Download World War I Notes 2014

The Great War
http://www.doglegs.net/cclovett/World%20War%20I.jpg
How does WW I begin?
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Imperialism
For centuries, European nations built empires, slowly
extending their economic and political control over
various peoples of the world. Colonies supplied the
European imperial powers with raw materials and
provided markets for manufactured goods.
http://web.library.emory.edu/subjects/humanities/history/Nationalism/Nationalism.jpg
A devotion to the interests and culture of
one’s nation, nationalism led to
competitive and antagonistic rivalries
among nations.
German Kaiser Wilhelm II in 1917
http://www.stahlgewitter.com/jpg_17/kaiser_wilhelm_sofia1.jpg
As Germany industrialized, it competed
with France and Britain in the contest
for colonies.
http://armsandinfluence.typepad.com/photos/arms_and_influence_refere/kaisersmall1.JPG
In this atmosphere of competition, many feared
Germany’s growing power in Europe. In addition,
various ethnic groups resented domination by
others and longed for their nations to become
independent. Many ethnic groups looked to larger
nations for protection (for example: Russia &
Europe’s Slavic peoples.)
Imperial Guards passing
Review before Kaiser
Wilhelm II.
http://www.gwpda.org/photos/bin06/imag0577.jpg
Each nation wanted stronger armed forces
than those of any potential enemy, the
imperial powers followed a policy of
militarism- the development of armed forces
and their use as a tool of diplomacy.
Military spending increased 300% globally
between 1870-1914
http://www.firstaif.info/42/images-42/german-soldiers6.jpg
Past fighting was nothing new between European
Powers.
1. Germany/France
2. Austria-Hungary/ethnic groups
3. Russians looking for warmer ports
4. Great Britain/France)
These old rivalries began to re-surface!
Militarism creates paranoia and tension
By 1890, Germany was the strongest
nation, which had set up an army
reserve system that drafted and trained
young men.
WW I German Unit on march.
http://www.gwpda.org/photos/bin16/imag1530.jpg
As an island nation, Britain had always relied
on its navy for defense and protection of its
shipping routes. The British navy was the
strongest in the world.
British Fleet heading out to sea.
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In 1897, Wilhelm II, Germany’s Kaiser,
decided that his nation should become
a major sea power in order to compete
against the British.
SMS Kaiser
http://www.gwpda.org/photos/bin19/imag1835.jpg
Soon British and German shipyards competed
to build the largest battleships and
destroyers.
Deck of a British Warship
http://www.gwpda.org/photos/bin19/imag1818.jpg
France, Italy, Japan, and the United States
quickly joined the naval arms races.
Italian cruiser San Giorgio
U.S. Floating Mine
U.S.S. Texas
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http://www.gwpda.org/photos/bin07/imag0662.jpg
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To deter aggression and protect national interests
and safety an alliance system formed over time.
Most alliances were bound by military treaties with
many of them swore in by secrecy.
By 1907 there were two major defense
alliances in Europe.
a. The Triple Entente (the Allies)
b. The Triple Alliance (Central Powers)
Germany versus the Triple Entente (the Allies).
http://www.ww1-propaganda-cards.com/te015slide.html
The alliance system provided a measure
of international security because
nations were reluctant to disturb the
balance of power.
http://www.ww1-propaganda-cards.com/index.html
Triple Entente
• Consisted of France, Britain, and Russia.
http://www.historiasiglo20.org/GLOS/images/tripleentente.jpg
German Propaganda Poster:
Anti- Triple Entente
http://www.ww1-propaganda-cards.com/te020slide.html
Triple Alliance
Consisted of Germany, Austria-Hungary,
and Italy.
http://www.ww1-propaganda-cards.com/index.html
Spark of War
II. Biggest Immediate Cause of War
a. Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand and
wife Sophia by Serbian nationalist (June 28, 1914)
1. Ferdinand is the next to hold the throne of the
Austria-Hungary empire
2. Killed in a motorcade through Sarajevo, Bosnia
by Serbian Nationalist Society ‘The Black Hand’
3. 19 year old Gavrilo Princip
The assassination of Austrian Archduke Franz
Ferdinand by a Serbian. The assassination touched
off a diplomatic crisis. On July 28, 1914, AustriaHungary declares war against Serbia.
Archdukes car shown riddled with bullets.
