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МИНИСТЕРСТВО ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ И НАУКИ РОССИЙСКОЙ ФЕДЕРАЦИИ
федеральное государственное автономное образовательное учреждение
высшего образования
«Северный (Арктический) федеральный университет имени М.В. Ломоносова»
филиал в г. Северодвинске Архангельской области
ТЕХНИЧЕСКИЙ КОЛЛЕДЖ
ДМИТРИЕВА МАРИНА АЛЕКСЕЕВНА
Контрольная работа
по дисциплине «Английский язык»
Северодвинск
2016
Variant 1
1. Сопоставьте термины с их значениями и сделайте перевод.
Term
1. ACETYLENE:
Meaning
A. An arc welding process in
which fusion is produced by
heating with an electric arc
between a carbon electrode
and the work. Shielding is
obtained from an inert gas
such as helium or argon.
Pressure and/or filler metal
may or may not be used.
2. BARE ELECTRODE
B. Filler metal that has been
added during a welding
operation.
3. CARBON-ARC WELDING C. A joint between the edges
of two or more parallel or
nearly parallel members.
4. DEPOSITED METAL
D. The temperature at which a
metal begins to liquefy.
5. EDGE JOINT
E. An arc welding electrode
that has no coating other than
that incidental to the drawing
of the wire.
6. FLAME HARDENING
F. A device used in arc
welding to protect the face and
neck. It is equipped with a
filter glass lens and is
designed to be held by hand.
7. GAS CARBON-ARC
G. A gas which does not
WELDING
normally combine chemically
with the base metal or filler
metal.
8. HAND SHIELD
H. A highly combustible gas
composed of carbon and
hydrogen. Used as a fuel gas
in the oxyacetylene welding
process.
9. INERT GAS
I. A method for hardening a
steel surface by heating with a
gas flame followed by a rapid
quench.
10. MELTING POINT
J. A welding process in which
fusion is produced by an arc
between a carbon electrode
and the work. Pressure and/or
filler metal and/or shielding
may or may not be used.
Translation
2. Прочитайте и письменно переведите текст “ Welding”.
WELDING
There are a number of methods of joining metal articles1 together. The simplest method
of welding two pieces of metal together is heating. The ends are heated to a white heat 2 (for
iron, about 1300°C) in a flame, when the metal becomes plastic. The ends are then pressed or
hammered3 together. A high temperature causes oxidation, and a film of oxide is formed on
the heated surfaces. For this reason, a flux is applied to the heated metal. At welding heat, 4
the flux melts, and the oxide particles are dissolved in it together with any other impurities5
which may be present. The metal surfaces are pressed together, and the flux is squeezed out6
of the weld.
The heat for welding is generated in several ways. For some welds an electric arc is
used. In this method, an electric current is passed across two electrodes, and the metal
surfaces are placed between them. The heat which is generated melts the metal at the weld. A
different method known as spot welding is usually employed for welding sheets of metal
together. Two sheets are placed together with a slight overlap,7 and a current is passed
between the electrodes. Today the new welding methods include laser welding and electronic
beam welding.
Notes on the text
1. article
деталь
2. white heat
температура белого каления
3. to hammer
ковать
4. at welding heat
при температуре сварки
5. impurities
примеси
6. to squeeze out
выдавливать
7. overlap
перекрытие, нахлест
3. Задайте пять типов вопросов к тексту.
Variant 2
1.Сопоставьте термины с их значениями и сделайте перевод.
Term
1. AIR-ARC CUTTING
2. BARE METAL-ARC
WELDING
3. CORNER JOINT
4. FILLER METAL
5. GAS METAL-ARC (MIG)
WELDING (GMAW)
6. WELD GAUGE
7. SHIELDED WELDING
8. PRESSURE WELDING
9. SPATTER
10. WELD METAL
Meaning
A. An arc welding process in
which fusion is produced by
heating with an electric arc
between a metal electrode and
the work. Shielding is
obtained from an inert gas
such as helium or argon.
Pressure and/or filler metal
may or my not be used.
B. An arc cutting process in
which metals to be cut are
melted by the heat of the
carbon arc.
C. A device designed for
checking the shape and size of
welds.
D. A joint between two members
located approximately at right
angles to each other in the form
of an L.
E. An arc welding process in
which protection from the
atmosphere
is
obtained
through use of a flux,
decomposition of the electrode
covering, or an inert gas.
F. Any welding process or
method in which pressure is
used to complete the weld.
G. The metal particles
expelled during arc and gas
welding which do not form a
part of the weld.
H. Metal to be added in
making a weld.
I. That portion of a weld that
has been melted during
welding.
J. An arc welding process in
which fusion is obtained by
heating with an unshielded arc
between a bare or lightly
coated electrode and the work.
Pressure is not used and filler
metal is obtained from the
electrode.
