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Name: _______________________________________________ Pd.: ________ Date: ______________________ Earth Science Essential Knowledge Questions To be use with the review and study guide for the Virginia End of Course Standards of Learning Assessment for Earth Science Earth Science SOL Essential Knowledge Questions The following questions reflect the knowledge you should have regarding Earth Science topics. Choose the best answer for each question and record it in the ‘Answer’ column. Unit Ans. # 1 Scientific Investigation 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Mapping the Earth 9 10 Newton mathematically described the motion of masses in the Universe. Which of these is correct? Marcus wanted to compare highlighters. He decided to find out how many lines he could highlight in his notes before the fluid ran dry. In this experiment, the ___ is the number of lines. In the experiment above, the ____ is the type of highlighters tested. In the experiment above, the ___ is the notes he used. In the experiment above, an example of a ___ would be to use the same color of highlighter. Which coordinate pair is correctly shown? 14 When contour lines are close together, it means that the slope is ___. Streams are indicated on a topographic map where V’s point to ___ elevation. Use a GPS unit to find all of the following except ___. The increase in elevation between 2 adjacent contour lines is the ___. A mineral must be 15 The basic building blocks of all minerals are 16 19 Matt uses a knife to scratch a piece of mica. He is testing its Kayla uses an unglazed porcelain tile to rub a mineral against. She is testing the mineral's Tamara notices that a piece of galena shines with a bright reflection similar to polished steel. She is noticing the galena’s Rocks are made of one or more 20 Major rock-forming minerals include 21 Ore minerals include 22 Silicate minerals are made of 23 Rock that forms from a molten mass is 24 Sedimentary rocks form from 25 Metamorphic rocks form when 26 When a batholith touches surrounding rock it 11 12 13 17 18 Minerals and Rocks Question A rock is found to have a mass of 200 g and a volume of 100 ml. What is the rock's density? You have an idea that a raft made of Popsicle sticks will support a roll of pennies. This is an example of a(n) ___. Evolution is considered to be a(n) ___. Answer Choices c. 2 pounds d. 2 kg/dL c. law d. good idea a. b. a. b. 2g/ml 2ml/g theory hypothesis a. b. a. b. hypothesis experiment This is a Law. This is a Theory. c. d. c. d. law theory This is a hypothesis. This is not true. a. b. independent variable control c. d. dependent variable constant a. b. a. b. a. b. a. b. a. b. a. b. a. b. a. b. a. b. a. b. a. b. a. b. a. b. independent variable control independent variable control independent variable control 77E, 42S 35N, 76W going down going up higher lower direction temperature index contour contour interval naturally occurring. inorganic. rocks. crystals. streak. color. streak. color. streak. color. c. d. c. d. c. d. c. d. c. d. c. d. c. d. c. d. c. d. c. d. c. d. c. d. c. d. dependent variable constant dependent variable constant dependent variable constant 125N, 54E 20N, 185W steep gentle adjacent different speed of travel elevation hachure benchmark solid. all of these. water molecules. sand grains. luster. hardness. luster. hardness. luster. hardness. a. b. a. b. a. b. a. b. a. b. a. b. a. b. c. d. a. b. c. d. grains of sand. c. minerals. quartz. d. organic materials. quartz. c. calcite. feldspar. d. all of these. pyrite. c. galena. magnetite. d. all of these. silicone & nitrogen. c. silicon & nitrogen. silicon & oxygen. d. silicon & helium. metamorphic. c. chemical. sedimentary. d. igneous. rock fragments. c. lava. molten magma. d. water and air. rocks are melted. rocks are cooled. high pressure compresses