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Unit 2 - Geography ESSENTIAL QUESTION: I. Geography- The study of the earth and its features. (Features: Topography, Climate, and Natural Resources) To what extent does geography impact the development of cultures and historical events? Geography tells us about: * People who live on the earth, the places they have created and how these places differ based on their geographical features. II. Geographic tools and measurements A. Globes - The most accurate way to draw the earth - As a Sphere (round form) Gives the accurate shape of the earth’s landmasses and bodies of water. Shows true distances between places. What are two types of geographic tools? 1. 2. B. Maps - FLAT drawing of the earth’s surface. TYPES OF MAPS: 1. Physical/Topographical Map - Shows physical features (Topography) of an area (Mountains, rivers, seas, elevation) 2. Political Map - Shows boundaries that people have created. (Cities, boundaries of countries and states, Capitals) 3. Demographic Map - Shows population statistics (ex: poverty, race, gender, age, unemployment, literacy) What type of map would show the number of Christians living in Europe? Uses of Maps: locate places, plot routes and judge distances. Advantage - allows you to see all areas of the world at the same time, shows more detail & can be folded and carried easily. Disadvantage - Distortions with distance, direction, shape and/or area. III. Study of geography can be organized into 5 themes: 1. Location - Tells us “Where is it?” Why is it important to have two ways of distinguishing a location? Two types of location: a. Absolute Location – Tells us the exact location on the earth’s surface as measured by latitude (lines N & S of the equator) and longitude (lines E & W of the Prime Meridian) b. Relative Location - Is less precise than absolute location, but provides a location that is relative to something else (i.e. Africa is south of Europe) 2. Place - Includes the features and characteristics that give an area its own identity or personality. a. Physical characteristics - Topography (Physical features, Climate) What are two ways to identify a place? 1. 2. b. Human characteristics – Culture of an area (Language, religion, architecture, music, politics and way of life.) 3. Human/Environment Interaction – How do people modify AND adapt to their natural surroundings. To survive people must make changes in their environment. As a result, changes in the environment also occur. a. Adaptations/modification to the land – Terrace farming, slash and burn agriculture, building of canals and roads. What is one modification people made to their land? What is one negative effect of people’s interaction with the land/earth? b. Travel - Canals and roads used to help with transportation, communication (Infrastructure) and trade c. Clothing - used to protect people from the elements. d. Ecological impact – Global warming, destruction of rainforests, pollution of earth’s water, etc. 2. Movement - Movement of people spreads ideas, people, foods, animals and cultural characteristics from one place to another One result is CULTURAL DIFFUSION - Caused by Transportation routes, communication systems, trade, immigration and warfare EXAMPLES: a) Euroeans Colonize Latin America bringing labor force (African slaves) and Christianity (Roman Catholicism) to Latin America. Name a few ways in which Eastridge High School is divided into regions? 5. Region - An area that is unified by some feature or a mixture of features. Such as: Location, Economy, Government, Language, etc. 1. Governments and Economies Examples: Cold War Regions a. Eastern Civilizations - (USSR and Eastern Europe) Communist and Command Economies b. Western Civilizations – (US and Western Eur.) Democratic and Capitalism 2. Regionalizing Nations Geographically: East Asia (China, Korea, Japan) South East Asia (Philippines, Malaysia, Thailand, Vietnam) What is the benefit of dividing nations into different regions? South Asia (India, Pakistan) Sub-Saharan (African nations South of the Sahara Desert) Latin America (Mexico, Central and South American nations) Mexico Middle East (North Africa, Iran, Iraq) Western Europe (England east to Finland, South to Italy, west to Portugal) Eastern Europe (from Poland east to Russia and south to Greece) IV. Physical Features A. Mountains - highest (in elevation) of the world’s landforms. Rise from about 2, 000 ft to more than 20,000 ft above sea level. IMPACTS: What are positive impacts of mountains? Isolation – Separated areas and people for hundreds of years, causing the development of ethnic differences (Hindered Cultural Diffusion) Homogeneous Cultures - people of area have same or similar cultural practices Ethnocentrism - China considered itself the “Middle Kingdom” What are negative impacts of mountains? Protection – Isolation protected cultures from invasion (natural barrier) Lack of Arable land - Mountainous terrain caused to people to develop alternative forms of farming. Terracing - Building step-like features in side of Mountains (examples: Peru, Japan, China) Natural resources – Rich deposits of iron, gold, silver, coal, etc. Mountain Ranges of the World: a) Himalayan Mountains - Central Asia b) The Alps - Western Europe c) Andes Mountains – South America d) Mount Kilimanjaro – Africa What are positive impacts of rivers? B. Rivers - Waterways flowing through land and emptying into another body of water. IMPACTS: Farming – Irrigation, fertile soil, arable land Fresh Water Source – People need Fresh water to survive (drink) What is a negative impact of rivers? Transportation - Rivers became trade routes, where goods and ideas were exchanged among different cultures (cultural diffusion). Open to Invasion - At times rivers left many cultures open to invasion River Valley Civilizations - Ancient Civilizations arose around rivers Rivers of the World: 1. Amazon River – Brazil, South America 2. Nile River - Egypt, Africa 3. Indus River – India, Asia 4. Ganges River (“Mother of Life”) – India, Asia 5. Tigris and