Translation
2. Прочитайте и письменно переведите текст “ Types of Welding”.
TYPES OF WELDING
Welding is a process of joining together metallic parts by heating the place of contact to
the fusion state1.
Welding processes are classified according to the source of energy employed for heating,
the metals and the state of the metal at the place of welding.
There are different types of welding such as hammer welding,2 thermit welding3, electric
arc welding, gas welding, etc.
Hammer welding is a process in which two heated metal parts are joined and fused
together by force4 from a power hammer.
Thermit welding is a process consisting of a chemical reaction. It is used in repairing large
sections such as rails, frames, etc.
In arc welding the workpieces5 are not melted by a flame. They are melted by an electric
arc. In order to create the arc, a powerful electric current must be provided. The current must
be at least 60A, otherwise the arc will not create enough heat.
In gas welding, it is necessary to use a mixture of two gases. To create a hot flame, a
combustible gas must be mixed with oxygen.
Gas welding is normally used to join steel to steel.
Notes on the text
1. fusion state
расплавленное состояние
2. hammer welding
кузнечная сварка
3. thermit welding
термитная сварка
4. by force
силой, посредством
5. workpiece
деталь
3. Задайте пять типов вопросов к тексту.
Variant 3
1. Сопоставьте термины с их значениями и сделайте перевод.
Term
1. ALLOY
2. BASE METAL
3. COVERED
ELECTRODE
4. FILLET WELD
5. GAS POCKET
6. HEAT AFFECTED
ZONE
7. METAL-ARC
CUTTING:
8. QUENCHING
9. SUBMERGED ARC
WELDING
10. WELDABILITY
Meaning
A. The metal to be welded or cut.
In alloys, it is the metal present in
the largest proportion.
B. That portion of the base metal
whose structure or properties have
been changed by the heat of
welding or cutting.
C. The process of cutting metals
by melting with the heat of the
metal arc.
D. A metal electrode with a
covering material which stabilizes
the arc and improves the properties
of the welding metal. The material
may be an external wrapping of
paper,
asbestos,
and
other
materials or a flux covering.
E. An arc welding process in
which fusion is produced by
heating with an electric arc or arcs
between a bare metal electrode or
electrodes and the work. The
welding is shield by a blanket of
granular, fusible material on the
work. Pressure is not used. Filler
metal is obtained from the
electrode, and sometimes from a
supplementary welding rod.
F. A weld cavity caused by the
trapping of gases released by the
metal when cooling.
G. A mixture with metallic
properties composed of two or
more elements, of which at least
one is a metal.
H. The capacity of a material to
form a strong bond of adherence
under pressure or when solidifying
from a liquid.
I. The sudden cooling of heated
metal with oil, water, or
compressed air.
J. A weld of approximately
triangular cross section, as used in
a lap joint, joining two surfaces at
approximately right angles to each
other.
Translation
2. Прочитайте и письменно переведите текст “ Basic Principles of Welding”.
BASIC PRINCIPLES OF WELDING
A weld1 can be defined as a coalescence2 of metals produced by heating to a suitable
temperature with or without the application of pressure, and with or without the use of a filler
material.3
In fusion welding4 a heat source generates sufficient heat to create and maintain a molten
pool of metal of the required size. The heat may be supplied by electricity or by a gas flame.
Electric resistance welding5 can be considered fusion welding because some molten metal is
formed.
Solid-phase processes6 produce welds without melting the base material and without the
addition of a filler metal. Pressure is always employed, and generally some heat is provided
The electric arc used in welding is a high-current, low-voltage discharge7 generally in the
range 10-2,000 amperes at 10-50 volts. An arc column8 is complex but, broadly speaking,
consists of a cathode that emits electrons, a gas plasma for current conduction, and an anode
region that becomes comparatively hotter than the cathode due to electron bombardment.
Therefore, the electrode, if consumable, is made positive and, if non-consumable, is made
negative. A direct current (dc) arc is usually used, but alternating current (ac) arcs can be
employed.
Notes on the text
1. a weld
сварное соединение
2. coalescence
соединение
3. filler material
присадочный материал
4. fusion welding
сварка плавлением
5. electric resistance welding
(контактная) сварка сопротивлением
6. solid-phase processes
твердофазные процессы
7. low-voltage discharge
низковольтный разряд
8. an arc column
столб дуги
3. Задайте пять типов вопросов к тексту.
Variant 4
1. Сопоставьте термины с их значениями и сделайте перевод.
Term
Meaning
1. ALTERNATING CURRENT A. A depression at the
termination of an arc weld.
2. BUTT JOINT
B. Filler metal in wire or rod
form, used in gas welding and
brazing processes and in those
arc welding processes in
which the electrode does not
provide the filler metal.
3. CRATER
C. A crack in the weld or base
metal which occurs at the root
of a weld
4. FLAME SOFTENING
D. A joint between two
workpieces in such a manner
that the weld joining the parts
is between the surface planes
of both of the pieces joined.
