Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
* Your assessment is very important for improving the workof artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
The Holocaust in Historical Context Sally Levine Teacher Fellow and Regional Educator United States Holocaust Memorial Museum 1914 – Outbreak of WWI • Palestine under control of Ottoman Empire (400 years) • In Europe, tensions are built on growing nationalism, militarism, expansionism and an intricate alliance system • Assassination of Archduke Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary leads to demands on Serbia. • Demands are not met and The Great War begins • The United States decides to supply both sides and remain neutral in this European conflict. Archduke Franz Ferdinand and Sophie arrive at Sarajevo City Hall accompanied by General Oskar Potiorek (right), Military Governor of Bosnia. Europe on the Eve of World War I, 1914 1915 Through a series of paintings, in The Great Migration, Jacob Lawrence illustrates the mass exodus of African-Americans who moved to the North in search of a better life. Lawrence's parents were among those who migrated between 1916-1919, considered the first wave of the migration. • Southern Blacks begin migrating to northern cities when war industries seek employees. • Between 1910 and 1930 almost one million Southern Blacks leave the South in what becomes known as the Great Migration. 1917 • U.S. enters WWI • British enter Jerusalem – 400 years of Ottoman control ends • Balfour Declaration • Russian Revolution • Jews granted full rights in Russia. • Russia signs the BrestLivovsk Treaty with Germans and is no longer at war with the Central Powers. British General Allenby enters Jerusalem, December 11, 1917 Street demonstration, Petrograd, 18 June 1917. 1918 • WWI concludes • Armistice is signed on the 11th day of the 11th month in the 11th hour. • Wilson’s 14 Points includes selfdetermination. • Borders of Europe change dramatically. • Pandemic of Spanish influenza kills more than 21 million people worldwide -- over 1% of the world's population. • Treaty of Versailles states that Germany must – – – – – reduce size of its military disarm give up land take responsibility for the war pay reparations. Europe after the First World War Army hospital at Camp Funston, Kansas, 1918, filled with victims of the Spanish influenza pandemic that eventually killed approximately 50 million people worldwide. 1919 Signing the Treaty of Versailles in the Hall of Mirrors In 1919 Hitler joined the German Workers' party that would become the NSDAP or Nazi party. • Major racial disturbances occur across America during the "Red Summer”; over 100 people die and 1,000 are wounded • Treaty of Versailles is signed • Nazi Party is established • Adolf Hitler joins 9 months later • League of Nations is established • Red Scare begins in the U.S. • Race riots and lynchings occur in the U.S. 1920 • Treaty of Versailles takes effect, redrawing map of Europe and imposing punitive reparations on Germany • Women’s Suffrage Act ratified in U.S. – 19th Amendment • Henry Ford begins to reprint Protocols of the Elders of Zion in the Dearborn Independent • Sacco and Vanzetti case THE INTERNATIONAL JEW, THE WORLD'S FOREMOST PROBLEM Abridged from the original as published by the world renowned industrial leader, HENRY FORD, SR. Appearing originally in the periodical published by the Ford Motor Co. "The Dearborn Independent." 1921 • The London Times declares Protocols of the Elders of Zion a forgery • British Mandate, issued by the League of Nations, restates Balfour Declaration • Britain granted Mandate for Palestine (Land of Israel) by League of Nations. • American immigration laws "reformed" to exclude Eastern European Jews and other immigrants. • The NSDAP, also known as the Nazi Party, establishes the SA, Storm Troopers, Brown Shirts. • Adolf Hitler becomes the Nazi Party's first chairman with dictatorial powers. The London Times exposed the Protocols as a forgery in August of 1921 1922 • • • • • • • Vladimir Lenin Benito Mussolini Transjordan set up on ¾ of the British mandate area, forbidding Jewish immigration, leaving1/4 of the land for a Jewish national home. Lenin creates the USSR. Benito Mussolini establishes a Fascist government in Italy. Harvard's president proposes a quota on number of Jews admitted. After contentious debate, he withdraws the recommendation. League of Nations approves Mandate for Palestine. Adolf Hitler Boys Storm Troop and Shock Troop Adolf Hitler are established. The latter will become the SS. Churchill White Paper makes official statement of British government policy towards Palestine: The Balfour Declaration did not contemplate that Palestine in its entirety would be a Jewish National Home, but that such a home should be established within Palestine. 