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Christopher Simmons Dept. of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences McGill University, 805 Rue Sherbrooke O., Montréal, QC H3A 2K6 Telephone: Office (514) 398-7448; Residence (514) 504-8889 Fax: (514) 398-6115 E-mail: [email protected] Website: www.esmg.mcgill.ca/Chris.htm (Home address: 3550 Ave. Lorne, Apt. 15, Montréal, QC, H2X 2A6) 1. Education 2008-Present: McGill University, Montréal, QC PhD in Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences, comprehensive examination passed, thesis in progress, supervised by L.A. Mysak and H.D. Matthews Expected Graduation: August 2012. (current GPA: 4.0/4.0) 2006-2008: McGill University, Montréal, QC MSc in Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences; Thesis (Dean’s Honour List), supervised by L.A. Mysak, Prof. (GPA: 4.0/4.0) 2003-2006: Western Illinois University, Macomb, IL BSc honors in Meteorology, minors in mathematics and history (GPA: 4.0/4.0) 2. Professional Positions Sept. 2008 – Present: Graduate Research Assistant, Early Anthropogenic Project, supervised by L.A. Mysak (Prof., McGill) and H.D. Matthews (Asst. Prof., Concordia) Sept. 2011 – Present: Concordia University Instructor, Geog 378 (The Climate System) Sept. 2010 – Dec. 2010: Teaching Assistant, Fall 2010, Natural Disasters (ATOC 185/EPSC 185), McGill University. Sept. 2009 – Dec. 2009: Teaching Assistant, Fall 2009, Introduction to Atmospheric Sciences (ATOC 181/210), McGill University. July 2008 – Present: Administrative Assistant for the International Association for the Physical Sciences of the Ocean (IAPSO) Presidency and the Earth Systems Modelling Group (McGill) Sept. 2006 – Aug. 2008: Graduate Research Assistant, principal researcher and coordinator of the Medieval Interiors Illumination Data Collection Project (directing a research team of four individuals in France, Germany, and Spain). Dec. 2004 – May 2006: Sept. 2001 – May 2006: Television Weather Forecaster and Presenter for WWIR-TV (Western Illinois), internship: weekly live, on-air forecasts. Undergraduate Research Assistant to Jongnam Choi, Assoc. Prof., principal researcher on the Campus Crime and Climate Project. 3. Service and Volunteer Work Aug. 2009 – Jan. 2011: McGill University Principal’s (President’s) Task Force for Diversity, Academic Excellence, and Community Engagement. (Montréal, QC). Oct. 2009: Department representative to the Post-Graduate Student Society Council (Montréal, QC). Sept.-Nov., 2007-2008: Founder and leader of the McGill’s graduate student forecasting group (http://www.esmg.mcgill.ca/forecast.htm) (Montréal, QC). Sept. 2007 – July 2009: Biweekly volunteer at an anonymous community peer counseling and referral service (Montréal, QC). Sept. 1999 – Aug. 2006: Tri States Radio/Audio Information Service, weekly radio broadcast for visually-impaired individuals (Macomb, IL) May 1999 – Aug. 2006: Severe Storm Spotter for the National Weather Service in the Quad Cities (Macomb, IL) 4. Other Work Experience July 2001 – July 2006: Experiment Field Hand, Pioneer Hi-Bred International Product Development and Delivery Centre (Adair, IL) 5. Peer-Reviewed Publications Simmons C, & Mysak L (2009) The transmissive properties of medieval stained glass in European churches. Submitted to Architectural Science Review (Aug. 2009) Simmons C, & Mysak L (2011) Stained glass and climate change: How are they connected? Atmosphere-Ocean, Accepted and in Press, May 2011. 6. Theses and Technical Reports Simmons, C. (2008). Fiat lux: Climatic considerations in medieval stained glass aesthetics. MSc Thesis, McGill University. <http://www.esmg.mcgill.ca/chris'%20cathedrals/Fiat%20Lux.pdf> Simmons, C. (2007). Let there be light: Stained glass and the late medieval climate transition. Centre for Climate and Global Change Research, Report 2007-1. Available <http://www.esmg.mcgill.ca/chris%27%20cathedrals/C2GCR%20Report%202007-1.pdf>. Simmons, C. (2006). The influence of latent heat and topography on the evolution of midlatitude tropical-like cyclones. BSc Geog. Thesis, Western Illinois University. <http://www.esmg.mcgill.ca/bscgeogthesis.pdf> Simmons, C. (2006). Climate Change and Medieval Sacred Architecture. BSc Honors Thesis, Western Illinois University. <http://www.esmg.mcgill.ca/bschonorsthesis.pdf> 7. Conferences and Presentations Simmons, C.T. ―An investigation of the Holocene’s natural carbon cycle using a model of