Gavrilo Princip
III. War Begins
a. (July 23rd, 1914) Outraged by murder,
Austria-Hungary gets military support from
Germany’s Kaiser Wilhelm
1. Demand Serbians to let them investigate
murder
2. Serbs refuse; backed by Russia
3. War is declared on July 28th, 1914 by
the Central Powers
Kaiser Wilhelm II
b. Entangled Alliances pull all into war within a
week
1. July 30th, Russia moves troops to borders
(Czar Nicholas)
2. Germany takes it as an act of war and
issues an ultimatum:
- Russia demobilize
- France remains neutral
3. Russia refuses, France stays true to Russia
4. Germany declares war on Russia August 1,
1914 and on France August 3, 1914
The alliance system pulled one nation after another
into the conflict. On August 1, Germany, obligated by
treaty with Austria-Hungary, declares war on Russia.
On August 3, Germany declares war on Russia’s ally
France.
Germans in control of the
Russian “Bear.”
http://www.ww1-propaganda-cards.com/r008slide.html
The Great War Begins
After Germany invaded Belgium, Britain
declares war on Germany and AustriaHungary, August 4th
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America Remains Neutral
I. Reasons
a. Economic reasons = Foreign investments
b. Peacemakers ‘moral diplomacy’
c. 1/3 of US population 1st or 2nd generation
immigrants
d. Mexican Revolution/Pancho Villa
e. The Monroe Doctrine
Germany’s Schlieffen plan called for a holding
action against Russia, combined with a quick
drive through Belgium to Paris; after France
had fallen, the two German armies would
defeat Russia.
WW I German soldiers on their way
To the Western Front
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Unable to save Belgium, the Allies retreated to
the Marne River in France, where they halted
the German advance in September 1914.
After struggling to outflank (get around) each
other’s armies, both sides dug in for a long
siege.
http://www.wereldoorlog1418.nl/warpictures/battlefield01/images/11-roclincourt-kw64.jpg
Allies stop German Offensive on Western Front by
end of 1914
- Huge casualties mounting
IMPORTANT EARLY BATTLES
- 1st Battle of the Marne – Sept. 5-12, 1914
(Allied Victory – Trench Warfare Begins)
- Verdun – Feb. 21, 1916 (major German
offensive)
- Battle of the Somme – July 1st-Mid November,
1916 (Bloodiest battle)
- Only 7 miles change hands – Bloody
stalemate
Modern Tech Warfare
New Technology vs. Old Standards
German soldier prepared for gas warfare, but what about the horse?
http://www.gwpda.org/photos/bin05/imag0472.jpg
The machine gun, poison gas, airplanes,
mechanized cannons, tanks, and
submarines are introduced into modern
warfare, preventing either side form
winning a quick victory.
http://www.old-picture.com/american-history-1900-1930s/pictures/World-Tank-War-I-001.jpg
Zeppelin Attacks (Blimps)
http://www.ww1-propaganda-cards.com/index.html
Aircraft of WW I
http://www.firstaif.info/42/level2/weapons/aircraft-german.htm
Dogfights:
Aircraft in WW I
http://www.ww1-propaganda-cards.com/index.html
Trench Warfare
By the spring of 1915, two parallel systems of deep,
rat-infested trenches crossed France from the
Belgian coast to the Swiss Alps.
German soldiers lice hunting in the trenches
near Reims (1915)
http://www.wereldoorlog1418.nl/warpictures/battlefield01/images/13-lice-hunting-kw70.jpg
Western Front
http://www.firstaif.info/42/images-42/map1915.gif
Trench Warfare
Trench Warfare – Long concentrated artillery
bombardments, followed by all out charges at
the enemy across “no man’s land” (area
between the trenches)
French in the Trenches
http://www.greatwardifferent.com/Great_War/Trenches/Images%20-%20Field%20with%20French%20007.jpg
Between the trenches lay “no man’s land” – a
barren expanse of mud pockmarked with
shell craters and filled with barb wire.
Periodically, the soldiers charged enemy
lines, only to be mowed down by machine
gun fire.
WW I German machine-gunners on the Western front.
http://www.gwpda.org/photos/bin03/imag0258.jpg
Diagram of Trenches
Trench Dugouts
Going “Over the Top”
Trenches of Somme
Automatic Machine Guns
This bloody trench warfare, in which armies
fought for mere yards of ground, continued
for over three years. Final casualties totaled
in the millions, yet only about seven miles of
ground changed hands on the Western
Front.
http://www.greatwardifferent.com/Great_War/Trenches/Trenches_Carillo_01.htm
http://www.firstaif.info/42/images-42/trench-warfare.jpg
American Entry into WWI
How does isolationist America get
involved?