Euphrates Rivers - Mesopotamia, Middle East (Asia) 6. Huang He (“Yellow”, “Great Sorrow”) – China, Asia 7. Yangtze River – China, Asia What are positive impacts of deserts? C. Deserts - Arid areas with hot and dry climates year round. There is little or no vegetation in this zone IMPACTS: Lacks of Arable land – Deserts receive very little rainfall throughout the year. People and plants face great obstacles in order to survive these conditions What are negative impacts of deserts? Irrigation Systems – Civilizations who have survived the harsh conditions of deserts have developed irrigation systems in order to provide arable land. (examples: Egypt and the Nile, Mesopotamia and the Tigris and Euphrates Rivers) Protection – Deserts harsh conditions have provided civilizations a natural barrier to invasion Sahara Desert - North Africa, largest desert in the world, served as a barrier separating the peoples and cultures to the north & south of it. Deserts of the World: 1) Sahara Desert – North Africa 2) Gobi Desert - China 3) Arabian Desert – Arabian Peninsula What are positive impacts of oceans? D. OCEANS – Large bodies of Salt water. Oceans of world are connected What are negative impacts of Oceans? IMPACTS: Isolation - Caused much isolation between nations prior to advanced ship making technology Transportation and Trade - Means of travel and trade for centuries during and after the Age of Exploration Oceans of the World: 1. Atlantic Ocean 2. Pacific Ocean 3. Indian Ocean 4. Arctic Ocean E. SEAS – Bodies of water that linked many nations and empires together due to accessibility of travel. Trade and Transportation - Important for cultural diffusion What are positive impacts of seas? Invasion – The accessibility of seas to travel and trade also left many civilizations open to invasion Roman Empire – The Roman Empire used the Mediterranean Sea as a launching point as they built an empire across three continents, Europe, Africa and Asia (Middle East) Seas of the World: 1. Red Sea - B/W Africa and Middle East What are negative impacts of seas? 2. Mediterranean Sea - South of Europe, North of Africa, West of Asia 3. Caribbean Sea – North and Central America 4. Black Sea - Eastern Europe F. Coastline - where the land meets the water. TYPES: How have coastlines impacted an areas ability to travel, trade and explore? Regular Coastline - has extensive coastline, much of it smooth with few natural harbors and therefore negatively impacts trade as there are few places for ships to anchor safely. Africa - Lack of harbors has served as a barrier to trade throughout Africa’s history Irregular coastline - very jagged coastline with many natural harbors that provides places for many ships to anchor safely. Europe - Helped Europeans explore, colonize and spread ideas and goods throughout the world G. Tropical Rain Forest – A dense forest region with a hot and humid climate due to its warm latitude plentiful rainfall. Plant and Animal Life - Rainforests are home to millions of kinds of plant and animal life. Rainforest of the World: 1. Amazon River Basin - South America What natural resources are found in the Rainforest? 2. Zimbabwe Rain Forest - Africa H. Savanna – A grassy plain with irregular patterns of rain fall What is a negative impact of savannas irregular pattern of rainfall? Has Two Seasons: WET (Winter) & DRY (Summer) Lacks arable Land – Its irregular patterns of rainfall make it difficult to grow crops. Savannas of the World: a) India b) Eastern Africa What determining factor(s) impacts Upstate New York’s climate? I. Climate - The usual pattern of weather events that occurs in an area over a long period of time. Climate is determined by: a) Distance from the equator – How far north or south it is from the equator b) Location – Proximity to large bodies of water effects temperature and precipitation. c) Mountain ranges - Proximity to mountain ranges effects temperature and precipitation d) Elevation – Areas of higher elevations tend to have cool temperatures J. Monsoons - Seasonal winds that affect the climate and shape the What are the pattern of life in South Asia and South East Asia positive Southwest (summer) monsoon - Blows from June to September impacts of monsoons? Arable Land – The summer monsoon brings rain, which blows off the ocean and provides rainfall for crops. What are the negative impacts of monsoons? Floods – Too much rain causes rivers to swell rapidly and flooding occurs and can kill many people and animals and destroy villages. Drought – If the rain comes too late or if there is not enough rain, drought can occur. This can cause famine in extreme cases. Case Study – Japan: Application of the Five Themes of Geography A. Location- Where is it? 1.Absolute - 55*N – 32*N; 130*E – 140*E 2.Relative - East of China, East of Korea, West of Hawaii B. Place 1. Physical Features a. Archipelago - Physical separation from the continental mainland b. Pacific Rim - Volcanoes and earthquakes (Pacific Rim) c. 80% mountainous d. Narrow coastal plains - lack of Arable land e. Lack of natural resources - oil 2. Human Characteristics a. Homogeneous - language and ethnicity b. Ethnocentric - Cultural isolationist attitude (Islands) C. Movement - cultural diffusion b/w mainland Asia & Japan 1. Writing System – Came from China 2. Religion – Buddhism via Korea and Chinese Missionaries 3. Infrastructure – Modern – (Cars, trains, subway systems) D. Human Environmental Interaction 1. Adaptation to the environment a. Lack of arable land 1. Terracing as a form of agriculture 2. Fishing industry b. Shinto - religion incorporates nature worship 2. How Geography Impacted Historical Japanese events World War II a. Lack of resources (OIL) b. Japan sets up Greater East Asia Company 1. Imports raw materials – taking by force 2. Exports finished goods c. Japanese attack on Pearl Harbor - to eliminate only threat in the Pacific E. Region: Japan as part of A. Pacific Rim – In the Pacific Ocean with heavy volcanic activity including earthquakes, and tsunamis B. East Asia – Location is near Korea, and China