rock. low pressure causes expansion. always melts the rock. never melts the rock. metamorphoses a whole area. cools and hardens immediately. Geologic Processes Resources Minerals and Rocks Unit Ans. # 27 Question Extrusive igneous rocks form 28 Extrusive igneous rocks have 29 Intrusive igneous rocks have 30 Pumice is 31 A major extrusive igneous rock is 32 Clastic sedimentary rocks are made of 33 Chemical sedimentary rocks form from 34 35 Conglomerate, sandstone, shale and limestone are all Limestone and rock salt are 36 Metamorphic rocks that look layered are 37 38 Metamorphic rocks that have no banding and are relatively homogeneous throughout are Foliated metamorphic rocks include 39 Non-foliated metamorphic rocks include 40 The most abundant element in Earth’s crust is 41 The most abundant metal in Earth’s crust is 42 43 Which of these is a nonrenewable natural resource? Which of these is renewable natural resource? 44 Fossil fuels include 45 Hydroelectric energy 46 The Earth’s core is mostly 47 The inner core is 48 The outer core is 49 Earth’s mantle is 50 Earth’s crust is 51 Plates that move into each other are 52 Plates that move away from each other are 53 At plate boundaries you can find 54 Folded mountains are found at 55 Trenches are found at 56 Earthquake activity can occur at a. b. a. b. c. d. a. b. c. d. a. b. a. b. a. b. c. d. a. b. c. d. a. b. a. b. a. b. a. b. a. b. a. b. a. b. a. b. a. b. a. b. a. b. a. b. a. b. a. b. a. b. a. b. a. b. a. b. a. b. a. b. a. b. a. b. a. b. Answer Choices underground. c. in the core. on the surface. d. in the mantle. huge crystal grains. large amounts of uranium. small crystal grains. small amounts of steel. large mineral grains. individual mineral grains stuck together. a coarse texture. all of these. intrusive. c. liquid rock. extrusive. d. made of ice crystals. shale. c. granite. sandstone. d. scoria. precipitated crystals. cemented rock fragments. chunks of lava. water and air. precipitates. organic remains of dead algae. molten sediments. molten metamorphosed rock. metamorphic. c. extrusive. igneous. d. sedimentary. clastic. c. semi-clastic. non-clastic. d. elastic. sedimentary. c. foliated. igneous. d. non-foliated. sedimentary. c. foliated. igneous. d. non-foliated. slate. c. gneiss. schist. d. all of these. marble. c. slate. granite. d. schist. oxygen. c. methane. nitrogen. d. water. iron. c. silicone. aluminum. d. silicon. wind. c. sunlight. petroleum . d. surface water. old growth trees. c. sunlight. oil. d. aluminum. mammoths. c. coal. trilobites. d. hydrogen. causes little pollution. c. is based on stream flow. utilizes dams. d. all these. steel. c. iron. helium. d. plasma. liquid. c. semisolid. solid. d. gaseous. liquid. c. rocky & plastic semisolid. solid. d. gaseous. solid & brittle. c. rocky & plastic (semisolid). liquid. d. gaseous. solid & brittle. c. rocky & plastic (semisolid). liquid. d. gaseous. divergent. c. convergent. transform. d. all of these. divergent. c. convergent. transform. d. all of these. earthquakes. c. trenches. volcanoes. d. all of these. divergent boundaries. c. transform boundaries. convergent boundaries. d. all of these. divergent boundaries. c. transform boundaries. convergent boundaries. d. all of these. divergent boundaries. c. transform boundaries. convergent boundaries. d. all of these. Geologic Processes Unit Ans. # 57 Question Mid-ocean ridges occur at 58 Subduction zones occur at 59 Rift valleys are features of 60 Strike-slip faults are always found at 61 A crack or break in Earth’s crust is called a 62 Most active faults are located at or near 63 64 The Appalachian Mountains of Virginia are an example of Liquid rock below the surface is 65 Liquid rock above the surface is 66 Seafloor spreading is occurring 67 The first seismic wave to arrive is the 68 72 The ___ scale is used to measure earthquake magnitude. The process by which rocks are broken down physically and chemically is The process by which rock fragments are removed and deposited somewhere else is When rock fragments are moved by wind, water, or ice they settle out as Soil is made of 73 Soil ultimately begins as 74 Soil layers are called 75 Karst topography has many 76 Limestone is 77 79 The ability of sediment or rock to transmit liquids such as water is called If a material holds back liquids such as water, the material is said to be A valley that is U-shaped is a(n) ___ valley. 