5.23(D) predict how future scientific discoveries and
technological innovations could affect society in the United
States.
Vocabulary:
Technology and Discoveries
Science, technology
Free Enterprise
5.24(A) differentiate
5.24(B) analyze
Resource
between, locate, and use
information by
Folder
5.11(A) describe the development of the free enterprise
valid primary and
sequencing,
system in colonial American and the United States
secondary sources such
categorizing,
5.11(B) give examples of the benefits of the free enterprise
as computer software;
identifying cause-and-
system in the United States
interviews; biographies;
effect relationships,
5.13(A) compare how people in different parts of the United
oral, print, and visual
comparing,
States earn a living, past and present.
material; documents; and
contrasting, finding
artifacts to acquire
the main idea,
Unit 9
Free
Enterprise
Regions
Pearson My
World: "Our
Market
Economy"
Pp. 30-37
5.13(D) describe the impact of mass production,
information about the
summarizing, making
specialization, and division of labor on the economic growth
United States
generalizations and
of the United States
5.25(A) use social
predictions, and
5.13(E) explain the impact of American ideas about progress
studies terminology
drawing inferences
and equality of opportunity on the economic development and
correctly 5.25(E) use
and conclusions
growth of the United States
standard grammar,
5.24(C) organize and
Vocabulary:
spelling, sentence
interpret information
Free Enterprise
structure, and
in outlines, reports,
Economy, supply, demand, export, import, consumer,
punctuation
databases, and visuals,
entrepreneur, mass production
5.26(A) use a problem-
including graphs,
solving process to
charts, timelines, and
identify a problem,
maps
5.7(A) describe a variety of regions in the United States
gather information, list
5.24(D) identify
such as political, populations, and economic regions that
and consider options,
different points of
result from patterns of human activity
consider advantages and
view about an issue,
5.7(B) describe a variety of regions in the United States
disadvantages, choose
topic, or current event
such as landform, climate, and vegetation regions that result
and implement a solution,
World: "Our
from physical characteristics such as the Great Plains,
and evaluate the
Land and
Rocky Mountains, and Coastal Plains;
effectiveness of the
Regions"
5.7(C) locate on a map important political features such as
solution
pg. 12-23
Regions
Pearson My
the ten largest urban areas in the United States, the 50
states and their capitals, and regions such as the Northeast,
the Midwest, and the Southwest; and
5.7(D) locate on a map important physical features such as
the Rocky Mountains, Mississippi River, and Great Plains.
Vocabulary:
Regions
region, landform, latitude, longitude
Civic Duties
5.18(A) explain the duty individuals have to participate in
civic affairs at the local, state, and national levels
UNIT 9 POWER LEARNING TASK (see PLT folder)
Pearson My
World
pp. 44-45