1923 • • • • • • • France and Belgium occupy the Ruhr after Germany is unable to make payment of its war-reparations designed to pay off $31 billion war debt. The SS, Protection Squad is established. Initially a bodyguard for Hitler it will become an elite armed guard of the Third Reich. The first issue of the pro-Nazi, antisemitic newspaper Der Stürmer (The Attacker) is published in Nuremberg, Germany. Its slogan is, "Die Juden sind unser Unglück” - The Jews are our misfortune Hitler's “Beer Hall Putsch” takeover attempt at Munich fails, temporarily. Hitler is arrested in Bavaria, Germany Teapot Dome Scandal occurs in the U.S. Ku Klux Klan claims 5 million members in America. Crowds supporting Hitler gather in the Marienplatz, November 9, 1923 1924 Adolf Hitler in Landsberg prison in April 1924. Cover of Adolf Hitler's Mein Kampf. • The United States Congress passes the Immigration Restriction Act, which effectively bans immigration to the U.S. from Asia and Eastern Europe. • While in prison, Hitler begins work on Mein Kampf, My Struggle. 1925 • Paul von Hindenburg, a hero of The Great War, is elected president of Germany. • Scopes Trial on evolution begins in Tennessee • Model T ford price drops to $290, about three months salary for the average American worker. Paul von Hindenburg Clarence Darrow and William Jennings Bryan during the Scopes trial 1927 • Charles Lindbergh arrives in Paris and is greeted by cheering crowds after a 33 hour non-stop flight from New York • Sacco and Vanzetti are executed • Babe Ruth hits 60 home runs for the Yankees • Al Jolson stars in The Jazz Singer, the first talking film Babe Ruth and President Hoover Charles Lindbergh and The Spirit of St. Louis Sacco and Vanzetti 1928 • Herbert Hoover is elected President of the U.S. • Fifty two nations sign Kellogg-Briand Pact, renouncing war President Calvin Coolidge, Herbert Hoover, and Frank B. Kellogg, standing, with representatives of the governments who have ratified the Treaty for Renunciation of War (Kellogg-Briand Pact), in the East Room of the White House. 1929 Anne Frank is born in Germany The trading floor of the New York Stock Exchange just after the crash of 1929 • 2,000 Arabs attack Jews praying at the Western Wall in Jerusalem on the anniversary of the destruction of the Temple. • Arabs view British refusal to condemn the attacks as support. • Hebron Jews are massacred by Arab militants. • Anne Frank is born. • On "Black Tuesday," the American stock market crashes, plunging the country into the Great Depression 1930 Nazi election poster, ca. 1930 The text reads: "The Red War. Mother or Comrade? Man or Machine? God or the Devil? Blood or God? Race or Bastard? Popular music or jazz? National Socialism or Bolshevism?" • In German National Elections, Adolf Hitler's National Socialist Party wins 95 seats in the Reichstag, the German Parliament. • Lord Passfield of Great Britain issues his White Paper, banning further land acquisition by Jews and slowing Jewish immigration into Palestine. 1932 • German Chancellor von Papen persuades President von Hindenburg to offer Hitler the chancellorship. • In the U.S., the Reconstruction Finance Corporation attempts to bolster industry • The Bonus Army marches on Washington, D.C. demanding early payments for service in The Great War • Franklin Roosevelt wins the presidency The Bonus Army, American World War I veterans, protest in Washington, demanding their bonus pay early 1933 • • • • • • • Chancellor Adolf Hitler shakes hands with German President Paul von Hindenburg on January 30, 1933. • • • • • • Government organized boycott on Jewish stores in Germany • Adolf Hitler becomes Chancellor of