intermediate complexity: The role of Southern Ocean overturning‖ (oral and poster conference and seminar presentations) o International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics Meeting 2011 (1 Jul.) in Melbourne, Australia o European Geosciences Union General Meeting 2011 (4 April) in Vienna, Austria. o International EMIC Workshop 2011 (18 Jan.) in Potsdam, Germany o Invited Seminar Lecture (in French) at the Institut Armand-Frappier (Parlons Sciences series) (12 Jan., 2011), Laval, QC o American Geophysical Union Fall Meeting 2010 (14 Dec.) in San Francisco, CA. o Canadian Meteorological and Oceanographic 2010 Annual Meeting (1 Jun, 2010) in Ottawa, ON. o Invited Seminar Lecture at the Université Catholique de Louvain (11 May, 2010) in Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium o European Geosciences Union General Meeting 2010 (7 May) in Vienna, Austria. Simmons, C.T. ―Stained glass and climate change: How are they connected?‖ (oral and poster conference presentations) o International Union of Geodesy and Geophysics Meeting 2011 (2 Jul.) in Melbourne, Australia o European Geosciences Union General Meeting 2010 (4 May) in Vienna, Austria. o Canadian Meteorological and Oceanographic Society 2010 Annual Meeting (1 Jun, 2010) in Ottawa, ON. o Canadian Space Agency Workshop (10 Feb., 2010) in Montréal, QC o American Geophysical Union Fall Meeting 2009 (18 Dec.) in San Francisco, CA. Simmons, C.T. ―Interactions of elevated supercells with the stable boundary layer: An observational study on the possible mechanisms for tornadogenesis in the Lawrence, Kansas Supercell of 12 March, 2006.‖ <www.esmg.mcgill.ca/supercell.pdf> o Canadian Space Agency Workshop (10 Feb., 2010) in Montréal, QC o MOCA-09 IAPSO-IAMAS-IACS Joint Assembly (20 Jul., 2009) in Montréal, QC. Simmons, C.T. (2009, 18 March) Temples of glass: Developing a relative transmissivity index for the in-situ analysis of medieval glazing. Presented at the McGill AOS student seminar series in Montréal, QC. <www.esmg.mcgill.ca/templesofglass.pdf> Simmons, C.T. (2008, 11 May). The Grisaille Revolution and Climate Change. Presented at the International Congress on Medieval Studies in Kalamazoo, MI. <http://www.esmg.mcgill.ca/chris'%20cathedrals/CIEM%20Presentation%20May%2011,%202008.pdf> Simmons, C.T. (2008, 9 April). Let there be light: climatic considerations in medieval stained glass aesthetics. Presented at the McGill AOS student seminar series in Montréal, QC. Simmons, C.T. (2006, 16 April). Hurricane Catarina and Mediterranean tropical-like cyclones: Genesis and maintenance. Presented at Western Illinois University Research Day in Macomb, IL. 8. Scholarships and Awards GEC3 Scholarship Award, $2000 CAD (Institutional), March 2011 McGill International Doctoral Award (MIDAS), $4450 CAD tuition waiver/year, McGill, Academic, 2008/09 - Present Provost’s Graduate Fellowship, $3000 CAD, McGill, Academic, 2008/09 Differential Fee Waiver, $3444 CAD Fall tuition reduction, Academic, 2007/10 Tomlinson Fellowship Renewal, $15000 CAD, McGill, Research, 2007/09 - 2008/09 McGill Graduate Studies Fellowship, $5000 CAD, McGill, Academic, 2007/09 McGill Graduate Studies Fellowship, $5000 CAD, McGill, Academic, 2006/10 Recruitment Excellence Fellowship, $5000 CAD, McGill, Academic, 2006/09 Tomlinson Fellowship, $15000 CAD, McGill, Research, 2006/09 - 2007/09 Meteorology Department Scholar, Western Illinois University, 2006/05 Phi Kappa Phi National Fellowship Nominee, Western Illinois University, 2005/12 First Place Illinois Centennial Honors College Writing Award, $25 USD, Western Illinois University, 2005/05 Sheila and Paul Nollen Phi Kappa Phi Scholarship, $500 USD, Western Illinois University, 2005/03 Senior Honors Scholarship, $600 USD, Western Illinois University, 2005/09 - 2006/05 Minority Achievement Textbook Scholarship, $200 USD/semester, Western Illinois University, 2004/09 - 2006/05 Frank W. Banks Memorial Scholarship, $1000 USD/year, Western Illinois University, 2003/09 - 2005/09 First State Bank of Western Illinois Scholarship, $700 USD, Regional Award, 2003/09 Most Outstanding Freshman Award, $300 USD, Western Illinois University, 2003/09 UPI Margaret Schmidt Scholarship, $1000 USD, Provincial (Statewide) Award, 2003/09 9. Current Research (english description) While the current debate on post-industrial anthropogenic climate change has captured the public imagination, climate scientists are becoming increasingly interested