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National Security Policymaking 18 Video: The Big Picture 18 http://media.pearsoncmg.com/ph/hss/SSA_SHARED_MED IA_1/polisci/presidency/Edwards_Ch18_National_Security_ Policymaking_Seg1_v2.html Learning Objectives 18.1 18.2 18 Identify the major instruments and actors in making national security policy Outline the evolution of and major issues in American foreign policy through the end of the Cold War Learning Objectives 18 18.3 Explain the major obstacles to success in the war on terrorism 18.4 Identify the major elements of U.S. defense policy Learning Objectives 18.5 18.6 18 Analyze the evolving challenges for U.S. national security policy Assess the role of democratic politics in making national security policy and the role of national security policy in expanding government Video: The Basics 18 http://media.pearsoncmg.com/ph/hss/SSA_SHARED_MED IA_1/polisci/presidency/Seg2_ForeignDefense_v2.html American Foreign Policy: Instruments, Actors, and Policymakers Instruments of Foreign Policy Actors on the World Stage The Policymakers 18.1 Instruments of Foreign Policy Military War, threat of war Economic Almost as important as war Sanctions, tariffs, regulations Diplomatic Treaties, summit talks First option 18.1 Actors on the World Stage International organizations United Nations 18.1 UN health programs 18.1 Actors on the World Stage Regional organizations NATO, EU Multinational corporations Nongovernmental organizations Terrorists Individuals 18.1 The Policymakers President Chief diplomat/Commander in chief Treaties, executive agreements Diplomats State Dept./Secretary of State Bureaucratic and intransigent National security establishment Joint Chiefs of Staff Secretary of Defense CIA Congress 18.1 Foreign policy makers 18.1 18.1 Who’s the president’s main foreign policy adviser? a. Secretary of state b. Secretary of defense c. Vice president d. Secretary of war 18.1 18.1 Who’s the president’s main foreign policy adviser? a. Secretary of state b. Secretary of defense c. Vice president d. Secretary of war 18.1 American Foreign Policy Through the Cold War Isolationism The Cold War 18.2 Isolationism 18.2 Foreign policy doctrine until World War II Monroe Doctrine FIGURE 18.1: U.S. military interventions in Central America and the Caribbean since 1900 18.2 Isolationism 18.2 Foreign policy doctrine until World War II League of Nations United Nations The Cold War Containment Stop spread of communism Brinkmanship Arms race/MAD 18.2 Berlin Wall 18.2 The Cold War Vietnam War Era of détente Reagan rearmament Final thaw in the Cold War 18.2 Berlin Wall falls 18.2 18.2 Why didn’t the U.S. join the 18.2 League of Nations? a. President Wilson refused to sign the treaty b. The U.S. was not invited to join c. The Senate refused to ratify the treaty d. The U.S. did join the League of Nations 18.2 Why didn’t the U.S. join the 18.2 League of Nations? a. President Wilson refused to sign the treaty b. The U.S. was not invited to join c. The Senate refused to ratify the treaty d. The U.S. did join the League of Nations Video: In Context 18.2 http://media.pearsoncmg.com/ph/hss/SSA_SHARED_MED IA_1/polisci/presidency/Seg3_ForeignDefense_v2.html American Foreign Policy and the War on Terrorism Spread of Terrorism Afghanistan and Iraq 18.3 Spread of Terrorism 18.3 9/11 not first attack Difficult to defend against in open society Stealth, surprise, willingness to die Improved security and intelligence Clash with civil liberties 18.3 Afghanistan and Iraq U.S. declares war on terrorism Axis of evil Iran, Iraq, North Korea Nation building Anti-American sentiments 18.3 18.3 Why haven’t we yet won the war 18.3 on terror? a. Al Qaeda has fragmented but still exists, despite the killing of Osama bin Laden b. Al Qaeda has moved to Pakistan, where it enjoys high-level government support c. Anti-American sentiment has grown in the Muslim world due to U.S. military action in the Middle East d. All of the above 18.3 Why haven’t we yet won the war 18.3 on terror? a. Al Qaeda has fragmented but still exists, despite the killing of Osama bin Laden b. Al Qaeda has moved to Pakistan, where it enjoys high-level government support c. Anti-American sentiment has grown in the Muslim world to due to U.S. military action in the Mid East d. All of the above Video: In the Real World 18.3 http://media.pearsoncmg.com/ph/hss/SSA_SHARED_MED