5. GAS TUNGSTEN-ARC
E. An arc welding process in
(TIG) WELDING (GTAW)
which a metal electrode is
held so that the heat of the arc
fuses both the electrode and
the work to form a weld.
6. HELMET
F. A method for softening
steel by heating with a gas
flame followed by slow
cooling.
7. METAL-ARC WELDING
G. An electric current that
reverses its direction at
regularly recurring intervals.
8. ROOT CRACK
H. A joint between two
members located approximately
at right angles to each other in
the form of a T.
9. TEE JOINT
I. A device used in arc
welding to protect the face and
neck. It is equipped with a
filter glass and is designed to
be worn on the head.
10. WELDING ROD
J. An arc welding process in
which fusion is produced by
heating with an electric arc
between a tungsten electrode
and the work while an inert
gas forms around the weld
area to prevent oxidation. No
flux is used.
Translation
2. Прочитайте и письменно переведите текст “Basic Principles of Welding ”.
BASIC PRINCIPLES OF WELDING
Most metals, when heated, react with the atmosphere or other nearby1 metals. These
reactions can be extremely detrimental to the properties of a welded joint. Most metals, for
example, rapidly oxidize when molten. A layer of oxide2 can prevent proper bonding of the
metal. These problems have led to the use of fluxes and inert atmospheres.
In fusion welding3 the flux has a protective role in facilitating a controlled reaction of the
metal and then preventing oxidation by forming a blanket4 over the molten material. Fluxes can
be active and help in the process or inactive and simply protect the surf aces during joining.
Inert atmospheres play a protective role similar to that of fluxes. In gas-shielded metal-arc5
and gas-shielded tungsten-arc welding6 an inert gas—usually argon—flows from a tube
surrounding the torch7 in a continuous stream, displacing the air from around the arc. The gas
does not chemically react with the metal but simply protects it from contact with the oxygen in
the air.
Notes on the text
1. nearby
близлежащий
2. a layer of oxide
слой окиси, оксидная пленка
3. fusion welding
сварка плавлением
4. blanket
защитный слой
5. gas-shielded metal-arc welding
дуговая сварка металлическим
электродом в среде защитного газа
6. gas-shielded tungsten-arc welding
дуговая сварка вольфрамовым
электродом в среде защитного газа
7. torch
3. Задайте пять типов вопросов к тексту.
сварочная горелка
Variant 5
1. Сопоставьте термины с их значениями и сделайте перевод.
Term
1. AMMETER
Meaning
A. The position in which
welding is performed from the
upper side of the joint and the
face
of
the
weld
is
approximately horizontal.
2. COATED ELECTRODE
B.. A device used in gas
welding and torch brazing for
mixing and controlling the
flow of gases.
3. DEPTH OF FUSION
C. A process in which the
welding heat is obtained from
a gas flame.
4. FLAT POSITION
D. Metals which contain no
iron.
Aluminum,
brass,
bronze, copper, lead, nickel,
and titanium are nonferrous.
5. GAS WELDING
E. A process in which fusion
is produced by heat obtained
from resistance of the work to
the flow of induced electric
current, with or without the
application of pressure.
6. INDUCTION WELDING
F. A non-filler metal electrode
used in arc welding or cutting,
made principally of tungsten.
7. NONFERROUS
G. An electrode having a flux
applied externally by dipping,
spraying, painting, or other
similar
methods.
Upon
burning, the coat produces a
gas which envelopes the arc.
8. ROOT OF WELD
H. The distance from the
original surface of the base
metal to that point at which
fusion ceases in a welding
operation.
9. TUNGSTEN ELECTRODE I. The points, as shown in
cross section, at which the
bottom of the weld intersects
the base metal surfaces.
10. WELDING TORCH
J.
An
instrument
for
measuring electrical current in
amperes by an indicator
activated by the movement of
a coil in a magnetic field or by
the longitudinal expansion of a
wire carrying the current.
Translation
2. Прочитайте и письменно переведите текст “Arc Welding ”.
ARC WELDING
In arc welding the workpieces1 are not melted by a flame. They are melted by an electric arc.
In order to create the arc, a powerful electric current must be provided.
The current must be at least 60 A, otherwise the arc will not create enough heat. For thicker
workpieces, the current may be 250 A. In order to carry this current, the cables from the
transformer should be quite thick or else they will overheat.
To supply the necessary current the transformer is used and to complete the electric circuit
an earth clamp is used, which is attached to the workpiece. Then the current flows around the
circuit and the arc appears. To strike the arc, the transformer should be switched on first.
The electrode holder contains an electrode rod which provides the filler metal2 to join the
workpieces. As the current flows between the electrode and the workpiece, the tip3 of the
electrode melts and falls onto the workpiece. While choosing an electrode type it is necessary to
know:
a. Position to which the workpiece is to be welded.
b. Type and thickness of metal used.
c. Type of welding current.
d. Class of work: deep penetration4, surface quality, etc.
