Download some anatomical details of the knee joint

SOME
ANATOMICAL
DETAILS
R.
Lecturer
in
LAST,
J.
Royal
In
current
is believed
proposed
the
texts,
that
to
give
an
attachment
of
account
the
capsule
true
it
order
to
is advisable
the
capsule
being
end
of the
UP1)C
the
tihial
fibula
are
attached
circumference
of the
round
the
articular
The
capsule
the
a
ga’),
articular
is attache(l.
At
is
stage
contains
the
tWo
menisci.
Lateral
ligament
of
of
a result
tibia
from
of the
and
the
below
the
with
tibial
the
tibia
synovial
joint.
process
of the
(having
been
passes.
This
current
British
part
lateral
ligament
above
to
(tibial)
border
over
the
The
arcuate
lateral
popliteus
lateral
of
peroneus
of the
already
part
thus
separating
ligament
\‘OI..
1).
them
of current
30
B,
NO.
4,
at
The
of
(luring
structure,
the
patella.
horizontal
short
external
It
of the
The
surfaces
of
firmly
attached
.
to
the
meniscus.
joint
into
long
the
the
which
the
lateral
true
to
fibula.
lateral
surface
part
fibula.
of the
the
of
of the
The
tendon
1941).
part
head
tendon
long
of biceps
It
short
medial
lying
ligament
the
external
lateral
into
superficial
arch
of
I).
the
terminology
arises
biceps
(Fig.
(or
degenerated
tendon
from
external
of the
of
and
border,
of old
be
of the
It is attached
posterior
ligament
Haines
upper
the
; in
part
posterior
arcuate
to
may
terminology
deep
process
free
end
is lacking
of popliteus
capsule.
the
upper
the
stvloid
Its
terminology)
upper
joint
constitutes
its
as
the
capsule
tendon
of old
described
of the
below
\Vheeler
the
ligament
be
external
the
deep
of the
divides
from
which
thereto,
of current
with
tibia
of the
towards
1884,
1948
1
.
over
might
and
head
adherent
Sutton
head
.
part
part
femur
in continuity
them
popliteus
of the
is that
name.
the
knee
margin
fibula)
It represents
attached
terminology)
NOVEMBER
that
conjoined
lateral
of the
firmly
the
occur
joint
them
no
surface
Between
the
1:1G.
is the
It is inserted
(Fig.
which
diarthrodial
including
; and
The
the
joint.
(Bland
described.
deep
it by
and
femur,
changes
knee
sinks
with
it has
of the
longus
epicondyle
and
lateral
capsule.
Morphologically,
ligament
the
the
of
is a simple
stvloid
capsule
is
meniscus.
the
end
and
upper
ligament
ligaments
articulates
from
fascia
trace
joint
tibio-fibular
knee
the
.
joint-
epicondvle
of
ligaments,
of growth
dovn
of the
of the
is
of
ligament’
and
“
lateral
it
It
is excluded
terminology
the
accessory
and
value.
upper
.
original
stolen
‘ ‘
of
the
Popiteus
upper
pull
and
and
surfaces
already
head
the
of
the
details,
be
LIGAMENTS
femur
joint
superior
fibula
joint,
capsule
the
patella
fibula
The
a prolongation
the
in certain
might
surface
rate
; its
the
Scholar,
tubular
its
knee
l)lateau
at
joint
foetus,
the
margins
the
the
joint
precision
foetus
of the
the
different
fIbula,
knee
lack
the
articular
of
.
As
Research
interrupted
the
to
surface
this
the
a simple
at
by
vhich
by
the
with
end
attached
femur.
anteriorly
Sutton
important
of
of
In the
around
upper
surrounded
Bland
ACCESSORY
in
articulates
and
is
joint
structure.
fibula
which
capsule
this
arrangement
the
adult
plateau
AND
the
consider
of the
JOINT
muscles.
appreciate
to
development
KNEE
of England
joint
of
CAPSULE
In
knee
anatomy
of
of certain
and
of Surgeons
of the
the
THE
ENGLAND
Curator,
College
descriptions
revision
LONDON,
Anatomical
Anatomy,
OF
the
lateral
fibula,
lateral
ligament
lateral
femoris
ligament
and
to the
is inserted,
(lateral
deep
parts.
683
684
Medial
ligament
consists
of
the
of
J.
R.
short
the
of the
It
so
more
and
but
that
deep
the
part
to
the
into
flat,
medial
part
is
The
structure,
over
the
lateral
and
in
meniscus
fibres
..