80 A valley that is V-shaped is a(n) ___ valley. 81 Identify the correct relative positions of groundwater zones. 82 The remains of life forms found in rock are 83 Nearly all fossils are found in 84 85 Placing events in a sequence without assigning a numerical age is A fossilized impression in a rock is a 86 Relative time is measured using 87 Placing a numerical age on something is 88 Material that fills a fossil mold is called a 89 Radioactive decay measures 69 70 Historic Geology Freshwater Processes 71 78 a. b. a. b. a. b. a. b. a. b. a. b. a. b. a. b. a. b. a. b. a. b. a. b. a. b. a. b. a. b. a. b. a. b. a. b. a. b. a. b. a. b. a. b. a. b. a. b. a. b. c. d. a. b. a. b. a. b. a. b. a. b. a. b. a. b. a. b. Answer Choices divergent boundaries. c. transform boundaries. convergent boundaries. d. all of these. divergent boundaries. c. transform boundaries. convergent boundaries. d. all of these. divergent boundaries. c. transform boundaries. convergent boundaries. d. all of these. divergent boundaries. c. transform boundaries. convergent boundaries. d. all of these. karst. c. mountain. cave. d. fault. the ocean. c. plate boundaries. the poles. d. the equator. fault block mountains. c. folded mountains. volcanic mountains. d. thrust mountains. lava. c. pyroclastic flow. magma. d. all of these. lava. c. pyroclastic flow. magma. d. all of these. in the Pacific Ocean. c. in the Indian Ocean. in the Atlantic Ocean. d. all of these. P wave c. R wave L wave d. S wave Saffir-Simpson c. Beaufort Fujita d. Richter weathering. c. volcanism. erosion. d. none of these. weathering. c. volcanism. erosion. d. none of these. sediment. c. solid rock. ash. d. water. rock fragments. c. weathered rock. humus. d. all of these. the A horizon. c. the C horizon. the B horizon. d. parent material. horizons. c. layers. strata. d. all of these. caves. c. limestone outcrops. sink holes. d. all of these. soluble in acidic water. c. soluble in alcohol. insoluble in any liquid. d. soluble in iron. porosity. c. transmission. permeability. d. wellability. impermeable. c. porous. permeable. d. imporous. continental c. glacier river d. island continental c. glacier river d. island Water Table – Zone of Saturation – Zone of Aeration Zone of Saturation – Zone of Aeration – Water Table Zone of Aeration – Zone of Saturation – Water Table Zone of Aeration – Water Table – Zone of Saturation fossils. c. coal. petroleum. d. all of these. igneous rock. c. sedimentary rock. metamorphic rock. d. lava. absolute time. c. about time. relative time. d. all of these. mold. c. bone. cast. d. skull. fossils. c. crosscutting relationships. superposition. d. all of these. absolute time. c. about time. relative time. d. all of these. mold. c. jellyfish. cast. d. water molecule. absolute time. c. about time. relative time. d. all of these. Historical Geology Unit Ans. # 90 Question Older rocks are on the bottom and younger rocks are on top. This describes ___ 91 Which of these is NOT a method of fossilization? 92 The estimated age of the Earth is __ years. 