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Conquistadores
• “To serve God and his
majesty, to give light to
those who were in darkness
and to grow rich as all men
desire to do.”
• Hernán Cortez
• Francisco Pizarro
• Ponce de Leon
• Cabeza de Vaca
• Hernando de Soto
• Francisco Vázquez de
Coronado
Cortez
•April 21, 1519 he landed at Veracruz.
• Cortez sent a ship back to Spain and
burned the rest to avoid a mutiny.
•Cortez allied with enemies of the
Aztecs as he marched with his men to
Tenochtitlan.
•Cortez took 600 men, 15 horsemen,
and 15 cannons, along with 3,000
Tlaxcalteca warriors to Cholula where
Cortez ordered thousands murdered
before he burned part of the city.
•November 8, 1519: Cortez and his large
force arrive at Tenochtitlan and are
welcomed peacefully.
•The Aztecs gave the Spanish much gold
and more was plundered before Cortez
took Montezuma, the Aztec king,
hostage.
•Cortez fought both opposing Spanish
armies and the Aztec before his force
and native allies defeated the Aztec in
1521.
Ponce de Leon
• Fought for the Spanish
against the Moors in the
Reconquista of 1492.
• September 1493: Joined
Columbus’ 2nd expedition
to the New World.
• Became the first governor
of Puerto Rico.
• Led the first European
expedition of Florida and
is associated with the
legend of the Fountain of
Youth.
Cabeza de Vaca
Hernando de Soto
• 1514: Sailed to New
World.
• Captain in De Soto’s
army and a hero of
the conquest.
• Inspired by de Vaca,
in May 1539 he
landed 9 ships with
620 men and 220
horses in Florida.
De Soto (continued)
• Inspired by de Vaca he
landed in Florida with a
large expedition.
• Explored portions of
Georgia, the Carolinas,
Tennessee, Alabama,
Mississippi, Arkansas,
Oklahoma, Louisiana, and
Texas.
• Discovered the
Mississippi River.
• Hostile relations with
Indians.
1519-1522
Francisco Vázquez de Coronado
• 1535: Left Spain for Mexico.
• Governor of a province of
New Spain who sent an
expedition led by Friar
Marcos de Niza and
Estevanico (the slave)
toward New Mexico.
– De Niza returned and told
about Cibola, a city of gold
from which you could see the
Pacific Ocean.
• Coronado began to
assemble a new expedition
to find the fabled Seven
Golden Cities.
• 1540-1542: Explored New Mexico and the
Southwest.
• “Conquered” Cibola which was not rich.
• Explored the Zuni, Colorado, and Rio Grande
Rivers and found the Grand Canyon.
• The search for Quivira (a region rumored to
be rich and full of gold) took Coronado all the
way to Kansas. He found mostly poor tribes
and pueblos.
• Encountered Zuni, Quivira (Wichita), and
Hopi Indian tribes and began both conquests
and conversions to Christianity.
Viceroyalty of New Spain
• 1535-1821.
• Viceroy in Mexico City governed territory in
the name of the King of Spain.
• Created to keep control of new territory for
Spain and out of the hands of men like Cortez.
• Viceroy’s sent explorer’s, increased lands, and
increased the wealth of the new territories
and the Spanish Empire.
Native Slaves
• Natives were
captured and
forced to workfields, mines, etc.
• Disease and
overwork killed
many natives.
• New slaves were
needed.
• Begun by the Portuguese.
• Africans were resilient to diseases that Natives
of the Americas were not.
• Worked sugar cane fields.
• Brought by the millions to the New World.
Encomienda
• Spain granted a specific
number of natives.
• Teach the natives Spanish
and Catholicism; in
exchange the natives
lived and worked on the
person’s land.
• Encomiendas were given
to conquistadors,
soldiers, and even royal
natives.