I
are
anterior
meniscus.
the
anterior
meniscus
Medial
firmly
of
adductor
magnus
of
Comparative
of the
deep
or
parts
medial
a
separated
and
single
below
by
membranosus
them
which
medial
--.-
The
medial
ligament
of
the
knee
joint.
nerve.
border
of
ligament
backwards,
i’e;ision
Foetal
and
abduction.
the
of the
patella.
plateau
of the
tibia
which
herniates
of
The
in the
joint,
into
of
the
of
lower,
expansion
inserted
the
into
the
it
is inserted
medial
ligament
by the passage
beneath
genicular
vessels
and
fibres
upper
the
from
part
of
medial
the
medial
the
medial
ligament
passes
meniscus.
ligaments
the
flexion,
moreover,
These
flexion,
the
being
are
semi-
forwards
the
experience
Still
plateau.
in
or
is
are
the
passes
This
as
of
behind
viz.,
cruciate
joint-Between
the
capsule
the
tibial
joint
state
capsule
From
the
In
the
the
lateral
from
which
3).
edge
medial
placed
they
of
the
knee
axis
of
rotation
a
smaller
two
factors
rotation
joint
in
and
lateral
taut
of
responsible
passively
flexion
in
femoral
surface
are
and
ligaments
are
of the
the
for
induced
contributes
to
infra).
adult
beta!
and
flexion.
with
(ride
of the
being
in
of mobility
surface
of fat
relaxed
mobility
capsule
of the
extent
joint
retinacular
anterior
The
tendinous,
but
the tibia
inferior
border
the
joint.
knee
expansion
is
or
above,
; in
Strong
knee
of the
an
tibia.
from
medial
anterior
joint
medial
is in contact
increased
the
attachments
are
degree
the
of
a greater
upper
They
adduction
towards
flexion
ligaments-Both
condvles
greater
curve
Iii
exposing
their
femoral
front
2).
of the
condyles.
this
patella
thus
extension,
the
the
(1:ig.
the
is separated
it of the
2
1:1G.
into
nerve,
From
this
the
vertical
structure
described
meniscus
only
-=--
sciatic
ligament
(Fig.
is often
presemiAnatomy),
superficial
tendon
between
The
(the
of the
the
medial
into
the
ligament
capsular,
of the
fused
.
the
niagnus.
adductor
tubercle.
.
is represented
by
it
to
(1884)
morphologically,
adductor
by
its
meniscus;
Sutton
of
the
the
situation
attachment
part
innervated
is
joint,
overlaps
medial
Bland
is,
the
this
of
to
knee
border
it
free
the
part
of the
below
in
far
posterior
anterior
and
on
epicondyle
level
tendon
into
downwards
part
the
to the
is
muscle
is
is by
medial
vertical
part
inserted
.
point
which
and
According
membranosus
which
behind.
Posteriorly
683),
border
its
the
and
Its
2).
page
in front
the
above
is part
tibia
into
strong.
attached
hamstring
magnus
.
and
It
and
the
below
(Fig.
on
degenerated
:Adductor
>
tibia,
directions
described
terminology
femur
part,
from
is very
opposite
medial
ligament
joint
tubercle
handsbreadth
possibly
old
terminology.
knee
of the
in
of the
superficial
adductor
condvle
is oblique
British
of the
ligament
named
margins
capsule
of one
medial
part,
current
meniscus.
triangular
internal
in
the
the
deep
articular
the
a distance
border
ligament,
The
the
below
the
lateral
name
to
medial
for
posterior
widest
no
with
arises
surface
(short
has
is continuous
is inserted
its
the
parts.
is attached
important,
is a broad,
vertical,
It
intimately
the
femur
joint.
ligament,
and
subcutaneous
its
joint-Like
distinct,
joint.
aspects
is attached
and
knee
lateral
of the
medial
larger
of
internal
capsule
their
It
of the
morphologically
two,
LAST
the
is still
lower
present
margin
is separated
joint
and
raises
medial
with
of the
from
its
patella
underlying
a median
circular
fold
THE
to
gap
the
synovial
called
the
JOURNAL
OF
ligaments,
filled
by
anterior
across
the
margin
membrane
BONE
AND
of the
by
ligamentum
the
articular
a pad
mucosum,
JOINT
SURGERY
SOME
extending
into
folds
the
extend,
is
Haines
the
deep
to
the
joint.
the
popliteus
Thus
stant.
is
the
tendon
added
also
of
posterior
part
oblique
of
ligaments
of
the
joint.
the
femur
rather
its
of
on
the
Loose
bodies
covery
at
ligament
is
several
lodge
irregular
from
the
the
to
above
the
of
.
a
.
within
the
they
leaves
their
of
posterior
tense
of the
Medial
and
attachment
strongly
VOL.