in the possibility that humans have been influencing the climate since long before fossil fuel consumption. Ruddiman and Thompson (Quaternary Science Review, 2001) and Ruddiman (Clim. Change, 2003) postulated that humans have potentially caused a substantial warming for the past 8000 years by introducing greenhouse gases (GHGs) into the atmosphere through their agricultural activities. In particular , agricultural burns and forest clearing provide an increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO 2) concentrations. In addition, human agriculture has contributed significantly to atmospheric methane (CH 4), another potent greenhouse gas, through rice paddy agriculture and ruminants (cattle and other livestock). In the absence of agricultural activities, Ruddiman (2003) suggested that atmospheric CO2 and CH4 should have eventually begun to steadily decline after the last ice age as happened following previous glacial terminations. Instead, CO 2 and CH4 increased substantially over the past 8000 years and 5000 years respectively. Furthermore, modeling studies (Ruddiman et al., Quat. Sci. Rev., 2005; Varvus et al. Quat. Sci. Rev., 2008, Kutzbach et al., Clim. Change, 2009) using reduced greenhouse gas concentrations showed that a substantial cooling (global annual-mean decrease of as much as 2-3ºC) might have occurred without the post-agricultural era anomaly. However, the relative importance of pre-industrial anthropogenic activities compared to natural mechanisms for climate change is not known. Broecker et al. (Geochem. Geophys. Geosys., 2001) suggested an ocean chemistry explanation for the observed divergence of GHG concentrations away from the natural decrease. Although Ruddiman (Rev. of Geophys., 2007) has rebutted Broecker’s methodological foundation, he conceded that human activities may not be responsible for the entire GHG increase and associated anomalous warming rise. Thus, the early anthropogenic hypothesis has provoked a challenging and intriguing debate concerning global climate change by suggesting that greenhouse gas concentrations have been influenced by human behaviour since the Neolithic period. Furthermore, an anthropogenic modification of the carbon cycle may have initiated a longer-term response to the ocean system, causing an even greater release of carbon to the atmosphere (Ruddiman 2007) My research aims to critically evaluate the validity of Ruddiman’s arguments by assessing the human contribution to the GHG anomalies. This is being done by incorporating broad land use changes during the past 8000 years into the UVic Earth System Climate Model (UVic ESCM) version 2.9. The advantages of using this particular model include its computational efficiency and the inclusion of dynamic vegetation and a full terrestrial and ocean carbon cycle. The model has also been used to explore land use-climate interactions in previous shorter-term climate change studies by cosupervisor Damon Matthews, one of the model’s developers. He has investigated agricultural change for the past 300 years, with particular interest in the expansion of agriculture during this time period in former European colonies. Matthews et al. (Clim. Dyn., 2004) has shown that agricultural activities likely provided an overall carbon dioxide-related warming of 0.15ºC, potentially consistent with Ruddiman (2003)’s hypothesis concerning agricultural alterations to the climate. Building on this past work, my Ph.D research will incorporate several thousand years of land use history and as well as a methane feedback into the model (at present, the UVic ESCM does not have an interactive methane cycle). The goal of this project is to determine, for the first time, the extent of climatological warming due to pre-industrial agricultural activity and how the global impacts of this warming may continue to affect ongoing climate change. Furthermore, the 2.9 version of the UVic ESCM represents important processes related to ocean sediment carbon, which will allow us to determine the relative importance of Broecker et al. (2001)’s alternative hypothesis to the observed CO2 increase. Extensive work on the model itself began in the Spring of 2009, with the aid of supervisors Dr. Lawrence Mysak and Dr. Damon Matthews. Simulations of the natural carbon cycle in the model without anthropogenic influences suggest that without some external forcing (such as human land use) atmospheric CO 2 should have decreased during