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18/19 The Beginnings of Modernization: Industrialization and Nationalism, 1800-1870 ©2004 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning™ is a trademark used herein under license. Britain in the Industrial Revolution The Industrial Revolution and Its Impact The Industrial Revolution in Great Britain Agricultural growth Population growth Able to produce goods cheaply Changes in Textile Production Flying shuttle James Hargreaves, spinning jenny, 1768 Edmund Cartwright, power loom, 1787 James Watt, rotary steam engine, 1782 Cotton textile production ©2004 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning™ is a trademark used herein under license. Industrialization of Europe Technological Changes Iron Industry Henry Cort, puddling Railroad Richard Trevithick, steam-powered locomotive George Stephenson, Rocket, 1830 Ripple effect Prices of goods fall; markets grow larger; increased sales mean more factories and machinery; thus, self-sustaining The Industrial Factory Workers in shifts Workers come from rural areas Regulations Henry Cort Richard Trevithick The Growth of Industrial Prosperity New Products and New Patterns Toward a World Economy Substitution of steel for iron Electricity Internal combustion engine Increased industrial production Germany replaces Britain as industrial leader Europe’s two economic zones Products from all over the world Europe dominates The Spread of Industrialization in Russian and Japan Women and Work: New Job Opportunities ©2003 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning ™ is a trademark used herein under license. Population Growth in Europe, 1820-1900 Spread of Industrialization Spread to Europe first Government role United States Internal transportation Labor The Social Structure of Mass Society The Elite The Middle Classes 5 percent of the population that controlled 30 to 40 percent of wealth Alliance of wealthy business elite and traditional aristocracy Upper middle class, middle middle-class, lower middle-class Professionals White-collar workers Middle class values in the Victorian period The Lower classes 80 percent of the European population Agriculture Skilled, semi-skilled, unskilled workers The Emergence of Mass Society New Urban Environment Growth of cities: by 1914, 80 percent of the population in Britain lived in cities (40 percent in 1800); 45 percent in France (25 percent in 1800); 60 percent in Germany (25 percent in 1800); and 30 percent in eastern Europe (10 percent in 1800) • Migration from rural to urban Improving living conditions • Boards of health set up • Clean water into the city • Expulsion of sewage Housing needs • V.A. Huber • British Housing Act, 1890, allowed town councils to construct cheap housing for workers The Experiences of Women Marriage and the Family Difficulty for single women to earn a living • Most women married Birth control • Female control of family size Middle-class family Margaret Sanger Founder of the 1st birth control clinic • Men provided income and women focused on household and child care • Fostered the idea of togetherness • Victorian ideas Working-class families • Daughters work until married • 1890 to 1914 higher paying jobs made it possible to live on the husband’s wages • Material consumption Movement for Women’s Rights Fight to own property Access to higher education by middle and uppermiddle class women Access to jobs dominated by men: teaching, nursing Demand for equal political rights Most vocal was the British movement Emmeline Pankhurst (1858-1928), Women’s Social and Political Union, 1903 Emmeline Suffragettes Pankhurst Support of peace movements The New Woman Bertha von Suttner Education in an Age of Mass Society In early 19th century reserved for elites or the wealthier middle class Between 1870 and 1914 most Western governments began to offer at least primary education to both boys and girls between 6 and 12 State teacher training schools Reasons: • Needs of industrialization • Need for an educated electorate • To instill patriotism Compulsory elementary education created a demand for teachers, most were women Leisure in an Age of Mass Society Created by the industrial system Transportation systems meant: Working class could go to amusement parks, dance halls, beaches, and team sporting activities Social Impact of the Industrial Revolution Population Growth and Urbanization European population 140 million in 1750 and 266 million by 1850 Decline of death rate Increased food supply Growth of cities • Poor living conditions • Sanitation poor Social Impact of the Industrial Revolution (cont.’d) New Social Classes: The Industrial Middle Class New Social Classes: The Industrial Working Class New bourgeois Constructed the factories, purchased the machines, figured out where the markets were Reduce the barriers between themselves and the landed elite Poor working conditions Women and children Efforts at Change Socialism