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Since the War of 1812, Americans had successfully
avoided “entanglements” with Europe. A new
turning point in U.S. policy was reached when
America entered WWI.
American armored troops
going forward in
the Argonne, France,
September 26, 1918
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President Wilson attempted to follow the
traditional policy of neutrality. Despite his
efforts, the United States eventually became
involved in the conflict.
President Woodrow Wilson
http://amhist.ist.unomaha.edu/module_files/Neutrality%20Cartoon%201.GIF
http://www.books-about-california.com/Images/Presidents_War_Message/Woodrow_Wilson.jpg
U.S. remains neutral?
1. People horrified – American Red Cross
and American Ambulance Corp. see
trench warfare first hand.
2. French Foreign Legion – volunteer
3. U.S. Gov.t trades with both sides
a. British naval blockade – USA still supplies Allies
with food, weapons, supplies
b. American banks give Allies billions of dollars
through war bonds
c. Central powers upset and notice unfair neutrality
Closer ties with the Allies
Many Americans traced their ancestry to
Britain. A common language and history tied
Americans to the British. Britain and France
shared the same democratic political system.
http://www.artchive.com/artchive/h/hassam/allies_day.jpg
Americans were shocked at Germany’s
invasion of neutral Belgium.
Germans patrolling a small Belgium town.
http://www.spartacus.schoolnet.co.uk/FWWbelg.JPG
http://www.greatwardifferent.com/Great_War/Germans_in_Belgium/Kriegsbilder%20-%20Belgium%20003.jpg
Germany saw an unfair neutrality and
was suffering near starvation so they
announced unrestricted submarine
warfare.
http://www.sorbie.net/S_sinkinga.jpg
http://home.snu.edu/~dwilliam/s97/casualties/sub.jpg
http://www.germannotes.com/hist_ww1_uboat1.jpg
Reasons US pushed toward war
1. German U-boats and Unrestricted
Submarine Warfare
a. To fight British naval blockade
b. Unrestricted warfare – all seas around GB
considered a “war zone” and subs would fire
without warning.
c. By May 1915 Italy leaves the Central Powers
and joins the Allies
The British blockade kept foreign food and
arms. Germans only had submarines to fight
back.
http://www.ncwiseowl.org/WebQuest/amhistory/Images/frontpag.jpg
In 1915, a German submarine sank the British
passenger ship Lusitania, off the coast of
Ireland, killing most passengers.
http://flatrock.org.nz/topics/history/assets/lusitania_7_may_1915.jpg
2. Sinking of the Lusitania
a. May 7th, 1915 U-boat sinks Lusitania in 18
minutes, 1,200 die; 128 Americans
b. Secret cargo on board = 4,200 cases of gun
cartridges
c. US remains neutral = American people upset
= Wilson refused to repeal neutrality
The Zimmerman telegraph 1917: a secret
message from the German government to
Mexico was intercepted and appeared in US
newspapers all over the nation.
http://rutlandhs.k12.vt.us/jpeterso/MOREWW1/ZMMRMN.JPG
3. Zimmerman Note
a. Jan. 1917 intercepted by British intelligence
said:
-
Germany would continue unrestricted submarine
warfare
- Proposed Mexico to join Germany should US
enter the war
- Promised Mexico financial aid to re-conquer NM,
TX, and ARZ
B. American public is outraged!
US Declares War
1. Wilson outraged, breaks diplomatic
relations with Germany
2. Zimmerman Note published in US papers
on March 1st 1917
3. German U-boats sink 3 American ships
on March 16th
4. US declares war on April 6th at 3 AM
5. More support war than oppose (Rep.
Jeanette Rankin). Senate 82-6, House
373-50
Despite the announcement of unrestricted submarine
warfare, U.S. merchant ships continued to sail to
Britain. When the number of ships sunk by German
submarines increased dramatically, President
Wilson asked Congress to declare war.
President Wilson appearing before Congress.
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President Wilson won popular support by
explaining that the war was necessary “to
make the world safe for democracy.”
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US Mobilization for War
US mobilizes for war
1. Not prepared for war at first, send 14,000
led by John Pershing. More needed!
2. Selective Service Act; May 1917
a. 3 million enlisted, 5 million volunteer (AEF =
American Expeditionary Force)
b. Included 11,000 women (Am. Red Cross,
etc.)
Congress passed the Selective Service
Act of 1917 to draft men for the army.