the past 6000 years, consistent with Ruddiman’s claim. To explore the agricultural contribution to the carbon cycle, the HYDE 3.1 database described in Klein Goldewijk et al. (2010) provides important information on estimated global land use change during the past 10000 years, and it has already been adapted into a format that can be read by the UVic ESCM to simulate deforestation. The model’s treatment of the soil carbon cycle and irrigation is being modified to account for the altered carbon cycle for managed lands, and the use of maximum-possible deforestation scenarios will provide a first-order estimate of the contribution of early agriculture to increasing atmospheric CO2. After the CO2 experiments, the inclusion of a methane module in the UVic ESCM will provide a more complete assessment of the interactive effects of CO 2, CH4, and human activities on the earth’s climate system. 9. Recherche Actuelle (résumé français) Alors que les discussions au sujet des effets du changement climatique anthropique sur le climat mondial attirent l’attention du public, les chercheurs climatiques deviennent de plus en plus intéressés quant à la possibilité que les humains aient influencé le climat, et ce, longtemps avant l’époque de la consommation de combustibles fossiles. Ruddiman et Thompson (2001) et Ruddiman (2003) ont postulé que les humains auraient potentiellement causé un rechauffement considérable au cours des 8 000 dernières années par l’introduction des gaz à effet de serre dans l’atmosphère. Cette influence anthropique serait reliée aux activités agricoles. En particulier, le brûlage des déchets agricoles et la déforestation contribueraient à une augmentation du dioxide de carbone (CO2) atmosphérique. De plus, l’agriculture humaine, par les activités reliées à la culture du riz et l’élevage des ruminants (bovins et autres bestiaux, aurait contribué de façon significative à la formation de méthane atmosphérique (CH4), un autre gaz à effet de serre puissant. Ruddiman (2003) a suggéré que, en l’absence des activités agricoles, le CO 2 et le CH4 atmosphériques auraient éventuellement commencé à baisser progressivement après la dernière période glaciaire, tout comme ce fut le cas à la suite des dernières périodes glaciaires. Selon lui, les niveaux de CO 2 et de CH4 auraient notamment augmenté pendant les 8 000 dernières années (20 ppm) et les 5 000 dernières années (140 ppb) respectivement. En outre, les études de modélisation (Ruddiman et al., Qua. Sci. Rev., 2005; Varvus et al., Quat. Sci. Rev., 2008, Kutzbach et al., Clim. Change, 2009), basées sur des niveaux de gaz à effet de serre reduits, ont montré qu’un refroidissement considérable (aussi élevé que 2-3°C à l’échelle du globe) serait survenu en l’absence des anomalies reliées à l’agriculture post-industrielle. Néanmoins, l’importance relative des activités humaines pré-industrielles par rapport aux autres mécanismes naturels contribuant au changement climatique est peu connue. Broecker et al. (Geochem. Geophys. Geosys., 2001) ont suggéré une explication basée sur la chimie océanique pour expliquer l’augmentation des concentrations de gaz à effet de serre par rapport à ce que serait une baisse naturelle de ces mêmes concentrations. Même s’il a réfuté les fondements méthodologiques de Broecker, Ruddiman (2007) a admis que l’augmentation de CO 2 et le réchauffement qui y est associé pendant l’Holocène ne seraient probablement pas entièrement reliés aux activités humaines (Ruddiman 2007). L’hypothèse anthropique, en suggérant que les concentrations de gaz à effet de serre auraient été influencées par le comportement humain depuis l’époque néolithique, a provoqué un débat mobilisateur et intéressant. De plus, une modification anthropique du cycle du carbone aurait peut-être amorcé une réponse à long-terme dans le système océanique, conduisant ainsi à une augmentation plus grande du carbone dans l’atmosphère (Ruddiman, 2007). Ma recherche vise à évaluer d’une manière critique la validité des arguments de Ruddiman en prenant en considération l’impact qu’a eu l’activité humaine sur la présence d’anomalies dans les mesures de gaz à effet de serre, et ce, dans le contexte du cycle naturel du carbone. La présente étude vise à inclure des scénarios reliés à l’aménagement du territoire au cours des 8 000 dernières années à l’intérieur du modèle climatique UVic du système terrestre à complexité intermédiaire (Uvic ESCM version 2.9). Parmi les