Utopian socialists Limiting the Spread of Industrialization to the Rest of the World Russia was largely rural and agricultural ruled by an autocratic regime that preferred to keep peasants in serfdom India exported cotton cloth produced by hand labor Purchase British-made goods The National State Tradition and Change in Latin America Exportation of foodstuffs to Europe and the United States Importation of finished goods Overall situation: • • • • Largely rural Former slaves and Indians on the bottom Growth in the middle sectors of society Looked to the United States Working class expanded • Growth of the working class led to industrialization • Industrialization led to the growth of unions Elites still had the political influence Political Change in Latin America Franciso Madero Large landowners took a more direct interest in politics Land owners might support dictators to ensure their interests Porfirio Diaz, ruled Mexico from 1876 – 1910 Francisco Madero came to power Demands for agrarian reform led by Emiliano Zapata The United States becomes the power in the Porfirio Diaz west. Russia Assassination of Alexander II in 1881 Alexander III, 1881-1894, felt reform was a mistake Nicholas II, 1894-1917, wanted to rule with absolute power Growth in Marxist Social Democratic Party Revolt in 1905 Defeat of Russians by Japanese in 1904-1905 Results of antigovernment rebellions Reaction and Revolution: The Growth of Nationalism Conservative Order Vienna peace settlement, 1815 Prince Klemens von Metternich (1773-1859) Concert of Europe Forces for Change Liberalism • Protection of civil liberties • Guaranteed by a document • Right to vote to men of property only Nationalism • Common institutions, traditions, language, and customs • Each nationality should have a government • Becomes a threat to the existing order ©2004 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning™ is a trademark used herein under license. Centers of Revolt in 1848-49 Western Europe: The Growth of Political Democracy Britain France Two-party parliamentary system By 1918 all males, over 21 could vote; women over 30 By 1900 the emergence of the Labour Party Social Reforms that followed National Insurance Act, 1911 Constitution of 1875; the Third Republic formed Bicameral legislature, universal male suffrage, president, premier the leader of government Coalition governments had to be formed to stay in power Italy Industrial north and poverty-stricken south Turmoil of labor and industry The Revolutions of 1848 France Agricultural depression, 1846 Refusal to extend suffrage to the middle class King Louis-Philippe, 1830-1848, overthrown February 24, 1848 Provisional government, call for universal male suffrage Second Republic established, November 4, 1848 Charles Louis Napoleon Bonaparte elected president Revolution in Central Europe The German Confederation Prussian king, Frederick William IV, (1840-1861) Frankfurt Assembly: hopes and failures Revolution in Austria in March, 1848 Revolution in Italy Growth of Canada Quebec, Ontario, Nova Scotia, New Brunswick – 1870 Manitoba, British Columbia – 1871 William Laurier, 1896 Quebec Flag British Columbia Flag Independence and the Development of the National State in Latin America: Nationalistic Revolts Enlightenment affects the creole class European control weakened by Napoleonic Wars Mexico • Divisions within Mexico • Augustin de Iturbide, first emperor of Mexico, 1821 South America • José de San Martín (1783-1830) • Simón Bolívar (1783-1830) ©2004 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning™ is a trademark used herein under license. Latin America in the Early Nineteenth Century Difficulties of Nation Building Problems of independence Caudillos come to power Economic dependence Domination by the industrializing nations Source of raw materials and food for industrialized nations Domination by landed elites Nationalism in the Balkans: The Ottoman Empire and the Eastern Question Ottoman control of the Balkans wanes Crimean War, 1853-1855 Russians invaded Moldavia and Wallachia Ottoman Turks declare war, October, 4, 1853 Britain and France fear Russians would gain an advantage, declare war, March 28, 1854 The Crimean War Treaty of Paris, 1855 Crimean War destroyed the Concert of Europe Results of the war The Balkans in 1830 National Unification and the National State: 1848-1871 The Unification of Italy Count Camillo di Cavour (1810-1861) Alliance with the French against Austria Peace settlement: • Piedmont gets Lombardy • Other northern Italian states join Piedmont Guiseppe Garibaldi (1807-1882) Red shirts Capture The Kingdom of the Two Sicilies Land turned over to Pienmon King Victor Emmanuel II (1861-1878) New Kingdom of Italy proclaimed, March 17, 1861 The Unification of Italy The Unification of Germany King William I (1861-1888) Count Otto von Bismarck (1815-1898) Realpolitik Schleswig and Holstein annexed after the defeat of Denmark in 1864 Austro-Prussian War, 1866 North