Germany. Franklin Roosevelt is sworn in as the 32nd President of the United States. Prohibition repealed Hundred Days of legislation follows FDR's inauguration U.S. Banks closed after over 6000 fail Roosevelt’s New Deal Programs begin First concentration camp opens in Dachau, Germany for Nazi political opponents The Reichstag burns and the Enabling Act allows Hitler to establish a dictatorship Nationwide boycott of Jewish businesses in Germany Jews excluded from government employment in Germany Book burnings in Germany Laws passed in Germany permitting forced sterilization of Roma and Sinti, the disabled, African-Germans and those considered “unfit” Albert Einstein, upon visiting the United States, learns that Hitler has been elected and decides not to return to Germany. Arab riots in Jaffa and Jerusalem protest British "pro-Zionist" policies. 1934 • Purge of the Nazi Party: Night of the Long Knives • President Von Hindenburg dies and Hitler becomes “Fuhrer” and absolute dictator • Major arrests in Germany of homosexuals • Security and Exchange Commission established in the U.S. Hitler becomes Führer 1935 • Jehovah’s Witness Organization is banned in Germany • Homosexual acts between men is criminalized in Nazi Germany • Hitler’s army invades the Rhineland • Jewish rights in Germany rescinded by Nuremberg laws. These laws define “who is a Jew.” • Works Progress Administration established in the U.S. • In the U.S., National Labor Relations (Wagner) Act protects workers' rights • Social Security Act passed in the U.S. • U.S. Congress passes first of annual Neutrality Acts 1936 In the Olympic Stadium, German spectators salute Adolf Hitler during the games in Berlin, Germany, August 1936) Jesse Owens became a hero after winning four gold medals. He undermined Hitler's myth of Aryan superiority. • Roma and Sinti in Germany are arrested and deported to Dachau • Anti-Jewish riots instigated by Arab militants in Palestine • Berlin Olympics – anti Jewish signs are removed until games are over • Black American, Jessie Owens, wins four gold medals in the Olympic Games in Berlin • General Motors sitdown strike 1937 • Franklin Roosevelt is sworn in as U.S. President for a 2nd term. • FDR proposes courtpacking plan, which fails • The British Peel Commission recommends the partition of Palestine between Jews and Arabs • Jewish leaders, Chaim Weizmann and David BenGurion accept the partition plan, despite fierce opposition at the 20th Zionist Congress 1938 • • • • • • • • German troops invade Austria (Anschluss) and annex it as part of the German Reich Father Charles E. Coughlin, a Roman Catholic priest, launches media campaign in America against Jews – America First – and is aided by Charles Lindbergh The Dominican Republic is the only country out of 32 at the Evian Conference willing to help Jews trying to escape Nazi Germany. President Roosevelt sends a businessman and friend, Myron Taylor, to the Evian Conference British Prime Minister Chamberlain declares "peace in our time" after allowing Hitler to annex the Sudetenland in the Munich Agreement Hershel Grynszpan, 17, a German Jewish refugee, assassinates Ernst von Rath, secretary to the German embassy in Paris. Kristallnacht — German Jewish synagogues burned down, homes and businesses looted. 30,000 Jewish men deported to concentration camps Jewish children expelled from public schools in Germany After Kristallnacht, destruction of Jewish store, Berlin Charles Lindbergh speaking at an America First Rally in Indiana 1939 • • • • • • • • • German troops invade Czechoslovakia Jewish immigration into Palestine severely limited by British White Paper. S.S. St. Louis, carrying 907 Jewish refugees from Germany, is turned back by Cuba and the United States. Jewish songwriter Irving Berlin introduces his song "God Bless America." World War II begins September 1, 1939 with the German invasion of Poland U.S. Neutrality Act allows cash-andcarry for military purchases France and Great Britain declare war on Germany. Germany and the Soviet Union secretly agree to partition Poland Hitler gives doctors power to murder the mentally and physically unfit – T-4 Program German troops parade through Warsaw, Poland, September, 1939 1940 • Germany invades and defeats