93 Virginia’s major rock and mineral resources include An estuary 94 Virginia Geology and the Chesapeake Bay 95 96 Which of these is NOT a physiographic province of Virginia? Virginia’s Coastal Plain lies over 97 The Piedmont of Virginia is characterized by 98 The oldest rocks in Virginia are found in the 99 Some rocks in the Blue Ridge have been 100 The Valley & Ridge province of Virginia is 101 The Appalachian Plateau is actually 102 104 Abundant limestone in the Valley & Ridge province of Virginia lead to The three regional watershed systems of Virginia lead to In Virginia, most of the fossils we find are 105 In Virginia, we can find fossils from 106 Most ocean waves are generated by 107 Gravitational pulls of the sun and moon cause 108 High and low tides occur about 109 The highest high tide is called 110 Generally, warm ocean water travels toward 111 Generally, cold ocean water travels toward 112 When the glacial ice caps melt 113 When the glacial ice caps grow 114 Upwellings 115 Algae in the ocean 116 Heat stored in the oceans causes Oceanography 103 Answer Choices c. superposition. d. superrelation. a. b. superstition. superstation. a. b. a. b. a. b. a. b. c. d. a. b. a. b. c. d. a. b. a. b. a. b. a. permineralization. c. freezing. mummification. d. incineration. 4.6 billion c. 3.8 billion 4.6 million d. 14 billion crushed stone for road-building. c. coal for energy. limestone for making concrete. d. all of these. is what the Chesapeake Bay is. is a body of water where salt and fresh water mix. is an area of varying salinity. all of these Coastal Plain c. Piedmont Valley & Ridge d. Tectonic Highlands unconsolidated sediments. eroded fragments from the Appalachians. young sediments. all of these. rolling hills. c. loess deposits. steep mountains. d. many deep valleys. Piedmont. c. Valley & Ridge. Blue Ridge. d. Coastal Plain. melted. c. metamorphosed. vaporized. d. all of these. a mile wide. c. sitting on folded & faulted rocks. 4 miles wide. d. used for cattle feed. a series of plateaus. sitting on flat sedimentary rocks. plateaus separated by faults. all of these. karst topography. c. rain on Sundays. migrating birds. d. all of these. the Chesapeake Bay. c. the Gulf of Mexico. North Carolina Sounds. d. all of these. dinosaurs. c. marine organisms. jellyfish. d. cows. the Paleozoic. c. the Cenozoic. the Mesozoic. d. all of these. earthquakes. c. wind. gravity. d. tides. earthquakes. c. wind. gravity. d. tides. 1 per day each. c. 3 per day each. 2 per day each . d. 4 per day each. spring tide. c. Christmas tide. neap tide. d. tide with bleach. the equator. c. the poles. rivers. d. lakes. the equator. c. the poles. rivers. d. lakes. sea levels fall. c. sea levels stay constant. sea levels rise. d. the oceans all dry up. sea levels fall. c. sea levels stay constant. sea levels rise. d. the oceans all dry up. bring nutrient-rich water to the ocean’s surface. are areas of intense biological activity in the ocean. are essential in the food chain of the ocean. all of these. produce oxygen for the atmosphere. are always bright green. are animals. none of these near shore climates to be different that continental interior climates. ocean currents. weather changes. all of these b. a. b. c. d. a. b. a. b. a. b. a. b. a. b. a. b. a. b. a. b. a. b. a. b. a. b. a. b. a. b. c. d. a. b. c. d. a. b. c. d. Unit Ans. # 117 Question Earth’s weather is driven by 118 Earth’s early atmosphere contained high levels of 119 Cyanobacteria consume ___ and release ___. 120 Another name for cyanobacteria is 121 The waste product of photosynthesis is 122 Animal life began to thrive after 123 Earth’s atmosphere is 124 The atmosphere of Venus is mostly 125 The atmosphere of Mars is 126 Dust and gasses are ejected into the atmosphere by Water vapor and carbon dioxide affect the ability of Earth’s atmosphere to absorb and retain Day-to-day changes in the conditions of the atmosphere is called Typical weather patterns for a location over a long period of time describes 127 128 Meteorology 129 130 The seasons change because of 131 Equatorial regions receive 132 Polar regions receive 133 To form a cloud 134 To form a cloud, air temperature must be 135 Four factors that influence climate are 136 Cloud droplets join together to form 137 Coriolis force causes winds to 138 Global wind patterns result from 139 In general, air rises at the __ and sinks at the __. 