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RPT605 2/23/15
Sustainable Development
Alternative and Sustainable Tourism
Learning Objectives
 Recognize the differences between mass and alternative tourism
 Provide examples of alternative tourism
 Define sustainable development
 Identify main components of SD
 Define sustainable tourism (ST)
 Identify main components of ST

Mass Tourism
 International phenomenon in 1960s
 Characteristics:
 Rapid development
 Socially/environmentally inconsiderable
 Unplanned/uncontrolled growth/development
 Short-term visit
 Large groups
 Packages/fixed trips
 Organized mass/individual tourists
Tourism Impacts
 Economic
 Positive – foreign exchange, GDP, jobs, taxes
 Negative – leakage, types of jobs, real estate speculations
 Environmental
 Positive – conservation and preservation
 Negative – pollution, physical/visual damage, resource extraction
 Socio-cultural
 Positive – culture preservation, revitalization
 Negative – erosion of local values, commoditization
Alternative Tourism
 International phenomenon after 1980s
 Characteristics:
 Slow development
 Socially/environmentally responsible
 Planned/controlled growth/development
 Long-term visit
 Small groups
 Independently arranged trips
 Drifters, explorers
 Adventure tourism
 Nature tourism
 Wildlife tourism
 Agritourism
 Cultural tourism
 Volunteer tourism
 Ecotourism
Sustainable Development
 1972 – The first World Summit on Human Environment
 1984 – The Brundtland Commission
 “development that meets the needs of the present without compromising the ability of the future
generations to meet their own needs”
 1992 –The World Summit on Environment and Development (Rio De Janeiro)
 2002 - The World Summit on Environment and Development (Johannesburg)
Sustainability components
 Economic sustainability
 Socio-cultural sustainability
 Environmental sustainability
Sustainable Tourism
 Based on sustainable development principles
 1996 - Agenda 21 for the Travel and Tourism Industry
 “Tourism that meets the needs of the present tourists and host regions while protecting and enhancing
opportunities for the future” (UNWTO, 2009)
 “Tourism that takes full account of its current and future economic, social and environmental impacts,
addressing the needs of visitors, the industry, the environment and host communities ” (UNWTO, 2013)
 Conservation & preservation
 Planning & design to enhance local landscape
 Control of tourism in local hands
 Supplement people’s income
 Community as a whole benefits
 Investments supporting local economy
Sustainability Issues
 Effects on tourism communities
 Sustaining tourism satisfaction
 Economic benefits of tourism
 Management
 Energy
 Water
 Waste
 Development/use intensity control
You should be able to:
 Recognize the differences between mass and alternative tourism
 Provide examples of alternative tourism
 Define sustainable development
 Identify main components of SD
 Define sustainable tourism (ST)
 Identify main components of ST