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US History
Chapter 4 Section 3
Reconstruction
Main Idea
 Conflicting plans for dealing with the post-Civil
War South had long lasting effects on
government and the economy
Reading Focus
 What were the different plans for presidential
Reconstruction?
 What was congressional Reconstruction?
 What happened when Radical Republicans
took charge of Reconstruction?
 Why did Reconstruction end, and what were its
effects on American history?
Rebuilding the South
FINANCIAL COSTS OF THE WAR
 US Civil War had a great
impact on the social, political,
and economic aspects,
primarily in the South
Southern Livestock killed: 40%
 South:
> 20% of Male population killed
> Destruction of railroads,
farms, plantations, livestock
> Uncertain future for 4 million
newly freed blacks
Total National wealth held by South in 1860: 30%
 How would South reintegrate
back into the Union?
 This Post-war recovery period
is known as Reconstruction
Southern farm machinery destroyed: 50%
Drop in South’s total property wealth: 66%
Total National wealth held by South in 1870: 12%
Presidential Reconstruction
(first two years of recovery)
 1863- Before war ended, Pres Lincoln had issued his Ten Percent Plan:
Forgiveness and Readmission to the Union when…….
- 10% of state voters pledged loyalty to the Union
Proclamation of Amnesty
- State could organize new government
and Reconstruction
-Banned slavery
 Lincoln’s reconstruction plan was controversial because of the belief of:
> Readmission of the states was a power of congress-not president
> Secession was unlawful and states had never left
> States should go through admission process like territories
 Congress Plan- (Wade-Davis Bill) called for the majority of states white male
population to pledge loyalty
 April 14, 1865- Lincoln was assassinated by Southerner John Wilkes Booth at
Fords Theatre in Washington- VP Andrew Johnson 17th Pres. of US
Assassination of Abraham Lincoln
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• Booth jumps to the stage but breaks his leg in
the process
• Yells “Sic semper tyrannis” (Thus be it ever to
tyrants …or The South shall live)
• A massive manhunt occurred and Booth was
cornered in a barn near Bowling Green,
Virginia
• Booth was shot by Union Soldiers
• Lincoln died on the 15th and was hailed a hero
by the nation (even some confederates)
• 4 others sent to prison for Lincoln conspiracy
April 14, 1865
Lincoln lifts Union Blockade
Gives notice to leaders that he
wants to bring rebellious states back
to Union
That evening he and his wife
attends a play called “My American
Cousin”
John Wilkes Booth- shoots Lincoln in
back of head
Lincoln Assassination
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VIk593OFtM
President Andrew Johnson (D)

Andrew Johnson had been
appointed (before VP) to be the TN
Governor during the war
 Known for being very stubborn and
uncompromising
 Views of Reconstruction were similar
to Lincoln’s but he also wanted
wealthy white southern men to be
pardoned
 Besides this, Republicans in Congress
were concerned his plans did not
address Freedmen rights
Southern Response
 Since slavery was banned , southern states passed a series of “Black
Codes”
> Laws that discriminated against blacks
>Gave whites almost unlimited power
> Intent was to keep blacks in the farming industry (Cheap Labor)
> No southern state would establish schools for blacks
> Codes varied from state to state
> Enforced by sheriffs
 Some white citizens in the South put masks over their head and
terrorized blacks and those who supported blacks: Ku Klux Klan 1866
Congressional Reconstruction
 Many northerners supported Andrew Johnson’s Reconstruction plan but were
upset by the ‘Black Codes’
 Radical Republicans: Members of Congress who wanted tougher rules for
restoring state governments
> Wanted Freedmen to have political and economic equality Problem
 Johnson urged the southern states to protect the Freedmen’s rights but didn’t
do anything to ensure it was being done
 1865- Congress did create the Freedman's Bureau prior to the end of the war
with the mission of helping newly freed blacks
> Teachers began opening schools
> Provided clothing, shelter, food, for both whites and blacks
Mainly Northerners
Congress vs President Johnson
 Congress passed the Civil Rights act of 1866 which gave blacks
citizenship and same legal rights as whites…..
“Johnson be like: Yeah Right…that ain’t happening!”
