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Historiography of the causes of World War I wikipedia , lookup
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The Great War http://www.doglegs.net/cclovett/World%20War%20I.jpg How does WW I begin? http://www.greatwardifferent.com/Great_War/Trenches/War%20Illustrated%20-%20Hindenburg%20Line%20006.jpg Imperialism For centuries, European nations built empires, slowly extending their economic and political control over various peoples of the world. Colonies supplied the European imperial powers with raw materials and provided markets for manufactured goods. http://web.library.emory.edu/subjects/humanities/history/Nationalism/Nationalism.jpg A devotion to the interests and culture of one’s nation, nationalism led to competitive and antagonistic rivalries among nations. German Kaiser Wilhelm II in 1917 http://www.stahlgewitter.com/jpg_17/kaiser_wilhelm_sofia1.jpg As Germany industrialized, it competed with France and Britain in the contest for colonies. http://armsandinfluence.typepad.com/photos/arms_and_influence_refere/kaisersmall1.JPG In this atmosphere of competition, many feared Germany’s growing power in Europe. In addition, various ethnic groups resented domination by others and longed for their nations to become independent. Many ethnic groups looked to larger nations for protection (for example: Russia & Europe’s Slavic peoples.) Imperial Guards passing Review before Kaiser Wilhelm II. http://www.gwpda.org/photos/bin06/imag0577.jpg Each nation wanted stronger armed forces than those of any potential enemy, the imperial powers followed a policy of militarism- the development of armed forces and their use as a tool of diplomacy. Military spending increased 300% globally between 1870-1914 http://www.firstaif.info/42/images-42/german-soldiers6.jpg Past fighting was nothing new between European Powers. 1. Germany/France 2. Austria-Hungary/ethnic groups 3. Russians looking for warmer ports 4. Great Britain/France) These old rivalries began to re-surface! Militarism creates paranoia and tension By 1890, Germany was the strongest nation, which had set up an army reserve system that drafted and trained young men. WW I German Unit on march. http://www.gwpda.org/photos/bin16/imag1530.jpg As an island nation, Britain had always relied on its navy for defense and protection of its shipping routes. The British navy was the strongest in the world. British Fleet heading out to sea. http://www.gwpda.org/photos/bin19/imag1802.jpg In 1897, Wilhelm II, Germany’s Kaiser, decided that his nation should become a major sea power in order to compete against the British. SMS Kaiser http://www.gwpda.org/photos/bin19/imag1835.jpg Soon British and German shipyards competed to build the largest battleships and destroyers. Deck of a British Warship http://www.gwpda.org/photos/bin19/imag1818.jpg France, Italy, Japan, and the United States quickly joined the naval arms races. Italian cruiser San Giorgio U.S. Floating Mine U.S.S. Texas http://www.gwpda.org/photos/bin03/imag0272.jpg http://www.gwpda.org/photos/bin07/imag0662.jpg http://www.gwpda.org/photos/bin07/imag0670.jpg To deter aggression and protect national interests and safety an alliance system formed over time. Most alliances were bound by military treaties with many of them swore in by secrecy. By 1907 there were two major defense alliances in Europe. a. The Triple Entente (the Allies) b. The Triple Alliance (Central Powers) Germany versus the Triple Entente (the Allies). http://www.ww1-propaganda-cards.com/te015slide.html The alliance system provided a measure of international security because nations were reluctant to disturb the balance of power. http://www.ww1-propaganda-cards.com/index.html Triple Entente • Consisted of France, Britain, and Russia. http://www.historiasiglo20.org/GLOS/images/tripleentente.jpg German Propaganda Poster: Anti- Triple Entente http://www.ww1-propaganda-cards.com/te020slide.html Triple Alliance Consisted of Germany, Austria-Hungary, and Italy. http://www.ww1-propaganda-cards.com/index.html Spark of War II. Biggest Immediate Cause of War a. Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand and wife Sophia by Serbian nationalist (June 28, 1914) 1. Ferdinand is the next to hold the throne of the Austria-Hungary empire 2. Killed in a motorcade through Sarajevo, Bosnia by Serbian Nationalist Society ‘The Black Hand’ 3. 