Those who actively resisted
conscription or the war effort faced
imprisonment.
http://arcweb.sos.state.or.us/exhibits/war/ww1/american.html
As workers were drafted and sent overseas,
many women and African Americans filled
their job (part of Great Migration.)
http://arcweb.sos.state.or.us/exhibits/war/pics/camera/stamps.jpg
John Pershing
To fight the war, Wilson was given sweeping
powers. He established new agencies to
regulate the wartime economy. The
government supervised food and industrial
production, shipping, and the railroads.
http://arcweb.sos.state.or.us/exhibits/war/ww1/conserve.html
Total War
Total War = All Resources of a nation used
for the war effort
3. US agriculture and industry increased
4. Propaganda campaigns by Gov.t
a. “War to end all wars”
b. CPI led by George Creel
c. Against anything German = hamburgers,
beers, music.
d. Discrimination against Germans
US Prepares for War
5. Gov.t Acts
a. Espionage Act 1917 – treason, hunt out
spy's, eliminate any “clear and present
dangers”
b. Sedition Act 1918 – cannot publically criticize
gov.t for war
c. Freedom of speech is not limitless (context
determines limits) – example; yelling “Fire!”
The Supreme Court upheld these restrictions
on free speech during wartime in Schenck v.
United States.
http://www.maxwell.syr.edu/plegal/scales/schenck.gif
http://www.thebestkidsbooksite.com/nonpict/fbookpict/freespeech.jpg
How would you define
Propaganda?
• The spreading of ideas, information,
or rumor for the purpose of helping or
injuring an institution, a cause, or a person
Objectives of Wartime
Propaganda
1. Recruitment of soldiers, draft or voluntary
enlistment
2. Financing the war effort, sale of war
bonds, loans, new taxes
3. Eliminating dissent and unifying the
country
4. Conservation of resources, food, oil, steel
5. Participation in home-front organizations
Common tools used in Wartime
Propaganda
1. Demonization, portray the enemy as
purely evil, menacing, murderous, and
aggressive
2. Emotional Appeals, playing on people’s
emotions to promote the war effort
3. Name Calling, using loaded labels to
encourage hatred of enemy
4. Patriotic Appeals, using patriotic language
or symbols to appeal to national pride
5. Half-Truths or Lies, deception or twisting
the truth
6. Catchy Slogans, memorable phrases to
foster support for the war effort
7. Evocative Visual Symbols, using symbols
to appeal to people’s emotions
8. Humor or Caricatures, capturing the
viewer’s attention through the use of
humor to promote the war effort
World War I
http://www.mtsu.edu/~kmiddlet/history/women/gif/wwi-seeds2.gif
US Troops make difference
The arrival of American troops helped
break the deadlock in Europe, leading
Germany to surrender in November
1918.
http://freepages.military.rootsweb.com/~worldwarone/WWI/TheGeographyOfTheGreatWar/images/Figure35-Page35-sm.jpg
7. American Soldiers in Europe
a. 2 million cross Atlantic and join Pershing
using the Convoy System and Destroyers
b. African Americans segregated 300,000
volunteered or drafted
-
Most never saw combat did menial work
Harlem Hell Fighters – awarded the Croix de
Guerre
General John J. Pershing
Commanding General of American Expeditionary Force
chasing Pancho Villa in Mexico, and fighting
alongside the Allies in Europe during WWI.
Believed in aggressive combat and felt that 3 years
of trench warfare had made the Allies too
defensive.
http://www.firstworldwar.com/bio/graphics/pershing.jpg
American Expeditionary Force
The U.S. forces, led by General John Pershing, who
fought with the Allies in Europe during World War I.
Nicknamed Doughboys (American infantry),
http://www.landships.freeservers.com/jpegs/us_unifs/us_artyunifs_3.jpg
http://www.flickr.com/photos/patrick_q/268183163/
Fighting and the end of the war
1. New Factor changes face of war = Civil
War in Russia led by Vladimir Lenin
successful
a. Bolshevik/Communist take-over Nov. 1917
b. Calls peace with Germany
c. Germany can now focus totally on Western
Front
Lenin
Czar Nicholas
The Romanov Family
2. With Russia out of war, the Germans
push within 50 miles of Paris by June 3rd,
1918
a. US troops enter war in full force and hold
Paris against German offensive at ChateauThierry.
