Download - Integrated Pest Management @ AIT

Invasive Species In Asia:
A Management Challenge to Sustainable Crop Production
Wai-Hong LOKE, CABI SEA
Invasive Species Presentation
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Introduction to invasive species (IS) and context
Invasive species - a management challenge
Effects and consequences
Addressing the problem
About CABI and IAS
Summary
1. Introduction to Invasive Species
Invasive species are plants, animals
or micro-organisms that are not
native to a specific ecosystem and
whose introduction threatens
biodiversity, food security, health or
economic development.
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Global / Regional Context
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Occur in all major taxonomic groups of biological organisms
One of greatest threats to ecological and economic well-being
of planet
Direct and indirect effects are serious and often irreversible
Serious problems in many economic and health sectors
Trade-related IS problem to market access vis-à-vis WTO
IS cost > $1 trillion per annum (nearly 5% global GDP)
Increasing – travel, trade, transport, tourism
Exacerbation by climate change
Lack of biosecurity planning against IS
Global in scope and requires international cooperation to
supplement actions at national and local levels
International Regulatory Framework
No more
trade
restriction
than
necessary
Plant Protection
IPPC
LMOs identified
as pests
CP
WTO-SPS
Trade
Protecting
wild flora
CBD
Trade while protecting
biodiversity
LMOs
Protecting
biological
diversity
Some of the Asia’s Worst IS
1.
Banana bunchy top virus
2.
Papaya ring-spot virus
3.
Water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes)
4.
Giant mimosa (Mimosa pigra)
5.
Golden apple snail (Pomacea canaliculata)
6.
Sweet potato whitefly (Bemisia tabaci / argentifolii)
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Fruit Flies (Bactrocera spp.)
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Rice planthoppers (Nilaparvata, Nephotettix)
Serious management challenges
2. IS – A Management Challenge
General Traits/Characteristics of a Successful IAS
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Large reproductive output
Rapid growth rate
Efficient dispersal capabilities
No / lack of natural enemies
Broad environmental tolerance
An Important Management
Consideration
“Pathways”
the means by which an invasive
species is moved
“The 4 T’s”
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Trade (expanded)
Travel (faster)
Transport (further)
Tourism (increased)
TRADE
Packing materials
Planting materials
Cut-flowers
TRAVEL
TRANSPORTATION
rising temperature, air humidity, CO2, N2O, CH4., rainfall, fire risks
Pest
complex
Crop
Weed
community
changes in soil water / nutrient dynamics
Effect of higher temperatures
on crop yields
20
-10
-20
-30
-40
-50
Rice
Maize
Wheat
Rice
Maize
Wheat
-60
Temperate
0
}
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Tropics
% Yield change
10
5
4
3
2
1
o
mean local temperature change ( C)
adapted by Norgrove from IPCC (2007), summarising 69 studies
< 3 oC increase
> 3 oC increase
Any increase
higher yields in temperate zones
lower yields in temperate zones
lower yields in tropics
Predicted crop yield declines
in the Tropics
Furthermore,
● Climate change will alter pest / crop / soil dynamics
● Ranges of some pests may expand to higher
altitudes & latitudes
● More extreme climatic disturbances will create
opportunities for pest colonisation and
establishment
3. Effects of IS
• Competition with native taxa of flora and fauna
• Hybridization with genetically close species
• Changes in physical & chemical characteristics of soil
• Modification of natural and semi-natural habitats
• Disruption of ecosystem services
• Propagation of pests and diseases
Consequences:
Environmental
Waterhyacinth
Introduced from Latin
America as ornamental
plant, has eliminated more
than 10 native aquatic
plant species and more
than 15 native freshwater
fishes in Lake
Rawapening, Indonesia
(Soerjani, 1982, 1996)
Consequences – Environmental
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One of top drivers of environmental change
Great threat to species composition of ecosystems
Second to habitat loss in biodiversity disruption
Cascading effect on biological systems / food
chains
Deplete natural resources, e.g. water
Disrupt ecosystem services
One of most serious environmental challenges
Consequences:
Economic
Golden Apple Snail
Introduced from Latin
America as a high
protein food source, the
golden apple snail
caused losses to
Philippine rice crops
during the 1980’s of $1
billion (Naylor 1996)
Consequences – Economic
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Significant damage / losses in key economic
sectors, e.g. agriculture, forestry
Impact on food security
Barriers to sustainable development
Impediments to trade
Significant costs in control operations / inputs
Issues of compensation in quarantine situations
4. Addressing the Problem
Goals:
• Prevention
• Early Detection
• Eradication
• Control
• Restoration
Addressing the Problem
Processes:
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Risk Assessment and Management
Research
Monitoring
Publicity and Education
Policy and Regulation
