Download The French Revolution And Napoleon (1789

The French Revolution
And Napoleon
(1789–1815)
Chapter 19
The Old Regime
Under the ancien regime,
or old order,
everyone in France
belonged to one of three
classes…..
 FIRST
ESTATE – Clergy
 SECOND
Nobles
 THIRD
ESTATE –
ESTATE –
Bourgeoisie & Peasants
The Old Regime
CLERGY
 Enjoyed
privilege
enormous wealth and
 Owned
about 10 percent of land,
collected tithes, and paid no
taxes
 Provided
some social services
The Old Regime
NOBILITY
 Owned
income
 Hated
land but had little money
absolutism
 Feared
losing traditional privilege,
especially exemption from taxes
The Old Regime
BOURGEOISIE and PEASANTS
 Peasants
were 90 percent of French
population
 Resented
privilege of first and
second estates
 Burdened
 Many
by taxes
earned miserable wages and
faced hunger and even starvation
Economic Trouble in France
Economic woes added to social
unrest & heightened social
tension
For years, the French
government had engaged in
deficit spending
Economic Trouble in France
King Louis XIV left France deeply
in debt
recent wars
general rise in costs in the 1700s
Economic Trouble in France
lavish court
bad harvests in late 1780s sent
food prices soaring
poorer peasants and city dwellers
hungry & lack resources
Economic Trouble in France
To bridge gap between income
and expenses, government
borrowed more and more
money
Meeting of the Estates General
 France’s economic crisis worsened
 bread riots spread
 nobles denounced royal tyranny
 Louis XVI summoned the Estates
General
Meeting of the Estates
General
 Third Estate declared themselves
to be the National Assembly
 invited delegates from other two
estates to help write a constitution
Meeting of the Estates
General
 reform-minded clergy and nobles
joined the Assembly
 Louis XVI grudgingly accepted it
Storming of the Bastille
 July
14, 1789
 more
than 800 Parisians gathered
outside the Bastille prison
 demanded
weapons believed to be
stored there.
Storming of the Bastille
 commander
of Bastille opened fire
on crowd, and a
 battle
ensued
 many
people were killed
Storming of the Bastille
 storming of the Bastille became
symbol of the French Revolution
& a blow to tyranny
 French
still celebrate July 14 as
Bastille Day
Four Phases of French Revolution
1789-1791 National Assembly
1792-1793 escalating violence
led to the
1793-1794 Reign of Terror
1795-1799 Directory
1799-1815 Age of Napoleon
Popular Revolts
 political
crisis of 1789 coincided with
the worst famine in memory
 starving
peasants roamed the
countryside or flocked to the towns
 even
people with jobs had to spend
most of their income on bread
Popular Revolts
various
power
factions competed for
peasants
attacked homes and
manors of nobles
Popular Revolts
rumors ran wild
set
off the “Great Fear”
radical
group called Paris
Commune replaced royalist
government of Paris
Reforms of the National Assembly
POLITICAL
Proclaimed all male citizens
equal before the law
Limited the power of the
monarchy
Reforms of the National Assembly
POLITICAL
Established the Legislative
Assembly to make laws
Granted all tax-paying male
citizens the right to elect
members of the Legislative
Assembly
Reforms of the National Assembly
SOCIAL & ECONOMIC
Abolished special privileges of
the nobility
Announced an end to
feudalism
Called for taxes to be levied
according to ability to pay
Reforms of the National Assembly
SOCIAL & ECONOMIC
Abolished guilds and
forbade labor unions
Compensated nobles for
lands seized by peasants
Reforms of the National Assembly
RELIGIOUS
Declared freedom of
religion
Placed French Catholic
Church under control of the
state
Reforms of the National Assembly
RELIGIOUS
Took over and sold Church
lands
Provided that bishops and
priests be elected and
receive government salaries
Foreign Reaction
►Supporters
of Enlightenment
applauded the reforms of the
National Assembly
►They
saw the French experiment
as the dawn of a new age for
justice and equality
Foreign Reaction
►European
rulers and nobles
denounced the French Revolution
►1791
monarchs of Austria and
Prussia issued Declaration of
Pilnitz - threatened to intervene
to protect the French monarchy
Radicals and the Convention
Radicals took control of the
Assembly
called for election of a new
legislative body called
National Convention
Radicals and the Convention
granted suffrage to all male
citizens, not just to property
owners
convention set out to erase
all traces of old order
Radicals and the Convention
voted to abolish monarchy
and declare France a
republic
Jacobins, who controlled the
Convention, seized lands of
nobles and abolished titles of
nobility
From Convention to Directory
early 1793, France at war with
most of Europe
peasants and workers in
rebellion against the
government
From Convention to Directory
Convention itself bitterly
divided
Convention created the
Committee of Public Safety
From Convention to Directory
To deal with threats to France, the
Reign of Terror lasted from July
1793 to July 1794.
Under Maximilien Robespierre,
some 40,000 people were
executed at the guillotine
Reign of Terror
Reign
of Terror lasted July
1793 to July 1794.
Under
Maximilien Robespierre,
some 40,000 people were
executed at the guillotine
Reign of Terror
In
reaction to Reign of Terror,
moderates created another
constitution, the third since 1789.
The
Constitution of 1795 set up a
five-man Directory and a twohouse legislature
Women in the Revolution
Women of all classes participated
in the revolution from the very
beginning
Many women were disappointed
when Declaration of the Rights of
Man did not grant equal
citizenship to women
Women in the Revolution
Olympe de Gouges – Declaration
on the Rights of Woman
Divorce was easier – weakened
Church authority
Women could inherit property –
undermine tradition of nobles
leaving estates to eldest son
Changes in French Society
By 1799 French Revolution had:
dislodged
the old social order,
overthrown
brought
control
the monarchy, and
Church under state
Changes in French Society
the
tricolor emerged
titles
eliminated
elaborate
fashions are
replaced by practical clothes
Changes in French Society
developed
a strong sense
of national identity
Nationalism spread
throughout France
Civic festivals celebrated
the nation and the
revolution
Changes in French Society
Social
reform and religious
toleration
State schools replaced
religious ones
Organized system to help
poor, soldiers, and war
widows
Changes in French Society
Abolished
slavery in colonies
In an effort to de-Christianize,
they adopted a secular
calendar
Public ceremonies to boost
support for republican and
nationalist ideals
Rise of Napoleon