19 year old Gavrilo Princip The assassination of Austrian Archduke Franz Ferdinand by a Serbian. The assassination touched off a diplomatic crisis. On July 28, 1914, AustriaHungary declares war against Serbia. Archdukes car shown riddled with bullets. Gavrilo Princip III. War Begins a. (July 23rd, 1914) Outraged by murder, Austria-Hungary gets military support from Germany’s Kaiser Wilhelm 1. Demand Serbians to let them investigate murder 2. Serbs refuse; backed by Russia 3. War is declared on July 28th, 1914 by the Central Powers Kaiser Wilhelm II b. Entangled Alliances pull all into war within a week 1. July 30th, Russia moves troops to borders (Czar Nicholas) 2. Germany takes it as an act of war and issues an ultimatum: - Russia demobilize - France remains neutral 3. Russia refuses, France stays true to Russia 4. Germany declares war on Russia August 1, 1914 and on France August 3, 1914 The alliance system pulled one nation after another into the conflict. On August 1, Germany, obligated by treaty with Austria-Hungary, declares war on Russia. On August 3, Germany declares war on Russia’s ally France. Germans in control of the Russian “Bear.” http://www.ww1-propaganda-cards.com/r008slide.html The Great War Begins After Germany invaded Belgium, Britain declares war on Germany and AustriaHungary, August 4th http://www.gwpda.org/photos/bin05/imag0489.jpg America Remains Neutral I. Reasons a. Economic reasons = Foreign investments b. Peacemakers ‘moral diplomacy’ c. 1/3 of US population 1st or 2nd generation immigrants d. Mexican Revolution/Pancho Villa e. The Monroe Doctrine Germany’s Schlieffen plan called for a holding action against Russia, combined with a quick drive through Belgium to Paris; after France had fallen, the two German armies would defeat Russia. WW I German soldiers on their way To the Western Front http://www.gwpda.org/photos/bin03/imag0203.jpg Unable to save Belgium, the Allies retreated to the Marne River in France, where they halted the German advance in September 1914. After struggling to outflank (get around) each other’s armies, both sides dug in for a long siege. http://www.wereldoorlog1418.nl/warpictures/battlefield01/images/11-roclincourt-kw64.jpg Allies stop German Offensive on Western Front by end of 1914 - Huge casualties mounting IMPORTANT EARLY BATTLES - 1st Battle of the Marne – Sept. 5-12, 1914 (Allied Victory – Trench Warfare Begins) - Verdun – Feb. 21, 1916 (major German offensive) - Battle of the Somme – July 1st-Mid November, 1916 (Bloodiest battle) - Only 7 miles change hands – Bloody stalemate Modern Tech Warfare New Technology vs. Old Standards German soldier prepared for gas warfare, but what about the horse? http://www.gwpda.org/photos/bin05/imag0472.jpg The machine gun, poison gas, airplanes, mechanized cannons, tanks, and submarines are introduced into modern warfare, preventing either side form winning a quick victory. http://www.old-picture.com/american-history-1900-1930s/pictures/World-Tank-War-I-001.jpg Zeppelin Attacks (Blimps) http://www.ww1-propaganda-cards.com/index.html Aircraft of WW I http://www.firstaif.info/42/level2/weapons/aircraft-german.htm Dogfights: Aircraft in WW I http://www.ww1-propaganda-cards.com/index.html Trench Warfare By the spring of 1915, two parallel systems of deep, rat-infested trenches crossed France from the Belgian coast to the Swiss Alps. German soldiers lice hunting in the trenches near Reims (1915) http://www.wereldoorlog1418.nl/warpictures/battlefield01/images/13-lice-hunting-kw70.jpg Western Front http://www.firstaif.info/42/images-42/map1915.gif Trench Warfare Trench Warfare – Long concentrated artillery bombardments, followed by all out charges at the enemy across “no man’s land” (area between the trenches) French in the Trenches http://www.greatwardifferent.com/Great_War/Trenches/Images%20-%20Field%20with%20French%20007.jpg Between the trenches lay “no man’s land” – a barren expanse of mud pockmarked with shell craters and filled with barb wire. Periodically, the soldiers charged enemy lines, only to be mowed down by machine gun fire. WW I German machine-gunners on the Western front. http://www.gwpda.org/photos/bin03/imag0258.jpg Diagram of Trenches Trench Dugouts Going “Over the Top” Trenches of Somme Automatic Machine Guns This bloody trench warfare, in which armies fought for mere yards of ground, continued for over three years. Final casualties totaled in the millions, yet only about seven miles of ground changed hands on the Western Front. http://www.greatwardifferent.com/Great_War/Trenches/Trenches_Carillo_01.htm http://www.firstaif.info/42/images-42/trench-warfare.jpg American Entry into WWI How does isolationist America get involved? http://www.greatwardifferent.com/Great_War/Childrens_Books/Stories_of_the_Great_War/Stories_of_the_Great_War_03.jpg Since the War of 1812, Americans had successfully avoided “entanglements” with Europe. A new turning point in U.S. policy was reached when America entered WWI. American armored troops going forward in the Argonne, France, September 26, 1918 http://www.gwpda.org/photos/bin15/imag1406.jpg President Wilson attempted to follow the traditional policy of neutrality. Despite his efforts, the United States eventually became involved in the conflict. President Woodrow Wilson http://amhist.ist.unomaha.edu/module_files/Neutrality%20Cartoon%201.GIF http://www.books-about-california.com/Images/Presidents_War_Message/Woodrow_Wilson.jpg U.S. remains neutral? 