German Confederation Franco-Prussian War, 1870-1871 January 18, 1871, William I of Prussia named kaiser Made Second German Empire Affects of unification The Impact of Darwin: Social Darwinism and Racism Darwin’s ideas applied to human society Houston Stewart Chamberlain (1855-1927) Modern-day Germans the only pure successors of the Aryans Anti-Semitism In nineteenth century many Jews left the ghetto and became assimilated into the cultures around them Anti-Jewish parties 72 percent of world’s Jewish population lived in eastern Europe Movement to the United States and Palestine Theodor Herzl (1860-1904) ©2004 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning™ is a trademark used herein under license. Ethnic groups within the Austrian Empire Nationalism and Reform: Great Britain, France, the Austrian Empire, and Russia Great Britain Reform Act of 1832 Social and political reform in 1850s and 1860s France Louis Napoleon, Napoleon III (1852-1870) Economic growth and development Reconstruction of Paris Opposition grew in 1860s Austria Problems of ethnic nationalism Ausgleich, Compromise of 1867 creates a Duel Empire Russia Tsar Alexander II (1855-1881) Reforms 2004 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning™ is a trademark used herein under license. The United States and Canada in the Nineteenth Century Growth of the United States: Andrew Jackson (1767-1845) Slavery Jacksonian democracy Cotton economy of the South Northern fear that slavery would spread Abraham Lincoln and secession Civil War (1861-1865) War to save the Union Emancipation Proclamation, January 1, 1863 Rise of the United States Shift to an industrial nation, 1860-1914 By 1900 out produced Britain in steel Urbanization By 1900, the US was the world’s richest nation, but: 9 percent of population owned 71 percent of the wealth Unsafe working conditions, work discipline, and cycles of high unemployment led to unions The American Federation of Unions formed Progressive Era Reform Theodore Roosevelt (1901-1909), Woodrow Wilson (19131921) United States as a World Power Annexation of Samoan Islands, Hawaiian Islands and from the Spanish-American War acquisition of Cuba, Puerto Rico, Guam, and the Philippines The Emergence of a Canadian Nation Upper and Lower Canada Rebellions against the government United Provinces of Canada John Macdonald British North American Act, 1867 Cultural Life: Romanticism Characteristics of Romanticism Interest in the past Attraction to the exotic and unfamiliar Poetry ranked above all other forms • William Wordsworth (1770-1850) Believed that nature served as a mirror • Artistic expression was to reflect inner feelings • Eugene Delacroix (1798-1863) A New Age of Science Technological advances Louis Pasteur (1822-1895) -germ theory Dmitri Mendeleev (18341907) -- periodic law Acceptance of the scientific method Charles Darwin (1809-1882) -- organic evolution; survival of the fittest Realism in Literature and Art Rejected Romanticism Ordinary characters from natural life Gustave Flaubert (1821-1880) Madame Bovary Gustave Courbet (1819-1877) Realistic portrayals of life The Stonebreakers Organizing the Working Class Karl Marx (1818-1883) and Friedrich Engels (1820-1895), The Communist Manifesto German Social Democratic Party (SPD), 1875 In the Reichstag worked to pass legislation to improve the conditions of the worker 4 million votes in 1912 elections in Germany Second International Revisionists History is that of class struggles Overthrow the bourgeoisie Eventually there would be a classless society Reject revolutionary approach and believed in reform Trade Unions Right to strike in Britain gained in 1870s 4 million members by 1914 in Britain Russia Assassination of Alexander II in 1881 Alexander III, 1881-1894, felt reform was a mistake Nicholas II, 1894-1917, wanted to rule with absolute power Growth in Marxist Social Democratic Party Revolt in 1905 Defeat of Russians by Japanese in 1904-1905 Results of antigovernment rebellions Europe in 1871 The Impact of Darwin: Social Darwinism and Racism Darwin’s ideas applied to human society Houston Stewart Chamberlain (1855-1927) Modern-day Germans the only pure successors of the Aryans Anti-Semitism In nineteenth century many Jews left the ghetto and became assimilated into the cultures around them Anti-Jewish parties 72 percent of world’s Jewish population lived in eastern Europe Movement to the United States and Palestine Theodor Herzl (1860-1904) Impressionsim Outdoor paintings image of the senses Post Impressionism Showed chaos and complexity Monet Waterlillies Renoir- the skiff and the wave Gaugin in Tahiti Vangogh starry night, night in the cafe Discussion Questions Why did the Industrial Revolution emerge in Britain first? How did nationalism and liberalism contribute to the Revolutions of 1848? Compare and contrast the process of national unification in Italy and Germany. Describe the attitude of the Romantics toward nature and history.