 Even though bill passed both House and Senate, Johnson vetoed
it which prompted moderate republicans to help radical republicans
to take control of Reconstruction
Johnson vs Congress
 Congress passed the Bill anyway (3/4 vote) ….first time in history…..led by Thaddeus
Stevens who wanted to ensure the Civil Rights Act was not somehow overturned, so he
drafted the 14th Amendment
Lincoln Plan (1863)
• Offered a pardon to all
supporters of the
confederacy if they swore
allegiance to the Union
and pledged to abolish
slavery.
• When 10% of the men
eligible to vote in 1860 did
this, the state qualified for
reentry into the U.S.
• New state constitutions
had to outlaw slavery
• No protections for freed
blacks
Andrew Johnson Plan
• Became his plan after
Lincoln was
assassinated
• Amnesty to whites
who signed loyalty
oaths
• New state
constitutions had to
outlaw slavery
• No vote for blacks
• No role / protections
for freed blacks
RECONSTRUCTION PLANS
Radical Republicans
(Congress- Thaddeus
Stevens)
• Promoted equal
protection and rights
for freed blacks
• Military occupation of
the South to oversee
changes
• Voting Rights for black
males
• (13th) 14th and 15th
Amendments
Final Reconstruction Plan
 1867-1868: Congress passed (over Johnson’s veto) four
reconstruction acts which divided the South into five military
districts:
You can be
readmitted if:
-Ratify the 14th Amendment
-Write new state constitution that guarantees freedmen the right
to vote (15TH Amendment)
-Form new government to be elected by ALL male citizens
 Congress passed the “Office of Tenure Act” of 1867 “Can’t fire
member of cabinet” ……then Johnson tried to fire a member
 This set off final battle between Johnson and Congress which led to
the first ever Impeachment proceedings against Johnson
Admitted to Union by Johnson
Military Districts during
Reconstruction
Republicans in Charge
 Election of 1868- Johnson vs. War Hero Ulysses S. Grant
Victor!
…..Grant was the
 Republicans quickly pushed the 15th Amendment through to guarantee the
voting rights of African-Americans (Effective in 1870)
 As congress took control of Reconstruction, political power in south shifted:
“Scalawags”- white southerners who supported reconstruction changes
“Carpetbaggers”- Northerners who came to the South to take part in South’s
rebirth
Freedmen joined both to improve social and economic conditions
Black Codes were repealed in every state
Responses to Freedom
 Most African-Americans went North or West but many stayed in the South…
 So what changed?
Education
Religion / Other
Sharecropping
Tenant farming
4K Schools built
Churches
Landowner provided
land, tools, and seed
Farmer rented land
from owner
Hundreds of colleges
Fire Departments
Farmer gave
landowner 1/3 or ½
of what he grew
Could grow any crop
Trade Associations
Employment
Agencies
Despite industrial growth in the South, it truly did not benefit Freedmen or other poor
southerners
End of Reconstruction
 Violence plagued the South during Reconstruction with the KKK being the most
active group
> Blacks were main targets
> Freedmen Bureau teachers
> Murdered public officials and scared many into resignation
 Congress passed Enforcement Acts 1870-1871 placing heavy penalties on
anyone trying to prevent a qualified voter from voting
> Also gave Military power to punish Klan members
 Many people dissatisfied with Reconstruction:
> people upset because Union troops were in South
> Republican State governments appeared ineffective
> Blacks unhappy about their poverty
Compromise of 1877 Ended Reconstruction
 1876 Presidential election:
* Rutherford B. Hayes (R) Ohio
* Samuel Tilden (D) New York
Electoral Vote Count
WOW! That’s
close
185
184
Disputed results in certain states…so…..
 House of Representatives appoints a 15 man commission to decide results
(8 to 7 Republican)
Hayes is decided as the POTUS…..BUT….there is a Bargain that occurred (sometimes called
the Bargain of 1877)
Terms of Bargain:
a. Hayes representatives agrees to pull military out of the South / to recognize Democratic
control of the entire south / and not to use military intervention in racial affairs of the south
b. Tilden’s representatives agree NOT to contest Hayes victory but would respect southern
civil and political rights of blacks
Reconstruction Ends
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pwye1vN
DYDQ
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Republican Rutherford B. Hayes won
the election when a Republican-dominated
commission gave him the disputed votes.
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