Notes on the text
1. workpiece
деталь
2. filler metal
присадочный металл
3. tip
рабочий конец электрода
4. deep penetration
глубина проплавления
3. Задайте пять типов вопросов к тексту.
Variant 6
1. Сопоставьте термины с их значениями и сделайте перевод.
Term
1. ARC BRAZING
2. CONCAVITY
3. ELECTRODE HOLDER
4. FLUX
5. GOGGLES
6. LAP JOINT
7. POROSITY
8. SHIELDED WELDING
9. WELD GAUGE
10. WELDING
TRANSFORMER
Meaning
A. An arc welding process in
which protection from the
atmosphere
is
obtained
through use of a flux,
decomposition of the electrode
covering, or an inert gas.
B. A device used for
mechanically holding the
electrode and conducting
current to it.
C. A joint between two
overlapping members.
D. The presence of gas
pockets or inclusions in
welding.
E. A brazing process wherein
the heat is obtained from an
electric arc formed between
the base metal and an
electrode, or between two
electrodes.
F. A device designed for
checking the shape and size of
welds.
G. A device for providing
current of the desired voltage.
H.The maximum perpendicular
distance from the face of a
concave weld to a line joining
the toes.
I. A device with colored
lenses which protect the eyes
from harmful radiation during
welding
and
cutting
operations.
J. A cleaning agent used to
dissolve
oxides,
release
trapped gases and slag, and to
cleanse metals for welding,
soldering, and brazing.
Translation
2. Прочитайте и письменно переведите текст “Types of Arc Welding ”.
TYPES OF ARC WELDING
Shielded metal-arc welding1 accounts for the largest total volume of welding today. In this
process an electric arc is struck between the metallic electrode and the workpiece2. Tiny
globules of molten metal are transferred from the metal electrode to the weld joint. Arc
welding can be done with either alternating or direct current. A holder or clamping device
with an insulated handle is used to conduct the welding current to the electrode.
Gas-shielded arc welding3, in which the arc is shielded from the air by an inert gas such as
argon or helium, has become increasingly important because it can deposit more material at a
higher efficiency and can be readily automated. Either direct or alternating current is used,
and filler metal4 is added either hot or cold into the arc. Consumable electrode arc welding5
with a carbon dioxide6 shielding gas is widely used for steel welding. Metal transfer is rapid,
and the gas protection ensures7 a tough weld.
Submerged arc welding8 is similar to the above except that the gas shield is replaced with a
granulated mineral material as a flux.
Notes on the text
1. shielded metal-arc welding
дуговая сварка покрытым электродом
2. workpiece
деталь
3. gas-shielded arc welding
дуговая сварка в защитных газах
4. filler metal
присадочный металл
5. consumable electrode arc welding
дуговая сварка плавящимся электродом
6. carbon dioxide
углекислый газ
7. to ensure
гарантировать, обеспечивать
8. submerged arc welding
(дуговая) сварка под флюсом
3. Задайте пять типов вопросов к тексту.
Variant 7
1. Сопоставьте термины с их значениями и сделайте перевод.
Term
1. ARC VOLTAGE
2. FILTER GLASS
3. SLAG INCLUSION
4. ACETYLENE
5. GAS POCKET
Meaning
A. Non-metallic solid material
entrapped in the weld metal or
between the weld metal and
the base metal.
B. Filler metal in wire or rod
form, used in gas welding and
brazing processes and in those
arc welding processes in
which the electrode does not
provide the filler metal.
C.
An
instrument
for
measuring electrical current in
amperes by an indicator
activated by the movement of
a coil in a magnetic field or by
the longitudinal expansion of a
wire carrying the current.
D. The voltage across the
welding arc.
E. The highest temperature
at which a metal or alloy is
completely solid.
6. WELDING ROD
F. The electrical conductor
between the source of the arc
welding
current
and
the
electrode holder.
7. AMMETER
G. A highly combustible gas
composed of carbon and
hydrogen. Used as a fuel gas
in the oxyacetylene welding
process.
H. A weld cavity caused by
the trapping of gases released
by the metal when cooling.
I. A colored glass used in
goggles, helmets, and shields
to exclude harmful light rays.
J. The tip of a gas torch
especially
adapted
to
welding.
8. SOLIDUS
9. WELDING TIP
10. ELECTRODE LEAD
Translation
2. Прочитайте и письменно переведите текст “Resistance Welding ”.
RESISTANCE WELDING
In resistance welding, heat is obtained from the resistance of metal to the flow of an electric
current. Electrodes are clamped on each side of the parts to be welded, the parts are subjected to
great pressure, and a heavy current is applied for a short period of time. The point where the
two metals touch1 creates resistance to the flow of current. This resistance causes heat, which
melts the metals and creates the weld. Resistance welding is widely employed in many fields of
sheet metal2 or wire manufacturing and is often used for welds made by automatic or semiautomatic machines especially in automobile industry.