avantages de l’utilisation de ce modèle particulier, soulignons son efficacité de calcul et l’incorporation de la végétation dynamique et d’un cycle complet du carbone terrestre et oceanique. Le modèle UVic a également été utilisé afin d’explorer les interactions entre l’aménagement du territoire et le climat dans les études à court-terme réalisées par le Dr. Damon Matthews, un des chercheurs ayant collaboré à ce modèle. Le Dr. Matthews a étudié les changements agricoles des 300 dernières années en se concentrant sur l’augmentation de la production agricole dans les anciennes colonies européennes. Matthews et al. (Clim. Dyn., 2004) ont montré que les activités agricoles ont potentiellement contribué à un réchauffement de 0.15ºC relié au relâchement du carbone dans l’atmosphère, et ce, en allant dans le même sens que l’hypothèse de Ruddiman (2003) concernant les effets de l’agriculture sur le climat. En élaborant sur cet ouvrage précédent, ma recherche doctorale incorporera plusieurs données historiques relatives à des milliers d’années d’aménagement et d’utilisation du territoire (Klein Goldewijk et al. 2010; Stocker et al. 2010). Cette recherche inclura également du feedback relativement au méthane interactif, une donnée qui n’est pas présentement inclue dans le modèle UVic ESCM. Le but recherché consiste à examiner cet aspect du cycle du carbone et ses effets prononcés sur la température. Le but de cette recherche est aussi de déterminer, pour la première fois, dans quelle mesure le réchauffement climatique est du à l’activité agricole durant l’Holocene. L’objectif est également d’évaluer comment les effets globaux de ce réchauffement continuent d’influencer le changement climatique actuel. En outre, la version 2.9 du modèle UVic ESCM illustre des processus importants reliés aux sédiments de carbone océanique, ce qui nous permettra de déterminer l’importance relative de l’hypothèse alternative fournie par Broecker et al. (2001) dans l’augmentation du CO 2. Une recherche intensive portant sur le modèle a commencé au printemps 2009, et ce, avec l’aide et la supervision du Dr. Lawrence Myset et du Dr. Damon Matthews. Mes simulations portant sur l’inclusion du cycle naturel du carbone dans le modèle qui ne prend pas en compte les effets anthropiques suggèrent que, sans la présence de quelques forces externes (telles que l’aménagement et la gestion du territoire), les concentrations atmosphériques de CO 2 auraient dû baisser durant les 6 000 dernières années, et ce, en accord avec l’hypothèse de Ruddiman. En plus, ces résultats indiquent que les petits changements dans la circulation thermohaline peuvent avoir eu un grand effet mondial sur le cycle naturel du carbone (does not appear in the English version-But I have corrected this sentence in case you want to include it in the text). En explorant la contribution de l’activité agricole dans les concentrations de CO 2 du cycle du carbone, la base de données Hyde 3.1, décrite par Klein Goldewijk et al. (2010), fournit des renseignements importants sur l’aménagement global du sol au cours des 10 000 dernières années. Ces données ont déjà été adaptées dans un format qui peut être lu par le modèle UVic ESCM afin de simuler la déforestation. Le traitement que fait le modèle du cycle du carbone du sol et de l’irrigation est en cours de modification afin de prendre en considération le cycle altéré du carbone pour les territoires aménagés. Ces modifications, de même que l’utilisation des scénarios de déforestation maximum, fourniront une estimation de premier plan relativement à la contribution de l’agriculture primitive à l’augmentation du CO2 atmosphérique. Après les expériences portant sur le CO2, l’inclusion d’un module relatif au méthane dans le modèle UVic ESCM donnera une évaluation plus complète encore des effets interactifs du CO2 du CH4 et des activités humaines sur le système climatique de la Terre. 10. Organizations American Geophysical Union (2009-Present) Phi Kappa Phi (2004-2009) Council of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences (CAOS) Graduate Student Society (2006Present) 11. Languages English—Advanced Fluency (Native Tongue) French—Intermediate Fluency Modern Greek—Basic Communication Italian—Basic Communication 12. Technology Fluency in Fortran, IDL, UNIX(bash), HTML Close familiarity in graphical user interfaces of Microsoft, Adobe, and macintosh systems and programs. Some familiarity with C, Matlab, Java and Latex.