1. People horrified – American Red Cross and American Ambulance Corp. see trench warfare first hand. 2. French Foreign Legion – volunteer 3. U.S. Gov.t trades with both sides a. British naval blockade – USA still supplies Allies with food, weapons, supplies b. American banks give Allies billions of dollars through war bonds c. Central powers upset and notice unfair neutrality Closer ties with the Allies Many Americans traced their ancestry to Britain. A common language and history tied Americans to the British. Britain and France shared the same democratic political system. http://www.artchive.com/artchive/h/hassam/allies_day.jpg Americans were shocked at Germany’s invasion of neutral Belgium. Germans patrolling a small Belgium town. http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/FWWbelg.JPG http://www.greatwardifferent.com/Great_War/Germans_in_Belgium/Kriegsbilder%20-%20Belgium%20003.jpg Germany saw an unfair neutrality and was suffering near starvation so they announced unrestricted submarine warfare. http://www.sorbie.net/S_sinkinga.jpg http://home.snu.edu/~dwilliam/s97/casualties/sub.jpg http://www.germannotes.com/hist_ww1_uboat1.jpg Reasons US pushed toward war 1. German U-boats and Unrestricted Submarine Warfare a. To fight British naval blockade b. Unrestricted warfare – all seas around GB considered a “war zone” and subs would fire without warning. c. By May 1915 Italy leaves the Central Powers and joins the Allies The British blockade kept foreign food and arms. Germans only had submarines to fight back. http://www.ncwiseowl.org/WebQuest/amhistory/Images/frontpag.jpg In 1915, a German submarine sank the British passenger ship Lusitania, off the coast of Ireland, killing most passengers. http://flatrock.org.nz/topics/history/assets/lusitania_7_may_1915.jpg 2. Sinking of the Lusitania a. May 7th, 1915 U-boat sinks Lusitania in 18 minutes, 1,200 die; 128 Americans b. Secret cargo on board = 4,200 cases of gun cartridges c. US remains neutral = American people upset = Wilson refused to repeal neutrality The Zimmerman telegraph 1917: a secret message from the German government to Mexico was intercepted and appeared in US newspapers all over the nation. http://rutlandhs.k12.vt.us/jpeterso/MOREWW1/ZMMRMN.JPG 3. Zimmerman Note a. Jan. 1917 intercepted by British intelligence said: - Germany would continue unrestricted submarine warfare - Proposed Mexico to join Germany should US enter the war - Promised Mexico financial aid to re-conquer NM, TX, and ARZ B. American public is outraged! US Declares War 1. Wilson outraged, breaks diplomatic relations with Germany 2. Zimmerman Note published in US papers on March 1st 1917 3. German U-boats sink 3 American ships on March 16th 4. US declares war on April 6th at 3 AM 5. More support war than oppose (Rep. Jeanette Rankin). Senate 82-6, House 373-50 Despite the announcement of unrestricted submarine warfare, U.S. merchant ships continued to sail to Britain. When the number of ships sunk by German submarines increased dramatically, President Wilson asked Congress to declare war. President Wilson appearing before Congress. http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Wilson_announcing_the_break_in_the_official_relations_with_Germany.jpg/800px-Wilson _announcing_the_break_in_the_official_relations_with_Germany.jpg President Wilson won popular support by explaining that the war was necessary “to make the world safe for democracy.” http://images.google.com/imgres?imgurl=http://www.books-aboutcalifornia.com/Images/Presidents_War_Message/Woodrow_Wilson.jpg&imgrefurl=http://www.books-aboutcalifornia.com/Pages/Presidents_War_Message/Presidents_WarMessage_text.html&h=500&w=313&sz=27&hl=en&start=10&tbnid=rq uMKrb0J0SwMM:&tbnh=130&tbnw=81&prev=/images%3Fq%3Dwoodrow%2Bwilson%26gbv%3D2%26svnum%3D10%26hl%3Den US Mobilization for War US mobilizes for war 1. Not prepared for war at first, send 14,000 led by John Pershing. More needed! 