One type of resistance arc welding is projection welding.3 This type of welding consist of
joining two pieces of metal, one or both of which have mechanically formed projections. The
purpose of the projection is to localize the current.
The current and pressures require for this type of welding are heavier than those applied in
spot welding.4 Various sheet-metal parts used in automobile and aircraft production are welded
by this process.
Notes on the text
1. to touch
соприкасаться
2. sheet metal
листовой метал
3. projection welding
рельефная сварка
4. spot welding
точечная сварка
3. Задайте пять типов вопросов к тексту.
Variant 8
1. Сопоставьте термины с их значениями и сделайте перевод.
Term
Meaning
1. ARC WELDING
A. A method for softening steel
by heating with a gas flame
followed by slow cooling.
2. FUSION
B. A thorough and complete
mixing between the two edges
of the base metal to be joined
or between the base metal and
the filler metal added during
welding.
3. BARE ELECTRODE
C. A group of welding
processes
which
produce
coalescence of materials by
heating them to suitable
temperature and by using a
filler metal having a liquidus
not exceeding 450 °C (842 °F)
and below the solidus of the
base materials. The filler metal
is distributed between the
closely fitted surfaces of the
joint by capillary action.
4. MELTING POINT
D. A clear glass used in
goggles, hand shields, and
helmets to protect the filter
glass from spattering material.
5. HEAT AFFECTED ZONE E. A weld made to hold parts
of a weldment in proper
alignment until the final welds
are made.
6. FLAME SOFTENING
F. The deflection of an electric
arc from its normal path
because of magnetic forces.
7. ARC BLOW
G. A group of welding
processes in which fusion is
obtained by heating with an
electric arc or arcs, with or
Translation
without the use of filler metal.
8. SOLDERING
H. An arc welding electrode
that has no coating other than
that incidental to the drawing
of the wire.
9. TACK WELD:
I. The temperature at which a
metal begins to liquefy.
10. COVER GLASS
J. That portion of the base
metal whose structure or
properties have been changed
by the heat of welding or
cutting.
2. Прочитайте и письменно переведите текст “Arc Welding with a.c. and d.c.”.
ARC WELDING WITH AC. AND DC.
Arc welding is possible with both d.c. and а.с.1
When welding with d.c, it is customary to connect the work2 to the positive side of the
generator, and the electrode to the negative side. This is known as welding on straight
polarity.3 When the electrode is connected positive and the work negative, the arrangement is
termed reverse polarity.4
Low-carbon steels5 are almost always welded on straight polarity, since more heat is
liberated6 at the positive connection which, in this case, is the work itself. This helps to heat
the work.
Reverse polarity is used in welding with certain electrode types and in welding some
special steels.
Both d.c. and a.c. can inherently7 produce equally good welds provided suitable electrode
types and welding procedures are employed. From an economical point of view, a.c. welding is
preferable12 because less electric power is consumed, a.c. equipment is less expensive and
simpler to service, compared with d.c. equipment.
Notes on the text
8. d.c. and а.с.
9. the work
10. straight polarity
11. reverse polarity
12. low-carbon steels
13. to liberate
14. inherently
постоянный ток и переменный ток
деталь
прямая полярность
обратная полярность
низкоуглеродистые стали
выделять
в действительности
3. Задайте пять типов вопросов к тексту.
Variant 9
1. Сопоставьте термины с их значениями и сделайте перевод.
Term
Meaning
1. BOND
A. An arc welding process in
which fusion is produced by
heating with an electric arc
between a tungsten electrode
and the work while an inert
gas forms around the weld
area to prevent oxidation. No
flux is used.
2. GROOVE WELD
B. The distance between the
tip of the electrode and the
weld puddle.
3. CARBON-ARC WELDING C. A weld made by depositing
filler metal in a groove
between two members to be
joined.
4. PRESSURE WELDING
D. Small chips or fragments
which are sometimes given off
by electrodes during the
welding
operation.
This
problem is especially common
with heavy coated electrodes.
5. METAL-ARC CUTTING
E. A group of welding
processes in which fusion is
obtained by heating with an
electric arc or arcs, with or
without the use of filler metal.
6. GAS TUNGSTEN-ARC
(TIG) WELDING (GTAW)
F. The electric conductor
(cable) between the source of
arc welding current and the
workpiece.
7. ARC LENGTH
G. A welding process in
which fusion is produced by
an arc between a carbon
electrode and the work.
Pressure and/or filler metal
and/or shielding may or may
Translation
not be used.
8. SPALL
H. The process of cutting
metals by melting with the
heat of the metal arc.
9. ARC WELDING
I. Any welding process or
method in which pressure is
used to complete the weld.
