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管 子 Guanzi Chinese Double Reed Instrument •Double reed bamboo Bamboo instrument 管 •“Guan” means pipe, or tube •Unlike other instruments, such as the oboe or Chinese "suona", the "guan" has a cylindrical bore, giving it a clarinet-like tone. •(The bore of a wind instrument is its interior chamber that defines a flow path through which air travels and is set into vibration to produce sounds.) Timelines •The earliest use of the word "guan" is traced back to Zhou Dynasty where it refers to end-blown bamboo flutes such as the "xiao" or "paixiao". •The earliest double-reed instrument appears in the late Zhou dynasty and is referred as "hujia" (literally translated to "foreign reed pipe") because it had been introduced from the northwestern regions of China. The "hujia" was used as the primarily military instrument for signaling, and is depicted in early Chinese poetry as having a screeching, shrill sound. •http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ltxe1DO6PH8 •Thee hujia wa probably created by Central Asian nomads, and evolved into an important leading instrument in court and ritual music. •At the height of the Tang Dynasty, the "guan", alongside many other instruments, was introduced to neighboring countries, •First mentioned in Confucius’s Book of Odes, an anthology of poems and songs dating from the Zhou Dynasty (1027-771 BC) to the Spring & Autumn Period (770-476 BC). •Traveled the Silk Road and was introduced to China as the bili in the Sui Dynasty (580-618 AD) and reached its peak by playing in court orchestras throughout the Tang Dynasty before traveling eastward. •During the Song Dynasty, court orchestras began to disappear and the bili evolved into a folk instrument. It was around this time when the bili became known as the guanzi. •Guanzi was developed in ancient Persia then traveled to China as the “bili” or “luguan.” •It was popular in the Xinjiang region and was later introduced into the mainland. •It traveled west to east and is prominent in northern China. ------>Bili------>Luguan------->Guanzi Ancestors in the West Georgia: Dudki Duduk-Guitar Duo http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Q9SGRmNpef8&feature=related Qarnarta Turkey: Mey Balamam Iran and Iraq: Balaban Descendants in the East Korea: Piri top to bottom: Korean Piri, Chinese Guanzi, Japanese Hichiriki (all cylindrical double reeds related to the Duduk) Japan: Hichiriki Construction •The "guan" consist of a short cylindrical tube made of hardwood in northern China, where the instrument is called "bili". •Bamboo bilis are now rare •Wooden Guanzi are made from a type of rosewood •Reeds are made from "Arundo" cane, which is inserted into the top end of the tube. •Traditionally, the instrument consists of 7 finger-holes on the back and 1 two thumbholes. The ends are decorated with metal. •The modern versions of the instrument developed in the 20th century have extra holes and are fitted with metal keys to provide a wider chromatic range. The modern versions are played in larger orchestras. •Size: Approximately 25-30 centimeters Notation Creation of Sound •The instrument's range is about two and one-half octaves. •It is capable of doing vibrato, wide pitch bends, roulade, glissandi, among others. •Depending on the degree of liprounding, the instrument can produce sounds that imitate the human voice, or even animal sounds. •It is said that the guan is difficult to play, largely due to the difficulty of controlling the embouchure (the way the mouth is placed on the mouthpiece) •Chinese saying states that the sheng takes 100 days to learn, but the "guan" takes 1,000 days to learn. Creation of Sound •The instrument's range is about two and one-half octaves. •It is capable of doing vibrato, wide pitch bends, roulade, glissandi, among others. •Depending on the degree of lip-rounding, the instrument can produce sounds that imitate the human voice, or even animal sounds. •It is said that the guanzi is difficult to play, largely due to the difficulty of controlling the embouchure (the way the mouth is placed on the mouthpiece) •Chinese saying states that the sheng takes 100 days to learn, but the guan takes 1,000 days to learn. Notable guanzi Players Bao Jian • Bao Jian (鮑健, student of Hu Zhihou) • Hu Zhihou (胡志厚) • Li Jinwen (b. 1923) • Liu Zhong • Shan Wentong • Lin Youren, Wu Man, Li Jinwen, and Xuan Ke Yuanheng (1894-1959) •Guanzi differ from region to region. •In the Guangdong region of southern China, it is made from bamboo and is called "houguan" (Literally Translated to "throat guan"). Houguan -----Tone carries a strong nasal Timbre -----Some Houguan have bells attached to the End •Northern guan- Made of wood -----Tone is expansive Detail of 10th century Song Dynasty painting depicting three guan players and two dizi (transverse flute) players, accompanied by a paiban (wooden clapper), performing in the home of Han Xizai, a minister to the Song Dynasty emperor Li Houzhu Movement •Called the Head Guan because it is a vital component in the Nine and Ten Genres of Music in the Sui and Tang Dynasties. •Mainly found in folk guchui music, drum and wind music, and Buddhist and Taoist music. • (Guchui-Wind and percussion ensemble in traditional Chinese music, usually featuring suona, drums, gongs, and cymbals. •Keyed alto and keyed bass guans are used are used in orchestra as it fills in the middle register.) •As a solo instrument, only one guan is used; however, there are some pieces in which two guans are used. Hong Kong Chinese Orchestra in New York •Guanzi has been used in a variety of musical contexts over the centuries, often as a solo instrument used to evoke a mood of sadness. •Being a solo instrument as well, guanzi can also have a clear and bright tone. It is said to have a “countryside” tone. •Also called the tougan (first oboe) because it frequently plays the leading role in orchestras. Media Zhang Jia-Li (Guanzi) with LangLang (Piano)- From the “Silk Road” Suite By Zhao Ji-Ping http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-guKHZ943ck “The Silk Road Fantasia Suite” with Orchestra http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2sEjL6hGQ1s Father and Son Li Guoying and Li Yayang with Orchestra http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ltxe1DO6PH8 Guanzi with Sheng http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-IxzOQQh0iw&feature=related Sources http://www.asza.com/iguan.shtml http://www.paulnoll.com/China/Music/mus-guan.html http://www.hkco.org/eng/learning_3_eng.asp http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/1233192/houguan http://dic.academic.ru/dic.nsf/enwiki/1560995 http://wapedia.mobi/en/Guan_(instrument) http://english.cri.cn/1702/2005-5-3/[email protected] Christine Hikaru Nishite