2. Selective Service Act; May 1917 a. 3 million enlisted, 5 million volunteer (AEF = American Expeditionary Force) b. Included 11,000 women (Am. Red Cross, etc.) Congress passed the Selective Service Act of 1917 to draft men for the army. Those who actively resisted conscription or the war effort faced imprisonment. http://arcweb.sos.state.or.us/exhibits/war/ww1/american.html As workers were drafted and sent overseas, many women and African Americans filled their job (part of Great Migration.) http://arcweb.sos.state.or.us/exhibits/war/pics/camera/stamps.jpg John Pershing To fight the war, Wilson was given sweeping powers. He established new agencies to regulate the wartime economy. The government supervised food and industrial production, shipping, and the railroads. http://arcweb.sos.state.or.us/exhibits/war/ww1/conserve.html Total War Total War = All Resources of a nation used for the war effort 3. US agriculture and industry increased 4. Propaganda campaigns by Gov.t a. “War to end all wars” b. CPI led by George Creel c. Against anything German = hamburgers, beers, music. d. Discrimination against Germans US Prepares for War 5. Gov.t Acts a. Espionage Act 1917 – treason, hunt out spy's, eliminate any “clear and present dangers” b. Sedition Act 1918 – cannot publically criticize gov.t for war c. Freedom of speech is not limitless (context determines limits) – example; yelling “Fire!” The Supreme Court upheld these restrictions on free speech during wartime in Schenck v. United States. http://www.maxwell.syr.edu/plegal/scales/schenck.gif http://www.thebestkidsbooksite.com/nonpict/fbookpict/freespeech.jpg How would you define Propaganda? • The spreading of ideas, information, or rumor for the purpose of helping or injuring an institution, a cause, or a person Objectives of Wartime Propaganda 1. Recruitment of soldiers, draft or voluntary enlistment 2. Financing the war effort, sale of war bonds, loans, new taxes 3. Eliminating dissent and unifying the country 4. Conservation of resources, food, oil, steel 5. Participation in home-front organizations Common tools used in Wartime Propaganda 1. Demonization, portray the enemy as purely evil, menacing, murderous, and aggressive 2. Emotional Appeals, playing on people’s emotions to promote the war effort 3. Name Calling, using loaded labels to encourage hatred of enemy 4. Patriotic Appeals, using patriotic language or symbols to appeal to national pride 5. Half-Truths or Lies, deception or twisting the truth 6. Catchy Slogans, memorable phrases to foster support for the war effort 7. Evocative Visual Symbols, using symbols to appeal to people’s emotions 8. Humor or Caricatures, capturing the viewer’s attention through the use of humor to promote the war effort World War I http://www.mtsu.edu/~kmiddlet/history/women/gif/wwi-seeds2.gif US Troops make difference The arrival of American troops helped break the deadlock in Europe, leading Germany to surrender in November 1918. http://freepages.military.rootsweb.com/~worldwarone/WWI/TheGeographyOfTheGreatWar/images/Figure35-Page35-sm.jpg 7. American Soldiers in Europe a. 2 million cross Atlantic and join Pershing using the Convoy System and Destroyers b. African Americans segregated 300,000 volunteered or drafted - Most never saw combat did menial work Harlem Hell Fighters – awarded the Croix de Guerre General John J. Pershing Commanding General of American Expeditionary Force chasing Pancho Villa in Mexico, and fighting alongside the Allies in Europe during WWI. Believed in aggressive combat and felt that 3 years of trench warfare had made the Allies too defensive. http://www.firstworldwar.com/bio/graphics/pershing.jpg American Expeditionary Force The U.S. forces, led by General John Pershing, who fought with the Allies in Europe during World War I. Nicknamed Doughboys (American infantry), http://www.landships.freeservers.com/jpegs/us_unifs/us_artyunifs_3.jpg http://www.flickr.com/photos/patrick_q/268183163/ Fighting and the end of the war 1. New Factor changes face of war = Civil War in Russia led by Vladimir Lenin successful a. Bolshevik/Communist take-over Nov. 1917 b. Calls peace with Germany c. Germany can now focus totally on Western Front Lenin Czar Nicholas The Romanov Family 2. With Russia out of war, the Germans push within 50 miles of Paris by June 3rd, 1918 a. US troops enter war in full force and hold Paris against German offensive at ChateauThierry. Allied victories at Belleau Wood, & the 2nd Battle of the Marne Within 7 weeks Germany is pushed out of France b. Sensing defeat Kaiser Wilhelm seeks concessions from Allies in return for peace, the Allies refuse, will only accept total surrender. c. Sept. 26-Oct. 