10. WORK LEAD
J. The junction of the welding
metal and the base metal.
2. Прочитайте и письменно переведите текст “Laser and Plasma Welding”.
LASER AND PLASMA WELDING
Welding is a process which provides a non-detachable1 joining of two like metal pieces by
heating them till melting condition or fusion without or with mechanical pressure.
Laser welding is quickly becoming a practical welding process. In its present stage of
development, the laser can form welds2 up to4 about 1/32 inch deep.
Pulsed lasers3 are often used in industry today. The laser's heat input is very small, so the
heat-affected zone around a joint is correspondingly small.
The laser's high power intensity permits welds between dissimilar metals of widely varying
physical properties.
Plasma arc welding is efficient for fusion welding4 stainless steels, titanium, nickel from
0.001 to 0.030 inch thick. The process is particularly well suited for repairing delicate parts, for
joining thin structures, and for welding electronic components. With the exception of aluminium
any metal or combination of metals can be welded with plasma arc process.
Notes on the text
15. non-detachable
неразъемный
16. a weld
сварной шов, сварное соединение
17. pulsed laser
импульсный лазер
18. fusion welding
сварка плавлением
3. Задайте пять типов вопросов к тексту.
Variant 10
1. Сопоставьте термины с их значениями и сделайте перевод.
Term
Meaning
1. CRITICAL
TEMPERATURE
A. Filler metal that has been added
during a welding operation.
2. OXY-HYDROGEN
WELDING
B. A device used in arc welding to
protect the face and neck. It is
equipped with a filter glass and is
designed to be worn on the head.
3. DEPOSITED METAL
C. The voltage across the welding
arc.
4. SPATTER
D. A gas welding process in which
the required welding temperature is
attained by flames obtained from the
combustion of hydrogen with
oxygen.
5. QUENCHING
E. A cleaning agent used to dissolve
oxides, release trapped gases and
slag, and to cleanse metals for
welding, soldering, and brazing.
6. HELMET
F. A process of cutting metals with
the heat of an arc between a carbon
electrode and the work.
7. CARBON-ARC
CUTTING
G. A weld made by depositing filler
metal in a groove between two
members to be joined.
8. ARC VOLTAGE
H. The metal particles expelled
during arc and gas welding which do
not
form a part of the weld.
9. FLUX
I. The transition temperature of a
substance from one crystalline form
to another.
10. GROOVE WELD
J. The sudden cooling of heated
metal with oil, water, or compressed
air.
Translation
2. Прочитайте и письменно переведите текст “Weldability of metals”.
WELDABILITY OF METALS
Carbon and low-alloy steels are the most widely used materials in welded construction.
Carbon content largely determines the weldability1 of carbon steels. Low-alloy steels are
generally regarded as those having a total alloying content of less than 6 percent. There are many
grades2 of steel available, and their relative weldability varies.
Aluminum and its alloys are also generally weldable. A very thin oxide film3 on aluminum
tends4 to prevent good metal flow, however, and suitable fluxes are used for gas welding. Fusion
welding5 is more effective with alternating current when using the gas-tungsten arc process to
enable6 the oxide to be removed by the arc action.
Copper and its alloys are weldable, but the high thermal conductivity of copper makes
welding difficult. Metals such as zirconium, niobium, molybdenum, tantalum, and tungsten are
usually welded by the gas-tungsten arc process. Nickel is the most compatible material for
joining, is weldable to itself, and is extensively used in dissimilar metal welding7 of steels,
stainless steels and copper alloys.
Notes on the text
19. weldability
свариваемость
20. grade
марка
21. oxide film
оксидная плёнка
22. to tend
стремится
23. fusion welding
сварка плавлением
24. to enable
делает возможным
25. dissimilar metal welding
сварка разнородных металлов
3. Задайте пять типов вопросов к тексту.
Variant 11
1. Сопоставьте термины с их значениями и сделайте перевод.
Term
Meaning
1. EDGE JOINT
A. That portion of a weld that
has been melted during welding.
2. WELDING TIP
B. An arc welding process in
which a metal electrode is held
so that the heat of the arc fuses
both the electrode and the work
to form a weld.
3. CORNER JOINT
C. A clear glass used in goggles,
hand shields, and helmets to
protect the filter glass from
spattering material.
4. WELD METAL
D. The tip of a gas torch
especially adapted to welding.
5. SUBMERGED ARC
WELDING
E. A brazing process wherein
the heat is obtained from an
electric arc formed between the
base metal and an electrode, or
between two electrodes.
6. METAL-ARC
WELDING
F. The transition temperature of
a substance from one crystalline
form to another.
7. COVER GLASS
G. A device used for
mechanically
holding
the
electrode and conducting current
to it.
8. ARC BRAZING
H. A joint between the edges of
two or more parallel or nearly
parallel members.