30
B,
tendons
ligaments
respectively,
of
Attachn
medial
Ii
to the rn
I
show
of
joint
into
the
The
NO.
4,
and
lateral
NOVEMBER
are
Edwards
horns
and
really
them;
They
posterior
meniscus
1948
by
letter
medial
consist
avascular
The
tissue;
part
of
any
of
the
attached
are
tense
them
fibrocartilage,
medial
for
superficial
to the
the
joint.
zone
Lateral
in
at
is attached
at
the
extension,
circumference
medial
tibia
the
their
to
up.
a narrow
the
from
essential
curved
meniscus
elsewhere
over
surfaces,
named
in
of
winds
lateral
are
position
rotation
except
1948).
is likewise
in
is
l)otted
soleus.
forward
and
They
ligament
lax
fibrous
anterior
‘ ‘
of
It is as though
carrying
They
X.
‘ ‘
cruciate
is
membrane.
behind,
superiorly.
the
menisci
section.
synovial
their
joint.
right
indicates
from
except
of
neither
the
invests
anterior
unwinds
posterior
capsule
2).
but
within
which
limbs
The
line
membrane
uncovered
the
menisci-The
cross
not
synovial
knee
attachment
POsteriOraspect
.
lie
membrane
like
tibia
conthey
but
3
FIG.
bands
joint.
(Davies
the
incon-
band).
and
surfaces
flexed
and
to
(Fig.
are
benestrated
knee
flexion,
lateral
anterior
bursa.
they
degenerated
lateral
ligaments
femur,
synovial
knee
in
its
a
strong
.
cross
in
wedge-shaped
joint
of
the
rotation
at
ver’
the
and
stability
of
of
posterior
origins,
but
extend
cruciate
herniated
a fold
tibial
occur,
great
ligamentous
of the
been
themselves
of
surface
to
main
to
capsule
had
but
.
tibia
allowing
STRUCTURES
pair
the
oe
dis-
not
popliteal
ligaments-The
consist
necting
cord
rise
INTRA-ARTICULAR
Cruciate
gaps,
suprapatellar
posterior
which
the
two
the
above
femur.
elude
does
prolongations
give
appearance
and
figure
and
lying
handsbreadth
a
the
oblique
rounded
ligament
femur
its
condyle
encroaches
here,
3-The
may
and
perforates
bursa
semlm_
notch,
of
The
thick
a
has
with
bursae
femur,
Tenc’-
is
a prolongation
surface
may
(Fig.
strength
lateral
so that
operation.
; it
phylogenetically
the
This
of W’inslow;
membrane
popliteal
a
(Wheeler
the
intercondylar
margin,
synovial
joint
medial
the
There
joint
suprapatellar
extending
adult
the
the
across
the
the
limb
is wrong.
from
capsule.
ligament
and
above
upwards
little
true
to
it and
alar
morphological
knee
a large
Two
no
septa
vertebrate
communicating
by
have
semimembranosus
laterally
is
any
between
with
ligaments.
They
with
adult
other
Posteriorly
cruciate
intra-articular
in
in the
the
expansion
of
posterior
attachment
present
longus,
an
the
the
provided
peroneus
of
685
JOINT
of the
patella,
communication
and
and
relics
the
in
KNEE
mucosum.
communicates
and
for
THE
existed
above
is still
insertion
upwards
are
and
emerge,
reinforced;
extends
upper
capsule
OF
surfaces
ever
thereafter
capsule
strengthen
joint
the
to
the
they
septa
capsule
magnus
greatly
ligamentum
tendon,
foetal
The
adductor
anterior
the
and
tendon
in
the
that
quadriceps
gaps
as
of
original
walks
the
far
primitive
The
DETAILS
side
statement
infant
the
as
each
that
1941).
when
Other
on
The
evidence
fl()
joint
one
significance.
ANATOMICAL
ligament
both
horns;
shape
their
to
and
points
the
tibia
is attached
of
the
knee
in addition
686
J.
R.
its
posterior
horn
attached
to
posterior
cruciate
(Figs.