140 Earth’s climate zones are a. b. a. b. a. b. a. b. a. b. a. b. c. d. a. b. a. b. a. b. a. b. a. b. a. b. a. b. a. b. c. d. a. b. c. d. a. b. c. d. a. b. c. d. a. b. a. b. c. d. a. b. a. b. c. d. a. b. a. b. c. d. a. b. c. d. Answer Choices cosmic radiation. c. the oceans. continental drift. d. plate tectonics. water vapor. c. ammonia. carbon dioxide. d. all of these oxygen – carbon dioxide c. ammonia - oxygen carbon dioxide - oxygen d. nitrogen – oxygen blue-green algae. c. blue algae. green algae. d. Harry. oxygen. c. carbon dioxide. nitrogen. d. methane. cyanobacteria became plentiful enough for them to eat. cyanobacteria produced enough carbon dioxide. cyanobacteria produced enough oxygen. Professor Dumbledore waved his magic wand. where weather occurs. c. about 21% oxygen. about 78% nitrogen. d. all of these. ammonia. c. water vapor. carbon dioxide. d. sulfur dioxide. mostly carbon dioxide. c. mostly nitrogen. mostly oxygen. d. all of these. meteor impacts. c. human activities. volcanoes . d. all of these. heat. c. mineral dust. air. d. ocean salt. flooding. c. plate tectonics. weather. d. ozone. weather. c. ocean currents. climate. d. plate tectonics. Earth’s distance from the sun. Earth’s ocean currents. Earth’s axis tilt. melting of polar ice caps. more direct solar radiation. less direct solar radiation. deadly amounts of solar radiation. no solar radiation. more direct solar radiation. less direct solar radiation. deadly amounts of solar radiation. no solar radiation. the atmosphere must be cleared of all foreign matter. have an abundance of oxygen. have an abundance of nitrogen and carbon dioxide. have an abundant amount of condensation nuclei and water vapor. below the dew point c. above 100 degrees C above the dew point d. about 85 degrees F latitude, elevation, nearness to bodies of water and position relative to mountains. latitude, longitude, water in the air and solar radiation. longitude, water vapor, heat input and continent color. continent color, vegetation, rock types and air pressure. rain. c. snow. sleet. d. all of these. get stronger. get weaker. blow to the poles. deflect to the right or left in our hemispheres. even surface heating. c. ice cap depth. uneven surface heating. d. ocean depth. poles, equator ocean bottom, wave height equator, poles equator, oceans polar, temperate, oceanic. tropical, continental, polar. polar, eastern, western. polar, temperate, tropical. Astronomy Meteorology Unit Ans. # 141 Question Tornadoes are small areas of extreme 142 Hurricanes are massive areas of extreme 143 Low pressure in the Northern hemisphere spins 144 High pressure in the Northern hemisphere spins 145 The ozone layer is possibly being destroyed by 146 The theory that the universe began as a very hot, dense mass that exploded is The 147 148 The Solar Nebula Theory explains the formation of the The condensation of interstellar gas forms 149 The Hertzsprung-Russell diagram shows 150 Spiral, elliptical and irregular describe 151 Our star system is located in the 152 A light year is 153 We get most of our information about our galaxy and universe from 154 Earth’s position in the solar system is 155 Earth’s moon is 156 157 The fourth position in the solar system is occupied by The fourth planet from the sun is 158 The tilt of Earth on its axis causes 159 Equinoxes occur 160 Solstices occur 161 Earth __ on its axis. 162 Earth __ around the sun. 163 Relative positions during a Lunar eclipse: 164 Relative positions during a Solar eclipse: 165 High tides occur on Earth’s side ___ the moon. 166 Low tides occur on Earth’s side __ the moon. 167 Water occurs in all 3 states (solid, liquid, gas) on Earth because of Earth’s