Information Management
Measure Accomplishments
Multi-agency / stakeholder cooperation, collaboration
and capacity building are essential
Addressing the Problem
Scientific Challenges:
• Complexity
• Uncertainty
• Mobility
(both invaders and pathways)
• Time lags
Addressing the Problem
Political Challenges:
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Lack of awareness
Mustering resources
Lack of coordination
Speed of operations
Conflicting policies, policy gaps
High costs / financial issues
Addressing the Problem
Ethical Challenges:
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Animal rights
Risks of pesticides
Risks of biological control
GMOs
Ten Strategic Responses to Manage IS
Element 1
Element 2
Element 3
Element 4
Element 5
Element 6
Element 7
Element 8
Element 9
Element 10
Build management capacity
Build research capacity
Promote sharing of information
Develop economic policies and tools
Strengthen national, regional and international legal
and institutional frameworks
Institute system of environmental risk analysis
Build public awareness and engagement
Prepare national strategies and plans
Build IAS issues into global change initiatives
Promote regional/international cooperation to deal with
the problems of invasive alien species
5. About CABI
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Established in 1910
Not-for-profit status
Owned by 45 member countries
Multicultural staff based in 16 countries worldwide
Global leader in scientific publishing, research
consultancy, science communication and project
delivery
Bioscience & Health Databases, abstract journals,
books, CD-Rom and web-based products
Some 300 development assistance projects in 70
countries
CABI’s and Invasive Species
• Track record – e.g. 100 years expertise
• Effectiveness – through global network of centres
• Status – intergovernmental, independent
• Information – abstracts, compendia, e-portals, etc.
• Diagnostics – Global Plant Clinic / PlantWise Alliance
• Facilities – 3 country quarantine
• Leadership – policy, strategy, control
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Influencing Global Policy & Practice
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Founding member of GISP
● Put invasive species on global agenda
● MoU with CBD
● GISP recognised, supported by COP
Working with IPPC
● Crop Protection Compendium – PRA
● Technical assistance strategy
Working with other key bodies
GISIN
IUCN
TNC
AAFC
USDA
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Solving Invasive Species Problems
• Green muscle – a mycopesticide for locust control
on the market; research to product development
• Cocoa pod borer in PNG
• Coffee berry borer in PNG and Papua & Sulawesi
• Biological control of invasive weeds, e.g. Mikania
using rust fungi
• Capacity building in trade-related IS
Management options:
Green Muscle®
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Green Muscle can be used to control Z. variegatus, Schistocercia
gregaria, the desert locust and other hoppers
● Green Muscle is an environmentally-friendly mycoinsecticide of
Metarhizium anisopliae var. acridum developed by the
collaborative LUBILOSA project comprising CABI, IITA, GTZ &
CILSS/ AGRHYMET..
● Commercialised by Biological Control Products SA (Pty) Ltd,
South Africa
Desert locust infected with Green Muscle ®
e.g. Cocoa Pod Borer in PNG
• a SE Asian problem
• an ACIAR-CABI-PNG project
• incursion and emergency
response program support , IPM
and FPTR in PNG
• draws on our experience in IPM
in Malaysia
e.g. Coffee Berry Borer in PNG
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a global coffee problem
an ACIAR-CABI-PNG-Indonesia project
management of the pest in Papua and Sulawesi
provinces of Indonesia,
prevention and emergency response in PNG
draws on our experience in CBB IPM worldwide
e.g. biological control of Mikania
• Mikania micrantha – “mile-a-minute weed”
• using a co-evolved neo-tropical rust pathogen,
Puccinia spegazzinii
• imported from S. & Central America, evaluated in
CABI UK, released in India 2005
• P. spegazzini going to China, Taiwan, Fiji
e.g. APEC Workshops
Three projects – logical sequence in capacity
Building of trade-related IS:
1. awareness in biosecurity planning
2. pest surveillance according to ISPM No. 6
3. diagnostics for whiteflies, thrips, mealybugs and
leafminers
Forging IS Management Synergies
through….
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Active support for and participation in many key IS-related
events (World Conservation Congress, COP, IS
conferences, etc.)
Partnerships with relevant global and regional bodies (GISP,
IUCN, IPPC, CBD, GISIN, APFISN, APEC, etc.)
Collaborating with and backstopping regional initiatives and
national programs (SPSCBP, AADCP, NZAID, ChinaCMIAS, Malaysia-MOA, PNG-CCI/CIC/NAQIA, etc)
Focused projects in developing CABI MCs, e.g. PNG, China
Working with international consortium on a global ISC
Co-organising international/regional IS meetings (ICBI2009)
6. Summary
• IS are a significant and growing threat
• Impact trade, environment and agriculture
- sustainable economic development
• Global dimensions – treaties, conventions
• Capacity issues, specific problems
• Expertise, track record, intergovernmental status
- CABI an ideal partner
Thank you