4
is
the
and
by
tissue
of
femur,
the
forming
These
that
fibrous
condyle
ligament,
5).
unfortunate
slung
medial
ligaments
their
names
should
LAST
in
the
ligaments
are
strong
have
ligaments
‘ ‘
and
of
Humphry
and
from
The
of
. opliteui
but
the
knee
and
.
femoris
of
4
Ln
of
the
cf the
medial
and!
accompanied
by
resulting
by
the
(the
the
and
partly
from
fibres
of
vastus
from
this
thus
by
allows
this
relaxation
from
lateral
the
rotation
rotation
of
the
ligaments;
the
fact
contact
tibia!
position
the
are
posterior
and
tibia
rotates
with
it
the
lateral,
fibrocartilages
on
it
forms
on
the
the
the
femur.
In
In
rotation
femur.
move
in
w’ith
which
the
two
femur
on
lateral
and
not
the
tendon
state(l
off
in
most
is limited
ligament.
which
by
Full
is to
some
tension
extension
degree
is
passive,
is
flexion.
In
1:1G. 5
ligament
flexion
separate,
the
results
which
of
of
popliteus
surface
around
edge
as
medial
from
also
cruciate
axis
rounds
; extension
cruciate
Interior
is taut
in
which
anterior
femoral
in
meniscus
leg
per-
results
plateau
of the
back-
which
and
mobility
a smaller
the
tibia
tibia
rotation
moving
flexed,
freedom
lateral
greater
that
with
flexed
the
medial,
arcuate
backarch
of
tibia.
is
and
of left knee
joint
from
behind.
the
extension
the
tibia
the
tibia.
but
of
fibres
joint
lateralis,
joint
The
upper
first)
the
of the
hamstrings.
the
begins
of vastus
the
of
lowest
the
rotating
\Vhen
ten(lon
JOINT
a movement
“
of the
popliteus
fibres
the
shorter
up
flexing
the
lowest
used
tibia
medially
by
articular
‘ ‘
In
position
the
of
cruciate
is
on the
antagonists.
and
it
pull
of
the
deep
texts.
behind
anterior
tibia,
being
KNEE
parts
the
of the
condvle
that
THE
soft
and
shape
lateralis.
and
formed
this
the
locked
medial
in
so
movement
are
the
femoral
medial,
Popliteus,
ligaments,
rotation
from
than
the
lateral
lateral
AT
is limited!
lateral
partFy
surfaces
joint
the
(capsule)
the
popliteus,
current
front.
MOVEMENTS
Flexion
at
freely
the
condvle,
of
from
is
muscle
to the
meniscus
ensure
of the posterior
1)osterir
tibia!
joint
by
in medial
It is the
of
the
FIG.
is
fixed
it
from
of
the meniscus
flexed
tibia.
rotation
knee
thus
ligament
attachment
wards
left
it
(F’ig. I). Firm
attachment
ligament
to the meniscus,
01
tne l)1)1IteUS
ligament
and
ward! drawing
.
Insertion
of
quad riceps
of
and
meniscus
Biceps
Interior
is
joint
the
nomenclature.
elsewhere
lateral
are
of
latter,
separated
the
of
popliteus
the
arcuate
tendon
Lateral
the
British
being
part
slings
respectively
meniscus
horns,
mobile,
The
attachment
\Vrisberg
current
lateral
its
ligament
femur.
the
especially
dropped
Lateral
the
behind
structures,
been
to
“
front
often
in
the
the
This
flexed
is a
menisci,
the
characteristic
simultaneous,
THE
fixed
position
the
tibia,
menisci,
OF
BONE
of
take
AND
move
especially
feature
movements
JOURNAL
to
JOINT
all
joint
place-for
SURGERY
SOME
example
and
the
true
down
temporo-mandibular
hinge
ment
medial
take
The
clavicle
in
also
the
(MacConaill
play
joint
Quadriceps
of
patella,
is
inserted
of the
the
deepest
thigh,
border
of
of
influence
are
in
quadriceps.
the
tibia
vhich
is
a very
patellar
bursa
anterior
surface
is attached
the
superior
not
fibres
VOL.
joint
the
the
30
over
around
the
side
lateral
the
immediately
of
biceps
and
superficial
the
the
rounded
tendon
diverges
towards
is true
NOVEMBER
the
but
lateral
1948
split
head
by
“
the
capsule
of
the
The
cord-like
of
the
fibula
quadriceps
of
so
the
1946).
the
over
lateral
; the
part,
The
part
(between
part
external
pitted
(Fig.