9. CRITICAL
TEMPERATURE
I. An arc welding process in
which fusion is produced by
heating with an electric arc or
arcs between a bare metal
electrode or electrodes and the
work. The welding is shield by a
blanket of granular, fusible
material on the work. Pressure is
Translation
not used. Filler metal is obtained
from
the
electrode,
and
sometimes
from
a
supplementary welding rod.
10. ELECTRODE
HOLDER:
J. A joint between two members
located approximately at right
angles to each other in the form
of an L.
2. Прочитайте и письменно переведите текст “Welding Tools and Accessories”.
WELDING TOOLS AND ACCESSOIRES
Electrode Holders.
An electrode holder is a device for clamping an electrode and conducting an electric current to
it. An electrode holder should meet the following requirements.
(1) To hold the electrode in a position convenient for welding.
(2) To establish a reliable current connection to the electrode.
(3) To allow an easy and quick change of electrodes without the operator having to touch any
current-conducting or hot parts.
(4) To have a handle which will not grow hot during the welding operation.
(5) To weigh not more than 600 grams for a maximum current of 300 amp.
The operator should handle his electrode holder with care and keep watch on its condition.
Welding Cables.
The welding current is conducted from a generator or transformer to the work by welding
cables. A welding cable should not be longer than 20 to 30 metres, because a longer cable may
appreciably reduce the welding voltage.
The size of welding cables varies, being dependent on the welding current employed, but it
should be sufficient for a temperature rise of 80°G,
3. Задайте пять типов вопросов к тексту.
Variant 12
1. Сопоставьте термины с их значениями и сделайте перевод.
Term
Meaning
1. FLAME HARDENING
A. The metal to be welded or cut.
In alloys, it is the metal present
in the largest proportion.
2. AIR-ARC CUTTING
B. A joint between two members
located approximately at right
angles to each other in the form
of a T.
3. FILLER METAL
C. The capacity of a material to
form a strong bond of adherence
under
pressure
or
when
solidifying from a liquid.
4. ALLOY
D. The distance between the tip
of the electrode and the weld
puddle.
5. BASE METAL
E. A crack in the weld or base
metal which occurs at the root of
a weld
6. WELDABILITY
F. A mixture with metallic
properties composed of two or
more elements, of which at least
one is a metal.
7. ROOT CRACK
G. An arc cutting process in
which metals to be cut are
melted by the heat of the carbon
arc.
8. TEE JOINT
H. The distance from the original
surface of the base metal to that
point at which fusion ceases in a
welding operation.
9. ARC LENGTH
I. Metal to be added in making a
weld.
10. DEPTH OF FUSION
J. A method for hardening a steel
surface by heating with a gas
flame followed by a rapid
quench.
Translation
2. Прочитайте и письменно переведите текст “Protection from Arc Rays”.
PROTECTION FROM ARC RAYS
An electric arc is a source of visible light and invisible infra-red and ultra-violet rays. Its
intensity is 10,000 times that of light safe to man's eyes. For this reason the arc should not be
looked at with the unprotected eye. Arc rays may cause affliction not only to the eyes but also to
the skin of the operator.
The skin of the operator's body is sufficiently protected by his work clothing. To protect his
face and eyes, it is essential that a face shield or a head shield be used, with a welding lens in the
window to protect his eyes. Gloves should be used by the operator for protecting his hands from
the arc, spatter1 of molten metal, sparks, etc.
The operator also runs the risk2 of receiving severe burns3 on the back of his neck or on the
back of his ears by reflections from a bright surface. Therefore the helmets, face shields, portable
screens, booth and shop walls should be painted with zinc white,4 yellow paint or titanium white,
because they absorb ultraviolet rays and reduce reflection.
The scene of welding operations should be enclosed by portable plywood panels or screens;
when welding outside the shop, tarpaulin tents5 or other enclosures should be set up.
Notes on the text
26. spatter
брызги
27. to run the risk
подвергаться риску
28. severe burns
тяжелые ожоги
29. zinc white
цинковые белила
30. tarpaulin tents
брезентовые тенты
3. Задайте пять типов вопросов к тексту.
Variant 13
1. Сопоставьте термины с их значениями и сделайте перевод.
Term
Meaning
1. GAS CARBON-ARC
WELDING
A. A metal electrode with a
covering material which stabilizes
the arc and improves the
properties of the welding metal.
The material may be an external
wrapping of paper, asbestos, and
other materials or a flux covering.
2. INERT GAS
B. A joint between two
workpieces in such a manner that
the weld joining the parts is
between the surface planes of both
of the pieces joined.
3. GAS METAL-ARC (MIG) C. A radiographic test method
WELDING (GMAW)
used to detect internal defects in a
weld.
4. COVERED
ELECTRODE
D. Non-metallic solid material
entrapped in the weld metal or
between the weld metal and the
base metal.