Denmark, Norway, Belgium, Luxembourg, Holland and France • The SS establishes the Auschwitz concentration camp in Poland • Nazis establish Warsaw ghetto • British government authorizes the Jewish Agency in Palestine to recruit 10,000 Jews to form Jewish units in the British army. • U.S. Congress approves first peace-time draft • America First Committee urges U.S. neutrality • FDR wins unprecedented third term for president Warsaw Ghetto 1941 • • • • Soldiers from Einsatzgruppe C look through the possessions of Jews massacred at Babi Yar, a ravine near Kiev. Soviet Union, September 29-October 1, 1941. • • • • • At 7:58 A.M., December 7, 1941, the alarm went out: "Air raid, Pearl Harbor. This is not drill!" Later that morning, the magazine of the USS Shaw exploded after being struck by a Japanese bomb. • Franklin Roosevelt is sworn in as President for a 3rd term. Lend-Lease Act allows U.S. to financially assist Allied nations FDR and Churchill sign Atlantic Charter, pledging self-determination for all nations Germany invades North Africa, Yugoslavia and Greece German army invades the Soviet Union (6/22) Einsatzgruppen begin mass murders Nazis test gas chambers at Auschwitz on Soviet and Polish prisoners Almost 34,000 Jews murdered by Nazis at Babi Yar, near Kiev Japanese attack Pearl Harbor United States declares war on Japan and Germany Nazis begin gassing operations at Chelmno extermination camp in Poland 1942 • • • • Dining room In Wannsee, where the Final Solution was discussed • • Reinhard Heydrich U.S. begins interning Japanese-American citizens Nazi leaders discuss and coordinate the "Final Solution" -- genocide of the Jewish people -- at Wannsee Conference. Jews are deported to death camps from France, Poland, Holland and Belgium Nazi extermination camps in occupied Poland begin mass murder of Jews in gas chambers – Auschwitz – Birkenau – Treblinka – Sobibor – Belzec – Majdanek Manhattan Project begins In the United States ,Rabbi Stephen S. Wise publicizes Riegner report confirming mass murder of European Jews 1943 • • • • • • • • • Americans seize Guadalcanal Jews deported from Greece Warsaw Ghetto Uprising Inmate revolt at Treblinka Nazis order all ghettos liquidated and inmates sent to concentration camps British deport illegal immigrants in Palestine to Cyprus. Raphael Lemkin, an international lawyer who escaped from Poland to the U.S. in 1941, coins the term genocide to describe the Nazi extermination of European Jews. Danish boatlift to bring Danish Jews to safety in Sweden Inmate revolt at Sobibor Warsaw Ghetto uprising 1944 • • • • • D-Day: U.S. troops wading through water and Nazi gunfire , June 6, 1944 • • • • • Scene on "Omaha" Beach on the afternoon of "D-Day", 6 June 1944 • • Roosevelt sets up War Refugee Board at the urging of Treasury Secretary Henry Morganthau, Jr. Germany occupies Hungary Beginning of deportation of over 430,000 Hungarian Jews to Auschwitz – most of them are gassed D-Day: Invasion of Normandy by the Allies Roosevelt elected U.S. President for a fourth term Allied island-hopping campaign retakes Guam Battle of the Bulge Soviet army begins to close in on the Nazis and the camps Jewish Brigade formed as part of British World War II forces. German officers fail in an attempt to assassinate Hitler Soviet troops liberate Majdanek, 7/23 Prisoner revolt at Auschwitz-Birkenau 1945 • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • Franklin Roosevelt is sworn in as U.S. President for a 4th term. Yalta Conference Death marches Liberation of camps by Americans, Soviets and British soldiers President Roosevelt dies of a stroke Harry S. Truman becomes President of the United States Adolf Hitler commits suicide in his bunker in Berlin American troops liberate Mauthausen End of WWII in Europe (5/8/45) U.S. uses the atomic bomb in Hiroshima and Nagasaki End of WWII in Japan (9/2/45) International tribunal for war crimes is established at Nuremberg. Bess Myerson becomes the first Jewish woman to win the Miss America Pageant. United Nations established President Truman issues a directive giving DP’s preference in getting visas under the existing quota system Mathausen prisoners cheer the arrival of the 11th Armored Division on May 6, 1945 Hiroshima after the