Allied victories at Belleau Wood, & the
2nd Battle of the Marne
Within 7 weeks Germany is pushed out
of France
b. Sensing defeat Kaiser Wilhelm seeks
concessions from Allies in return for peace, the
Allies refuse, will only accept total surrender.
c. Sept. 26-Oct. 9, 1918 One million AEF fought
Germans back on a 200 mile front at the
Meuse-Argonne (Lost Battalion)
- Central Powers crumble = Bulgaria, Turkey,
Austria-Hungary all surrender
- Armistice finally comes when Kaiser Wilhelm
flees country due to uprising on Nov. 9th,
Armistice signed on Nov. 11th, 1918…fighting
stops
Bloodiest War in History
a. Approximately 8.5 million are killed or die
(this does not include civilians)
b. Approximately 21 million additional
people wounded
c. Approximately 8 million prisoners or
missing in action
d. War creates approximately 10 million
additional refugees
e. Total cost of war about 350 billion dollars
(direct economic costs)
Approximately 57.6% of all men mobilized
end up casualties of war
France lost 20% of its men ages 20-44
Germany 15%
Young people that lived became known as
the “lost generation”.
After the War
U.S. as a Global Peacemaker
I. Wilson’s ‘Moral Diplomacy’
a. Need treaty that all countries agree to, to
avoid future wars
b. ‘Peace without victory’
The Fourteen Points stated that each major
European nationality should have its own
nation and government. The Points called for
freedom of the seas, reduced armaments,
and an end to secret diplomacy.
http://www.gutenberg.org/files/16598/16598-h/images/sweeney_012m.jpg
Wilson felt the most important part of his
plan was the creation of an
international peace organization, the
League of Nations, which would
prevent future wars.
Great Britain’s Lloyd George,
France’s Clemenceau and
America’s Wilson walk in Paris
during Versailles Peace
Accords.
http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/history/images/hist_big3_versailles.jpg
III. Paris Peace Conference (January 1919)
a. Negotiations led by the Big Four
-Georges Clemenceau of France
-David Lloyd George of Britain
-Woodrow Wilson of America
-Vittorio Orlando of Italy
b. Wilson’s 14 Points falls through (Allies wanted
rewards for victory and to punish Germany)
c. French wanted land (Alsasce-Lorraine) and
‘war guilt’ clause on Germany.
d. British want war reparations ($33 billion)
e. Italy wants parts of Austria
Clemenceau
Lloyd George
Orlando
The final terms of the Treaty of Versailles
were extremely harsh on Germany.
Other treaties were similarly harsh on
Germany’s allies, Austria and Turkey.
http://www.historyonthenet.com/WW1/images/wpvd724u.jpg
Key Terms of the 1919 Peace Settlement
of World War I
• Germany lost territory to France and Poland,
and all of its colonies.
• Germany lost its navy & air force. Its army was
reduced to the size of a police force (100,000).
• Germany had to accept blame for starting the
war and was required to pay reparations
(payment for damages) to the Allies.
• Austria-Hungary was divided into several new,
smaller nations.
• A League of Nations was established.
Treaty of Versailles signed on June 28th,
1919.
-
Germany would never forgive this
Leaves country in shambles = lead to severe
economic depression.
Lands lost by Germany
in Versailles Peace Treaty
http://www.historyonthenet.com/WW1/germanlosses.htm
US Government Reaction to the
Treaty of Versailles
Senate rejects the League of Nations
Wilson hoped the League of Nations would discourage
future wars. His opponents believed it would drag
Americans into unnecessary military commitments.
The League of Nations failed, in part because many
major world powers, including the United States,
never became members.
http://www.senate.gov/artandhistory/history/resources/graphic/large/Versailles.jpg
Wilson needed two-thirds of the Senate to
ratify the treaty. Wilson appealed directly to
American voters by going on a national
speaking tour. Wilson failed to realize that
Americans were disillusioned with world
affairs. During the tour, President Wilson
suffers a crippling stroke.
President Wilson dies as a result
of his stroke on February 3, 1924.
http://www.eyewitnesstohistory.com/images/wilson2.jpg
During the 1920’s, Americans once again
followed George Washington’s advice “to
steer clear of permanent alliances with any
portion of the foreign world.” Isolationismrefusing to become involved in other
countries’ affairs.
http://www.gamepuppet.com/presidents/george-washington.htm
http://occawlonline.pearsoned.com/bookbind/pubbooks/martin_awl/medialib/download/2004.jpg
Woman’s suffrage and the prohibition of alcohol
were passed at the end of World War I, becoming
the final reforms of the Progressive Era.
Americans sought prosperity rather than further reform
ending the Progressive era of reform.
http://www.legendsofamerica.com/photos-americanhistory/ProhibitionPoster.jpg
http://ap.grolier.com/images/cache/001/ht13t.jpg