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Transcript
Welcome Manager & Coaches
Folsom American Little League
February 24, 2013
First Aid and Safety
For Youth Sports
Ernest J. Hook DPM
Updated and Condensed from “Prevention
and Emergencies of Management of Little
League Baseball and Softball Injuries, LLB
Inc. 1989
Introduction
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Objectives
Be Familiar with basic sports injuries and terminology.
Be aware of up-to-date techniques of preventing sports
Be able to differentiate among mild, moderate and
severe
Know appropriate first aid techniques for the injuries
you will encounter
Be able to design an emergency plan for your league to
use when severe injuries occur
Know specific techniques to determine whether an
injured player is ready to practice and play again
Evaluating Injuries
•
•
•
•
Injuries are classified as: mild, moderate, or severe
Symptom- what a player reports
Sign- what you observe
You’ll discover the injured player’s symptoms and
signs as you evaluate the injury by looking and
listening, then by carefully feeling and moving
the injured part.
• Do Not Force the player to move the body part if
it is extremely painful.
Severe Injuries
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Pain
Swelling
Deformity
Unconsciousness
Eye Injury
Nausea/ Vomiting
Head, Neck, Chest (Heart)
Treatment
•
•
•
•
•
•
P protect
R rest
I ice (20- 30 min)
C compression
E elevation
S support
• “It is important that coaches and parents be
responsive to complaints of injuries from
athletes in all age groups. They should be aware
that any athlete who is not playing up to skill
level may be suffering from a significant injury.”
• “Minor sprains, muscle pulls, blisters and
overuse are the prevalent injuries in noncontact sports”
First Aid Kit
• Ice
• Zip Lock Bags
• Player Emergency Info.
~Phone Numbers
Contusions
• Commonly called bruises
• Bleeding into soft tissue
• Treatment
~PRICES
Special Considerations
A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
G.
Calcium deposit- occurs from deep muscular bruise
Testicular / Groin (cup and Jill pad)
Cardiac (Heart)
~ May be no symptoms
~ May be life-threatening
~ Refer to a physician or local emergency room
Spleen- Occurs from blow to upper abdomen under left rib cage
Kidney-Occurs from blow to flank
A severe blow to the head, the mouth or the eyes is a serious
situation
For suspected severe head, neck, spinal injuries avoid movement,
and immobilize until EMT arrives for transportation and
stabilization
Muscle Pulls and Strains
• A strain is a tear or “pull” of muscle or a tendon
• Treatment: PRICES
• Locations:
~Achilles Tendon
~ Patella Tibia
~Hamstring
~Thigh
~Shoulder
~Elbow
• Prevention: Stretching & Warming up
• Rehabilitation: Gradual
Over-use Injuries
• Results when a part of the body is subjected often
enough to repeat stress
• Can lead to growth plate (soft immature bone
areas) injury and pain
~shoulder
~elbow
~upper anterior tibia- “Osgood- Schlatter’s
condition”
~heel bone- “Sever’s Calcaneus Apophysitis”
Bone Growth Plate Injuries
• To learn more about growth plates. The
National Institute of Arthritis and
Musculoskeltal and Skin Diseases.
• 1 AMS Circle
• Bethesda, MD 20892-3675 has an
informative presentation at
www.niams.nih.gov/hi/topics/growth_plate
/growth.htm.
Evaluation
• Consider the pitch count rules to protect players
arms
• Look for:
~change in throwing form
~limping
~other outward signs that the player has pain,
such as continually rubbing a sore area
Treatment: rest, ice, heat, & gradual rehabilitation
Evaluation
• Twisting injury to a joint, most commonly
ankle or knee
• Report of a “pop” when the joint was twisted
• Severe sprains (complete tear or be stiff)
may not hurt much, or be very swollen
• Treatment: PRICES- see doctor
Sprains
• A sprain is an injury to a ligament. A
ligament is the strong connective tissue that
runs from bone to bone across a joint.
Ligaments make our joints stable.
• A severe sprain (or tear) of a ligament can
render one of our joints unstable.
Fractures
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Look for:
Obvious deformity
Immediate swelling
Bone ends protruding through the skin
Feel For:
Marked tenderness
A grating sensation of one bone end rubbing
against the other
Treatment
• Physician Evaluation
• Splinting and Transporting
• For an open fracture, apply a sterile dressing
and summon emergency help immediately.