a. b. a. b. a. b. a. b. a. b. c. d. a. b. c. d. a. b. a. b. a. b. c. d. a. b. a. b. a. b. c. d. a. b. c. d. a. b. a. b. a. b. a. b. a. b. a. b. a. b. a. b. a. b. a. b. c. d. a. b. c. d. a. b. a. b. a. b. Answer Choices low pressure. c. moderate pressure. high pressure. d. no pressure. low pressure. c. moderate pressure. high pressure. d. no pressure. out of control. c. counterclockwise. clockwise. d. sideways. out of control. c. counterclockwise. clockwise. d. sideways. chlorofluorohydrocarbons. hydrologicyclecarbons. carboflarboharpocarbons. all of these. Expanding Universe Theory. Big Bang Theory. Theory of Relativity. Theory of Evolution. sun. c. universe. stars. d. planets. planets. c. stars. moons. d. the universe. star luminosity and temperature. spring tension rates. star temperature and position. the position of stars in the galaxy. stars. c. planets. moons. d. galaxies. Orion Nebula. c. Irregular Galaxy. Milky Way Galaxy. d. Globular Galaxy. a year’s worth of light on a surface. a year’s worth of light in space. the distance light travels in a year. the time it takes light to travel a mile. ground-based observations. psychics. books. TV. #1. c. #3. #2. d. #4. an artificial satellite. c. not really a satellite. a natural satellite. d. made of cheese. Pluto. c. The Asteroid Belt. Earth. d. Mars. Pluto. c. The Asteroid Belt. Earth. d. Mars. rain. c. the seasons. the oceans to expand. d. night and day. in spring & fall. c. every 4 years. in summer & winter. d. on April 15. in spring & fall. c. every 4 years. in summer & winter. d. on April 15. revolves c. speeds up rotates d. goes straight revolves c. speeds up rotates d. goes straight Moon – Earth – Sun. Earth – Sun – Moon. Earth – Moon – Sun. Mars – Moon – Jupiter. Moon – Earth – Sun. Earth – Sun – Moon. Earth – Moon – Sun. Mars – Moon – Jupiter. at right angles to c. on facing d. behind at right angles to c. on facing d. behind tectonic activity. c. ocean heat retention. active volcanoes. d. position in the solar system. Astronomy Unit Ans. # 168 Question The sun consists mostly of 169 The power of the Sun comes from 170 Planets in the solar system are of __ types. 171 The inner planets are 172 The outer planets are 173 Pluto has an 174 Moons of the planets 175 Comets orbit 176 Comets consist mostly of 177 Meteorites mostly come from 178 Asteroids are made of 179 The first people to land on the moon were from 180 Which of these has expanded our knowledge of the universe? a. b. a. b. a. b. a. b. a. b. a. b. a. b. c. d. a. b. a. b. a. b. a. b. a. b. a. b. c. d. Answer Choices Helium. c. Nitrogen. Oxygen. d. Hydrogen. nuclear fission c. nuclear winter. nuclear fusion d. nuclear families. 1 c. 3 2 d. 4 rocky. c. watery. gaseous. d. made of hydrogen. rocky. c. watery. gaseous. d. made of hydrogen. unknown composition. c. ocean of water. erratic rotation. d. atmosphere of oxygen. are all made of iron oxide. are all made of hydrogen. are all made of ice. have varying compositions. the moon. c. the Sun. Earth. d. Jupiter. water. c. steel. iron. d. frozen gases. the Sun. c. Pluto. asteroids. d. the stars. rock. c. water. frozen gas. d. soil. Apollo 11. c. Gemini 3. Apollo 1. d. Mercury 1. optical telescopes radio telescopes the Hubble Space Telescopes all of these Answer Key Q# 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 Ans. A B D A C A D D B C A B B D B D A C C D D B D A C C B C D B D B A D B C D D A A B B C C D Q# 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 Ans. C B A C A C A D B B D A B A C D C C B A B A D A B A D D A D A B A C B D A C B A D A B A C Q# 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 Ans. D A D D D D A B C C A A D C D C D B A A C B A D A D C D B A A C D B A D A B B C A B D B A Q# 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180 Ans. D D B C D A A C B A B D C A D B C A C B D D C A B B A A C B A D D B B A B A D C D B A A D