lateral
sends
an
of the
the
of
the
of
infra-
rough,
ligament
joint
that
which
ligament
deep
in
is inserted
groove
(Hughes
the
rapidly
tibia-the
oblique
but
and
indispensable
patellae
superficial
long
the
contraction
transverse
ligament
by
lowermost
atrophy
an
the
formed
the
6).
knee
tendon
long
and
ten(!On
of
ligament,
expansion
and
across
tibia.
and
from
of the
of the
to
it
true
of
by
the
The
an
ligamentum
tubercle,
lateral
exert
during
patellae
the
to
and
which
above
of the
a lamina
contribute
tubercle
terminology).
part
margin
joint
the
old
the
is
medialis.
patella
below
‘ ‘
of the
not
The
of
is not
part
of
tendon
ligamentum
tibia
upper
patella,
limited
of the
of popliteus
arise
the
edge
posterior
vastus
the
The
the
medialis
of
is
part
ligament
described,
4,
of
posterior
lateral
part
area
smooth
ligaments
the
of
aponeurosis.
as
the
the
shining
#{149}
tibia.
of
downwards
and
do
of
vastus
the
tendon
tendon
NO.
the
rounded
The
portion
not
head
to
as
smooth,
of the
seldom
B,
of
lateralis
a
head
is continued
into
in direction,
into
such
substantial
around!
actually
horizontal
epiphvsis.
lateral
the
vastus
synovitis.
ligament
from
portion
the
by
is inserted
acute
knee
tibio-fibular
Although
; it
covered
6
1G. the
of
as1)CCt
intermedius
of
Popliteus-From
arcuate
of
each
vastus
fibres
the
it
the
displacement
external
wraps
of
lateral
femoris-The
biceps
the
intermediate
directly
these
lies,
between
of
tendon
almost
Anterior
In
are
surface
edges
1’
lowermost
It wraps
short
patella.
surfaces
The
over
receives
bursa
lamina
anterior
is
on
lower.
rounded
the
quadriceps
inserted
of the
and
the
in
)reventing
It
affections
.
the
medialis,
They
flexion
in
trilaminar
intermedius
central
vastus
tendon.
that
place
region
anterior
at
contiguous
patel!a.
the
of
the
vastus
of the
the
confluence
joint
takes
and
move-
immediately
of the
covers
lamina
knee
up
rotary
components
the
forms
border
which
the
a
flattens
separately
and
aponeurosis
lies
of the
or
accepted!
in
Anteriorly,
upper
of
horizontal
rotation
compartment
permits
fluid
some
four
and
femoris
Biceps
true
upper
which
THE
into
femoris
the
middle
that
inserted
rectus
which
joint.
and
while
part
attachments
are
above
in its
joint
inaccurate.
tendon.
tendon
is,
shows
are
muscle
quadriceps
into
movement
sterno-clavicular
compartment,
svnovial
NEAR
femoris-The
this
fibres
gliding
687
JOINT
JOINT
of muscle
knee
rectus
KNEE
lnfrapatellar
dissection
descriptions
edge
of
THE
is substantially
important
film
has
the
compartment
ATTACHMENTS
Careful
of
lateral
upper
an
KNEE
the
in the
OF
I 931).
MUSCLE
of
and
It
the
lubricating
which
lower;
compartment.
place
menisci
spreading
in its
of the
in the
DETAILS
joint
movement
movement
extension
ANATOMICAL
of origin
its
that
from
meniscus,
the
insertion
a very
the
arcuate
a fact
fan-shaped
on
muscle
the
substantial
itself.
has
been
beneath
surface
portion
ligament
which
emerges
popliteal
of
Some
noted
this
of
the
muscle
of the
in very
the
tibia.
arises
uppermost
few
texts.
688
Moreover,
the
the
the
arcuate
arcuate
the
arcuate
muscle
fibres
ligament
ligament
ligament
is
cannot
Protection
of the lateral
to the
be
lateral
primary
lateral
in
muscle.
In
with
the
of
meniscus
and
bevels
the
from
tibia.
of the
superficial
was
from
and
Bonney
the
fibula
and
in
(around
arch
popliteus
muscle
tendon
of popliteus
tibia!
to
the
the
arcuate
muscle.
its
It
ascent
to
the
to
axis
of
the
lateral
nipped
the
popliteus
articulates
between
position,
lateral
posterior
cruciate
articular
by
the
pull
but
the
lateral
the
when
out
synovial
precludes
that
femur
be
controlled
the
surface
of the
of the
of
way
; the
ligaments
meniscus
membrane
of
which
is prolonged
to the muscle,
between
it and the
joint.