• Keep athlete calm
Injuries to the Small Joints
• May not be a small injury
• Often fingers or toes
• May be a strain, sprain,or fracture
(commonly called a jammed finger)
• Treatment: PRICES or buddy tape
Facial Injury
• Treatment:
~PRICES
~Nosebleed- compression to nostrils. If bleeding
continues,gently pack nostril with sterile gauze or
cotton, and continue compression
• Notify parents
• Physician referral
• Possibility of a concussion should be considered
Injuries to Teeth
• Evaluation:
~Complaints of pain
~A chip, a crack,looseness of a tooth
~Complaints of numb feeling in a tooth
• Look For:
~ Missing teeth or fragments of teeth
~An uneven tooth that appears to be driven in the
gum
Treatment
• Sterile gauze, pressure and ice as needed for
bleeding and swelling
• Notify parents
• Send a tooth or fragment with the player
• Special Considerations: gently rinse off the
tooth with water. Transport the tooth in sterile,
moist gauze sponge or in a cup of water. The best
solution is to put the tooth in fresh milk.
Eye Injuries
Listen for:
~Complaints of pain in the eye
~Complaints of blurred vision
~Complaints of double vision
~Complaints of loss of part or all the visual field
• Treatment:
~Ice is the only acceptable pain killer for the eye
~Notify parents
~Immediate physician referral
~Make an eye shield: this helps protect the eye from pressure as well as
to keep it clean until a doctor can examine
• Consider: Facial fractures and concussions
Insect Bites and Stings
• Possible allergic reaction
–
–
–
–
Pain/Swelling/Rash
Weakness, Headache
Difficulty breathing
Stomach cramps
• Treatment:
– Apply ice
– Epinephrine
– Family should provide info.if the player has any allergies
The Unconscious Athlete: Heat
Illness
•
•
•
•
Head and neck injury
Cardiac arrest
Heat Illness
Other illness
– Asthma
– Diabetes
– Epilepsy
Type of Heat Symptoms and
Complaints
Illness
Physical
Findings
Heat
Cramps
• Muscle tightening &
Spasm with intense pain
•Usually lower leg but may
be abdominal or rib cage
•Muscle spasms, either
seen or felt, that usually do
not respond to kneading to
massage
Heat
Exhaustion
•Severe fatigue, profound
weakness, light-headed
•“Flu-like” symptoms:
headache, muscle aches,
nausea, vomiting, diarrhea
•Elevated temperature,
ranging from 98.6 F to 103
F.
Heat
Stroke
•Confusion, disorientation,
agitation in milder cases
•Hysterical behavior,
delirious behavior, coma in
more severe cases
• Temperature at least 105F.
•Hot, flushed, dry
Treatment
• Move player immediately out of the sun &
into the shade
• For heat cramps:
– Rest, cooling
– Gentle stretching
– Diluted salt solution (1 salt to 1 quart water) by
mouth
Treatment
• For heat exhaustion
– Rest, rapid cooling
– Diluted salt solution
– Activate emergency care plan
– Notify parents
– Watch for progression to heat stroke
• For heat stroke
– Extreme medical emergency
– Rapid cooling, remove clothing, pack in ice, wet & fan
– Activate emergency care plan
– Notify parents
– Caution do not: try and force a player to drink water unless you
are certain he or she is conscious
Special Considerations
• All children are more susceptible to heat illness
than adults
• Heat exhaustion may lead on to heat stroke, so it
is important to treat heat exhaustion as vigorously
as possible
• Prevention:
– Drink water
– Periods of cooling
– Avoid practice when temp. is above 90 or humidity is
above 95%
• Check the field conditions for hazards prior
to practice or game
• Watch for snakes, players should avoid
brush areas.
• The End
Concussions
A concussion is a brain injury that results
from a bump, blow or jolt to the head or
body which causes the brain to move
rapidly in the skull and which disrupts
normal brain function.
Concussions
• All concussions are serious.
• Concussions can happen in any sport or
recreational activity.
• Recognizing and responding properly to
concussions when they first occur can help
prevent further injury or even death.
Concussions
Causes of Concussion
• A knock to the head from a fall…
• A jolt to the torso from a collision…
• A hit to the head from a stick or ball…
Concussions
SIGNS OBSERVED BY COACHING STAFF
Appears dazed or stunned
Is confused about assignment or position
Forgets an instruction
Is unsure of game, score, or opponent
Moves clumsily
Answers questions slowly
Loses consciousness (even briefly)
Shows mood, behavior, or personality changes
Can’t recall events prior to hit or fall
Can’t recall events after hit or fall
Concussions
SYMPTOMS REPORTED BY ATHLETES
Headache or “pressure” in head
Nausea or vomiting
Balance problems or dizziness
Double or blurry vision
Sensitivity to light
Sensitivity to noise
Feeling sluggish, hazy, foggy, or groggy
Concentration or memory problems
Confusion
Just not “feeling right” or “feeling down”
Concussions
When You Suspect a Concussion
1.
2.
3.
4.
Remove the athlete from play
Ensure that the athlete is evaluated by a health care professional
experienced in evaluating for concussion.
Inform the athlete’s parents or guardians about the possible
concussion
Keep the athlete out of play the day of the injury and until a
health care professional, experienced in evaluating for
concussion, says it’s OK for the athlete to return.
Positive Coaching Alliance
THANK YOU!!