9, 1918 One million AEF fought Germans back on a 200 mile front at the Meuse-Argonne (Lost Battalion) - Central Powers crumble = Bulgaria, Turkey, Austria-Hungary all surrender - Armistice finally comes when Kaiser Wilhelm flees country due to uprising on Nov. 9th, Armistice signed on Nov. 11th, 1918…fighting stops Bloodiest War in History a. Approximately 8.5 million are killed or die (this does not include civilians) b. Approximately 21 million additional people wounded c. Approximately 8 million prisoners or missing in action d. War creates approximately 10 million additional refugees e. Total cost of war about 350 billion dollars (direct economic costs) Approximately 57.6% of all men mobilized end up casualties of war France lost 20% of its men ages 20-44 Germany 15% Young people that lived became known as the “lost generation”. After the War U.S. as a Global Peacemaker I. Wilson’s ‘Moral Diplomacy’ a. Need treaty that all countries agree to, to avoid future wars b. ‘Peace without victory’ The Fourteen Points stated that each major European nationality should have its own nation and government. The Points called for freedom of the seas, reduced armaments, and an end to secret diplomacy. http://www.gutenberg.org/files/16598/16598-h/images/sweeney_012m.jpg Wilson felt the most important part of his plan was the creation of an international peace organization, the League of Nations, which would prevent future wars. Great Britain’s Lloyd George, France’s Clemenceau and America’s Wilson walk in Paris during Versailles Peace Accords. http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/history/images/hist_big3_versailles.jpg III. Paris Peace Conference (January 1919) a. Negotiations led by the Big Four -Georges Clemenceau of France -David Lloyd George of Britain -Woodrow Wilson of America -Vittorio Orlando of Italy b. Wilson’s 14 Points falls through (Allies wanted rewards for victory and to punish Germany) c. French wanted land (Alsasce-Lorraine) and ‘war guilt’ clause on Germany. d. British want war reparations ($33 billion) e. Italy wants parts of Austria Clemenceau Lloyd George Orlando The final terms of the Treaty of Versailles were extremely harsh on Germany. Other treaties were similarly harsh on Germany’s allies, Austria and Turkey. http://www.historyonthenet.com/WW1/images/wpvd724u.jpg Key Terms of the 1919 Peace Settlement of World War I • Germany lost territory to France and Poland, and all of its colonies. • Germany lost its navy & air force. Its army was reduced to the size of a police force (100,000). • Germany had to accept blame for starting the war and was required to pay reparations (payment for damages) to the Allies. • Austria-Hungary was divided into several new, smaller nations. • A League of Nations was established. Treaty of Versailles signed on June 28th, 1919. - Germany would never forgive this Leaves country in shambles = lead to severe economic depression. Lands lost by Germany in Versailles Peace Treaty http://www.historyonthenet.com/WW1/germanlosses.htm US Government Reaction to the Treaty of Versailles Senate rejects the League of Nations Wilson hoped the League of Nations would discourage future wars. His opponents believed it would drag Americans into unnecessary military commitments. The League of Nations failed, in part because many major world powers, including the United States, never became members. http://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/resources/graphic/large/Versailles.jpg Wilson needed two-thirds of the Senate to ratify the treaty. Wilson appealed directly to American voters by going on a national speaking tour. Wilson failed to realize that Americans were disillusioned with world affairs. During the tour, President Wilson suffers a crippling stroke. President Wilson dies as a result of his stroke on February 3, 1924. http://www.eyewitnesstohistory.com/images/wilson2.jpg During the 1920’s, Americans once again followed George Washington’s advice “to steer clear of permanent alliances with any portion of the foreign world.” Isolationismrefusing to become involved in other countries’ affairs. http://www.gamepuppet.com/presidents/george-washington.htm http://occawlonline.pearsoned.com/bookbind/pubbooks/martin_awl/medialib/download/2004.jpg Woman’s suffrage and the prohibition of alcohol were passed at the end of World War I, becoming the final reforms of the Progressive Era. Americans sought prosperity rather than further reform ending the Progressive era of reform. http://www.legendsofamerica.com/photos-americanhistory/ProhibitionPoster.jpg http://ap.grolier.com/images/cache/001/ht13t.jpg