Fixation
of the posterior
ligament
is possible
the
condyle
meniscus
The
lies deep
tibio-fibular
rather
flexed
and
condyle.
which
superior
likely
the
ligament)
is the
er se of the
especially,
femoral
lateral
the
lateral
the
along
of the
mobility
but
of
of pop!iteus
arcuate
the
and,
the
posteriorly
the
that
tibial
origin
medial
border
that
line
from
Illo-tibial
an
band-As
front
of
of
on
has
fascia,
on the
area
the
deep
in
the
man
the
formation
primary
origin
of any
is a secondary
stated
to be the soleal
the muscle
has a much
surface
ridges-one
of soleus
above
derived
from
deep
surface
above
the
known
is the
is received
the
the
two
is well
generally
appreciated
the ilio-tibial
band
three-quarters
of soleus
is usually
of the tibia.
Actually
aponeurosis
this
arise
the
not
by
muscle
of
are
is not
of the
aspect
attached
the popliteus
ridge
the
aponeurosis
soleus
posterior
away
It
margin
strong
seen
the
place
glides
is not
of
But
specimen.
of
to
when
bursa
of the
muscle
event
(Taylor
1905).
Soleus-The
third
of the
be
push
popliteus
the
takes
as the popliteus
bursa,
communicates
with the
on
menisci
attachment
attachment
injury,
surface
part
true
of the
It
lower
a museum
the
Wrisberg
flexion.
tibia
way
from
and
a smaller
condyle
pulled
posterior
surface
Only
not
by
the
3) ; their
attachment
which
disappears
for
‘ ‘
that
injury.
immune
the
beneath
the
cleaned
‘ ‘
indirectly
Humphry
joint
the
Wrisberg.
the joint
It often
the
on
femoral
does
of
is
from
relatively
pass
1 and
manner
is suggested
and
uncomplicated
femur
is actively
Humphry
it
and
Consequently
muscle
meniscus
; consequently
lateral
It
injury-It
knee
during
the
tibia.
the
plateau
the
from
directly,
tendon
away.
the
ligaments
of
the
thereto
(Figs.
up in a sinuous
when
the
makes
the
flexion
surfaces
ligament)
the
by
tibial
rotation
(both
which
gained
articular
meniscus
LAST
leave
adherent
muscle
dissected
out
protecting
meniscus
mobility
truly
itself
made
meniscus
factor
which
are firmly
draws
the
popliteus
on
J.
R.
fact
into
lateral
tibial
gluteus
maximus
soleal
the
fascia
arises
and
one
the semimembranosus
of soleus
is attached.
line
on
lata
the
popliteus
attaches
that
the
ribbon-like
a smooth
non-pitted
condyle.
This
muscle
from
below.
line
more
and the
generous
the
soleal
To
the
tendon
The
fascia
around
the
line.
upper
; to
fleshy
(Fig.
tibia!
facet
marks
the
to the
tensor
It
is
the lower
fibres
of
condyles.
insertion,
will
ridge
3).
condensation
which
facet which
stands
out
in addition
middle
origin.
Less
constitutes
prominently
therefore,
fasciae
latae
of
(Fig.
6).
Acknowledgment-The
author
wishes
to express
his appreciation
of the work of the Prosector
to the Royal
College
of Surgeons,
D. H. Tompsett,
Ph.D.,
who not only made
many
of the dissections
(which
will be
incorporated
into the Human
Anatomy
Section
of the Museum)
but also drew the illustrations.
REFERENCES
BRANTIGAN,
DAVIES,
HAINES,
HUGHES,
MAcCONAILL,
SUTTON,
TAYLOR,
F. (1946):
Journal
of Bone and Joint
Surgery,
28, 66.
W. (1948): Annals
of the Royal College of Surgeons
of England,
R. WHEELER
(1941-42):
Journal
of Anatomy,
76, 270.
E. S. R., and
SUNDERLAND,
S. (1946):
Anatomical
Record,
96, 439.
M. A. (1931-32):
Journal
of Anatomy,
66, 210.
J. BLAND
(1884):
Journal
of Anatomy
and Physiology,
18, 225.
G., and BONNEY,
V. (1905-06):
Journal
of Anatomy,
40, 34.
0.
D.
C.,
V., and
and
VOSHELL,
EDWARDS,
A.
D.
A.
THE
JOURNAL
OF
BONE
AND
JOINT
2, 142.
SURGERY