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Bison Stampede 5 K Run
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Saturday November 6
9:00 AM
$15 entry fee/$20 day of race
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Test 2 Results
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82% mean score
Range – 56%-100%
Scores
• A – 17
• B – 27
• C – 11
• D–6
• F -1
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
PowerPoint® Lecture Outlines
11
Reducing
Your Risk
of
Cardiovascular
Disease
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
Objectives
• Identify the major forms of cardiovascular disease and
describe how they affect the heart and blood vessels.
• Identify cardiovascular disease risk factors that you can
control.
• Create a plan and apply behavior-change skills to
reduce your own risk for cardiovascular disease.
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
What Is Cardiovascular Disease (CVD)?
• A range of diseases of the heart and blood vessels.
• Induces other potentially devastating diseases, like heart
attack or stroke.
• 9–15% of men and women under 40 have some form of
CVD. After about age 40, the rate climbs to 40%.
• Among all age groups in America, about 1 in 3 people
have CVD in some form.
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
Prevalence of CVD in Adults
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
Cardiovascular Diseases
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Coronary artery disease
Hypertension
Stroke
Peripheral artery disease
Congestive heart failure
Leading cause of death in the United States!
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
Why Worry about CVD?
• CVD is America’s biggest killer—more than any other
single cause of death, for both women and men.
• CVD reduces quality of life, causing chest pain;
shortness of breath; internal organ damage; and in the
form of hypertension, cognitive decline.
• CVD can begin in adolescence or childhood from waxy
buildup in vessels caused by poor diet, lack of exercise,
high body mass index, or early smoking.
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
Atherosclerosis & Coronary Artery Disease
 CAD – results from the
accumulation of fatty deposits on
the coronary artery walls
 Coronary arteries supply blood to
the heart muscle
 Atherosclerosis is the process of
fatty substances (lipids) building up
on the inside of the artery walls
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
Normal and Plaque-Filled Coronary Arteries
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Heart Attack & Atherosclerosis
 When the build-up is large
enough to restrict blood
flow to the heart muscle,
angina &/or heart attack
(myocardial infarction) can
result.
 1.2 million per year
 335,000 die each year
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
Exercise & Heart Attack
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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
Regular physical activity
reduces the risk of heart
attack by one half
Atherosclerosis can be
prevented or reversed
Collateral circulation can
lead to survival during a
heart attack
Other C-V Diseases/Conditions
 Hypertension – high blood
pressure
 33% adults
 Inactive 30-50%
higher risk
 Prehypertension


restricted blood flow to the
extremities due to
atherosclerosis
 Congestive heart failure –
Systolic 120-139
Diastolic 80-89
 Stroke – brain attack
 People with CAD or
hypertension have
increased risk
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
 Peripheral artery disease –



inability of the heart muscle to
pump blood at a life sustaining
rate
Congenital heart disease
(born with condition)
Angina pectoris (chest pain
and circulatory issues)
Arrhythmias (irregular
heartbeat)
Deaths from Coronary Heart Disease
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
CVD Age-Adjusted Death Rates by State
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
CVD Risk Factors You Can Control
• Tobacco use
• Hypertension (high blood pressure)
• High blood fat levels
• Overweight and obesity
• Physical inactivity
• Diabetes
• Metabolic syndrome (obesity-related risks)
• Stress
• Poor nutrition
• Excessive alcohol use
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
CVD Risk Factors You Cannot Control
• Heredity
CVD in several generations increases risk greatly.
• Age
75% of heart attacks occur in people over age 65.
• Gender
Men are at greater risk until age 60; women are at
greater risk after menopause.
• Race
African Americans are at higher risk.
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
Cholesterol
 Low Density Lipoproteins (LDL) – high LDL
levels = greater risk for heart attack; mainly from
high fat diet, especially saturated fats (animal
sources, palm & coconut oils)
 High Density Lipoproteins (HDL) – “escorts” LDL
from the body; high levels are desirable & lowers
risk of heart attack; smoking & high fat diet
lowers HDL; physical activity raises HDL levels
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
LDL, Total, and HDL Cholesterol Levels
Ratio
When having cholesterol
checked, its important to divide
Total CH by HDL to get the ratio
•A desirable ratio is less than 4.0
•The lower the ratio the better
Inflammation markers
•C-reactive proteins
•Homocysteine
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
How To Avoid CVD
Lower your controllable risks.
• Don’t smoke.
• Practice sound eating habits.
• Exercise regularly.
• Manage stress.
• Control diabetes or the risk of developing it.
• Don’t abuse alcohol or drugs.
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
AMA Dietary Recommendations
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Balance caloric intake & expenditure
Eat nutrient-rich foods – whole grains, fruits &
vegetables
Eat fish rich in omega-3 fatty acids twice/week
Eat lean meats
Choose low fat dairy products
Lower cholesterol & sugar in diet
Reduce intake of sodium
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
Avoiding CVD: Making a Plan
• Identify your risk factors. (Lab 11.1)
• Identify concrete changes you can make to reduce your
risk factors.
• Create a personalized plan to implement successful
behavior change.
• Understand that by reducing your risk of CVD, you also
reduce other serious disease risks.
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
ABC News: Cardiovascular Disease
| Cardiovascular Disease
Discussion Questions:
• How does inflammation account for nearly 85% of all
heart attacks?
• What test measures inflammation, and what does it
cost?
• Why have doctors been hesitant to order tests to
measure inflammation?
• What dietary changes are recommended to lower
inflammation?
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
The effect of regular physical activity on these
risk factors
 Reduces hypertension
 Maintains elasticity of the
artery walls
 Increases blood vessel
size
 More efficient peripheral
blood flow
 Lowers LDL cholesterol
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.




Raises HDL cholesterol
Controls body fat
Reduces stress
Prevents or delays adult
onset diabetes
LDL to HDL Ratio
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When having cholesterol
checked, its important to
divide Total CH by HDL to
get the ratio
A desirable ratio is less
than 4.0
The lower the ratio the
better
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc.
Example
Total CH
=
HDL
=
Ratio (200/50)=
200
50
4.0