5. BUTT JOINT
E. The deflection of an electric
arc from its normal path because
of magnetic forces.
6. SLAG INCLUSION
F. An arc welding process in
which fusion is produced by
heating with an electric arc
between a carbon electrode and
the work. Shielding is obtained
from an inert gas such as helium
or argon. Pressure and/or filler
metal may or may not be used.
7. ARC BLOW
G. A process in which the
welding heat is obtained from a
gas flame.
8. X-RAY
H. An arc welding process in
which fusion is produced by
heating with an electric arc
Translation
between a metal electrode and the
work. Shielding is obtained from
an inert gas such as helium or
argon. Pressure and/or filler metal
may or may not be used.
9. GAS WELDING
I. Metals which contain no iron.
Aluminum, brass, bronze, copper,
lead, nickel, and titanium are
nonferrous.
10. NONFERROUS
J. A gas which does not normally
combine chemically with the base
metal or filler metal.
2. Прочитайте и письменно переведите текст “Precautions against an electric
shock”.
PRECAUTIONS AGAINST AN ELECTRIC SHOCK
An electric welding operator has to deal with electric current. In touching the welding
circuit, the work,1 the electrode holder or electrode, the operator allows a current to pass
through his body.
Currents up to 0.01 amp. are not dangerous to human life. Currents upwards of 0.1 amp.
are lethal.
The resistance of the body is not constant and depends on a variety of factors. When wet,
the skin conducts current better than when dry. Under normal conditions, the voltages a
welding operator has to deal with are not dangerous to his life. He must bear in mind,2
however, that his welding machine is connected to a mains supply which carries lethal voltage.
When a fault3 develop in the welding equipment, this voltage may be set up across the
electrode holder, the frame of the welding machine, or the work. This may be due to faulty
insulation in the motor winding4 or the transformer primary. In such cases contact with the
metal parts of the machine will produce an electric shock. To avoid dangerous consequences,5
the frames and enclosures of electric welding machines should be earthed.
For dry locations, a safe voltage is less than 36 volts, and for damp locations, less than 12
volts.
Notes on the text
31. the work
обрабатываемая деталь
32. bear in mind
помнить, принимать во внимание
33. a fault
дефект
34. motor winding
обмотка мотора
35. consequences
последствия
3. Задайте пять типов вопросов к тексту.
Variant 14
1. Сопоставьте термины с их значениями и сделайте перевод.
Term
Meaning
1. HAND SHIELD
A. An electrode having a flux
applied externally by dipping,
spraying, painting, or other
similar
methods.
Upon
burning, the coat produces a
gas which envelopes the arc.
2. BARE METAL-ARC
WELDING
B. An electric current that
reverses its direction at
regularly recurring intervals.
3. WIRE FEED SPEED
C. A device used in arc
welding to protect the face and
neck. It is equipped with a
filter glass lens and is
designed to be held by hand.
4. FILLET WELD
D. A device with colored
lenses which protect the eyes
from harmful radiation during
welding
and
cutting
operations.
5. CRATER
E. The presence of gas
pockets or inclusions in
welding.
6. COATED ELECTRODE
F. Small chips or fragments
which are sometimes given off
by electrodes during the
welding
operation.
This
problem is especially common
with heavy coated electrodes.
7. ALTERNATING
CURRENT
G. The rate of speed in
mm/sec or in./min at which a
filler metal is consumed in arc
welding or thermal spraying.
8. GOGGLES
H. A depression at the
termination of an arc weld.
9. POROSITY
I. A weld of approximately
triangular cross section, as
Translation
used in a lap joint, joining two
surfaces at approximately
right angles to each other.
10. SPALL
J. An arc welding process in
which fusion is obtained by
heating with an unshielded arc
between a bare or lightly
coated electrode and the work.
Pressure is not used and filler
metal is obtained from the
electrode.
2. Прочитайте и письменно переведите текст “Fluxes”.
FLUXES
In submerged-arc welding1 the seam is shielded by a blanket of a granular fusible material
called flux, and the arc is therefore "submerged", or maintained within a flux blister formed in
the welding zone. Some of the flux melts to form molten slag which, on solidifying, lodges as a
crust on the weld.
This granular material, flux, serves several purposes. In the first place, it acts as a good
insulator and concentrates heat within a relatively small welding zone, thus improving the fusion
of the welding rod and the molten parent metal. Secondly, the molten portion of the flux floats as
a liquid blanket over the molten pool, protecting it from atmospheric and other attack and
reducing the pick-up of oxygen and nitrogen. A third function of the flux is its action as a
cleanser for the weld metal, absorbing impurities and adding alloying elements such as
manganese or silicon. Owing to flux, the weld metal is clean and dense, and has excellent
physical properties.
Note on the text
36. submerged-arc welding
(дуговая) сварка под флюсом
3. Задайте пять типов вопросов к тексту.