bombing 1946 The Nuremberg War Crimes Trials brought 22 Nazi officials to court in 1945-46. The defendants are on the right side of the photo The defendants at Nuremberg. Front row, from left to right: Hermann Göring, Rudolf Hess, Joachim von Ribbentrop, Wilhelm Keitel, Ernst Kaltenbrunner, Alfred Rosenberg, Hans Frank, Wilhelm Frick, Julius Streicher, Walther Funk, Hjalmar Schacht. Back row from left to right: Karl Dönitz, Erich Raeder, Baldur von Schirach, Fritz Sauckel, Alfred Jodl, Franz von Papen, Arthur SeyssInquart, Albert Speer, Konstantin van Neurath, Hans Fritzsche. • Pogrom against Holocaust survivors returning to Poland • Major Nazi war criminals receive their sentences in Nuremberg Trials • Ten defendants in Nuremberg Trials executed. • Nazi war criminal Hermann Goring commits suicide in his cell. • Churchill gives Iron Curtain speech 1947 • • • • • • • • • • Refugee ship Exodus repelled by British forces from shores of Palestine. Refugees return to DP camps in Germany United Nations recommends a new partition plan for Palestine to create two states, one Arab and one Jewish Arab Higher Committee for Palestine rejects UN Partition Plan UN approves partition plan by a vote of 33-13 with 10 abstentions to create a Jewish and Arab state Arab mobs attack Jewish quarters in Jerusalem and Arab operations begin against Jewish cities and settlements Truman Doctrine aids nations resisting communism Marshall Plan provides economic aid to Europe House Un-American Activities Committee investigates Hollywood Jackie Robinson breaks color barrier in baseball Taft-Hartley Act slows growth of labor unions in U.S. The Exodus 1947 after the conflict between the Haganah, the Jewish defense force, and the British. Jackie Robinson 1948 • • • • David Ben-Gurion reads the Proclamation of the State of Israel • • • • • • • Marching into war... Jewish forces in the new State of Israel move on foot in 1948. • U.S. proposes suspension of partition plan and calls for a special session of the General Assembly to discuss trusteeship for Palestine. Declaration of Independence of the State of Israel (May 14). Jewish immigration into the state will be unrestricted. U.S. recognizes Israel End of British Mandate. Arab armies invade Israel President Harry S Truman recognizes the State of Israel within its first hour of existence USSR recognizes Israel Israeli War of Independence (May 1948-July 1949) Soviets block access to West Berlin in Berlin Airlift Alger Hiss case begins Truman signs armed forces desegregation order Congress passes Displaced Persons Act, authorizing 200,000 DP’s to enter the U.S. between 1949 and 1950 Approximately 80,000 war refugees immigrate to the U.S. with aid from Jewish agencies between 1945 and 1952 1960 Adolf Eichmann, Germany 1940 Nixon – Kennedy debate • Adolf Eichmann is tracked down and captured by Israeli secret agents in Argentina • Kennedy and Nixon participate in first televised presidential debates in U.S. • Greensboro sit-in protests, defying segregation in the South • Kennedy defeats Nixon 1961 • Eichmann is put on trial in Israel • He is sentenced to death for crimes against the Jewish people and crimes against humanity • Bay of Pigs invasion in Cuba fails • Freedom rides in American South • Berlin Wall built • U.S. establishes the Peace Corps Photo of Adolf Eichmann in glass booth at trial, surrounded by guards Berlin, 1961. Berlin Wall at Zimmerstrasse /Markgrafenstrasse. West Berliners watching over the wall to the East 1962 - 1963 The March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom took place in Washington, D.C., on August 28, 1963. Attended by some 250,000 people, it was the largest demonstration ever seen in the nation's capital, and one of the first to have extensive television coverage. President Kennedy with his wife, Jacqueline, and Texas Governor John Connally in the presidential limousine just moments before his assassination • Eichmann is executed in Ramleh prison • Cuban Missile Crisis • Students for a Democratic Society formed • The following year, 1963: • Rev. King begins Birmingham desegregation efforts • University of Alabama admits first black student • Premier Diem of South Vietnam toppled by U.S.approved coup • Pres. Kennedy assassinated