1769 - Born on island of Corsica
1793 - Helps capture Toulon from
British; promoted to brigadier
general
1795 - Crushes rebels opposed
to National Convention
Early Military Victories
http://10.200.10.53/videos/11488/chp896406_7
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Rise of Napoleon


1796–1797
Becomes commander in chief of
the army in Italy; wins victories
against Austria
1798–1799
Loses to the British in Egypt and
Syria
Rise of Napoleon


1799
Overthrows Directory &
becomes First Consul of
France
1804
Crowns himself emperor of
France
France Under Napoleon
 Napoleon consolidated power
by strengthening the central
government
 Order, security, and efficiency
replaced liberty, equality, and
fraternity as the slogans of the
new regime
France Under Napoleon
Napoleon instituted a number of
reforms to restore economic
prosperity
 Controlled prices
 Encouraged new industry
 Built roads and canals
 Public schools under government
control
France Under Napoleon
 Concordat of 1801 – peace
with Church
 Encouraged émigrés to return
 Recognized peasants’ right to
land purchased
 Jobs were open to talent
France Under Napoleon
 Napoleon developed a law code,
the Napoleonic Code
 embodied Enlightenment
principles – equality of all citizens
before the law, religious
toleration, and advancement
based on merit
France Under Napoleon
Napoleon undid some of the
reforms of the French Revolution:
 Women lost most of their newly
gained rights
 Male heads of household
regained complete authority over
wives and children
Building an Empire
Annexed areas including the
Netherlands, Belgium, and
parts of Italy and Germany
 Abolished the Holy Roman
Empire

Building an Empire
Created the Confederation of
the Rhine
 Cut Prussia in half
 Turned part of Poland into
Grand Duchy of Warsaw

France versus Britain
• 1805 Napoleon prepared to
invade England
• Defeated at the Battle of
Trafalgar
• Waged economic warfare through
the Continental System – closing
European ports to British goods
France versus Britain
•Britain responded by setting
up blockades on ports to keep
out French ships
•British attacks on American
ships eventually set off the
War of 1812
France versus Britain
• Napoleon’s Continental System
failed to bring Britain down
• Trade restrictions caused a
scarcity of food in Europe, send
prices soaring, and intensified
resentment against the French
The Dictatorship Begins
http://10.200.10.53/videos/11488/chp896408_7
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Challenges to Napoleon’s Empire -
Impact of Nationalism

Although it spurred army to success,
it worked against them too
 Europeans who had welcomed
Revolution ideas now saw Napoleon
and his armies as oppressors
 Resented Continental System and
his effort to impose French culture
Challenges to Napoleon’s Empire -
Resistance in Spain

Napoleon replaced the Spanish king
and introduced reforms to undermine
the Catholic Church
 Spanish resisted, French brutally
repressed, spurring Sp. nationalism
 Spanish started guerrilla warfare
 British joined in the fight against the
French in Spain
Challenges to Napoleon’s Empire -
War with Austria




Spanish resistance encouraged
Austria
1805 Battle of Austerlitz
1809 Austrians sought revenge,
but lost at battle of Wagram
Divorce Josephine and married
Austrian princess Marie Louise
Challenges to Napoleon’s Empire -
Defeat in Russia

Russians were unhappy about
economic effect of Continental Sys.
 Napoleon had enlarged the Grand
Duchy of Warsaw
 Russia had withdrawn from the
Continental System
 In response to this, Napoleon
assembled his Grand Army
1812,
over 400,000 invaded
Russia
Russians retreated burning
crops as they went
Only 10,000 soldiers survived
– many died or deserted
Napoleon Invades Russia
http://10.200.10.53/videos/11488/chp896409_7
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Downfall of Napoleon
Exile and Return
 In 1814 Napoleon abdicated his
throne
 He was exiled to the Island of Elba
 Louis XVIII was returned to power
 March 1815 Napoleon returned to
the country to cheers
Exile and Return
http://10.200.10.53/videos/11488/chp896410_7
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Downfall of
Napoleon
Battle of Waterloo
• Triumph was short lived –
only 100 days
• June 18, 1815, near town
of Waterloo, Belgium
• Duke of Wellington and
General Blucher beat the
French
• Napoleon was forced to
abdicate and exiled to St.
Helena
Final Exile and Death
http://10.200.10.53/videos/11488/chp896411_7
00k.asf
Legacy of Napoleon
Napoleonic Code consolidated many
changes of the revolution
France was a centralized state with a
constitution
Elections were held with expanded,
though limited, suffrage
Many more citizens had rights to
property and access to education
Legacy of Napoleon
Spread ideas of the revolution
Sparked nationalist feelings
Abolition of Holy Roman Empire
eventually helped create a new
Germany
In 1803, he sold the Louisiana
Territory to the American govt
Congress of Vienna
 Gathering
of Leaders – Prince
Clemens von Metternich of
Austria, Czar Alexander I of
Russia, and Lord Robert
Castlereagh of Britain. France
was represented by Prince
Charles Maurice de Talleyrand.
Congress of Vienna
 The
chief goal was to
establish a lasting peace by
establishing a balance of
power and protecting the
system of monarchy.
 They redrew the map of
Europe and ringed France
with strong countries.
French Revolution
LONG-TERM CAUSES
 Corrupt, inconsistent, and
insensitive leadership
 Prosperous members of the Third
Estate resent privileges of the
First and Second Estates
 Spread of Enlightenment ideas
French Revolution
IMMEDIATE CAUSES
Huge government debt
Poor harvests and rising price
of bread
Failure of Louis XVI to accept
financial reforms
French Revolution
IMMEDIATE CAUSES
Formation
of National
Assembly
Storming of the Bastille
French Revolution
IMMEDIATE EFFECTS
Declaration of the Rights of
Man and the Citizen
adopted
France adopts its first
written constitution
French Revolution
IMMEDIATE EFFECTS
Monarchy abolished
Revolutionary France fights
coalition of European
powers
Reign of Terror
French Revolution
LONG-TERM EFFECTS
Napoleon gains power
Napoleonic Code
established
French public schools set
up
French Revolution
LONG-TERM EFFECTS
French conquests spread
nationalism
Revolutions occur in Europe
and Latin America
French Revolution
CONNECTIONS TO TODAY
French law reflects
Napoleonic Code
France is a democratic
republic