IA_1/polisci/presidency/Seg5_ForeignDefense_v2.html Defense Policy Defense Spending Personnel Weapons Reforming Defense Policy 18.4 Defense Spending Guns v. butter Is there a trade-off? Ideological disputes Where the real guns v. butter battle takes place Peace dividend v. jobs 18.4 FIGURE 18.2: Trends in defense spending 18.4 Personnel Large standing military 1.4 million active duty 847,000 National Guard and reserves 300,000 deployed abroad National Guard maintains national security 18.4 FIGURE 18.3: Size of the armed forces 18.4 Weapons Nuclear weapons ICBMs Submarine-launched ballistic missiles Strategic bombers Weapons are expensive $2 billion to build a stealth bomber $5.5 trillion Arms reduction treaties 18.4 INF treaty 18.4 Reforming Defense Policy Changing nature of threats Lighter, faster, more flexible Better intelligence Increased use of Special Forces 18.4 18.4 How many active duty troops does the U.S. currently maintain? a. 847,000 b. 562,000 c. 1.4 million d. 1.2 million 18.4 18.4 How many active duty troops does the U.S. currently maintain? a. 847,000 b. 562,000 c. 1.4 million d. 1.2 million 18.4 Explore Foreign and Defense Policy: How Much Does America Spend on Defense? 18.4 http://media.pearsoncmg.com/long/long_edwards_mpslgi a_16/pex/pex18.html The New National Security Agenda Changing Role of Military Power Nuclear Proliferation International Economy Energy Foreign Aid 18.5 Changing Role of Military Power Soft power versus hard power Humanitarian interventions Increasingly necessary Violate sovereignty Can cost American lives Economic sanctions Influence behavior without force Cut off aid, trade embargoes Mixed record of success 18.5 Nuclear Proliferation 9 nuclear powers United States, Russia, Britain, France, China, India, Pakistan, North Korea, Israel How to prevent more? Special concerns about Iran, North Korea, Pakistan 18.5 FIGURE 18.4: The spread of nuclear weapons 18.5 The International Economy 18.5 Interdependency International Trade Globalization of financial markets Nontariff barriers to trade Balance of Trade What we buy from them versus what they buy from us $558 billion deficit in 2011 McDonaldization 18.5 Energy OPEC has us over a barrel (of oil) Dependence on foreign oil Trade embargo Middle East controls world’s oil reserves Saudi Arabia 25% Kuwait 10% U.S. imports 50% of oil it uses 18.5 Foreign Aid Developing world Humanitarian Stabilization Access to raw materials Forms of foreign aid Grants, credits, loans, loan forgiveness Military assistance Agricultural assistance Medical care Unpopular 18.5 18.5 What percentage of GDP is spent on economic and humanitarian foreign aid? a. 3% b. 5% c. 1% d. 10% 18.5 18.5 What percentage of GDP is spent on economic and humanitarian foreign aid? a. 3% b. 5% c. 1% d. 10% 18.5 Explore the Simulation: You Are the President of the United States During a Foreign Policy Crisis 18.5 http://media.pearsoncmg.com/long/long_longman_media _1/2013_mpsl_sim/simulation.html?simulaURL=20 Understanding National Security Policymaking National Security Policymaking and Democracy National Security Policymaking and the Scope of Government 18.6 Video: Thinking Like a Political Scientist 18.6 http://media.pearsoncmg.com/ph/hss/SSA_SHARED_MED IA_1/polisci/presidency/Seg4_ForeignDefense_v2.html National Security Policymaking and Democracy 18.6 Are international relations undemocratic? Citizens not as interested or knowledgeable Decision makers unelected Policymakers responsive in long run Democracies rarely go to war Congress holds purse strings Pluralism is pervasive Bureaucracy and the Scope of Government Superpower status War on terror World’s policeman Globalization Global warming 2 million employed in Dept. of Defense 18.6 18.6 Why is foreign policy considered undemocratic? a. Policymakers not elected b. Public not as knowledgeable c. Congress plays smaller role d. All of the above 18.6 18.6 Why is foreign policy considered undemocratic? a. Policymakers not elected b. Public not as knowledgeable c. Congress plays smaller role d. All of the above 18.6 Discussion Questions How has national security policy evolved since World War II? What effects did the end of the Cold War and the commencement of the war on terrorism have on national security policy? 18 Video: So What? 18 http://media.pearsoncmg.com/ph/hss/SSA_SHARED_MED IA_1/polisci/presidency/Edwards_Ch18_National_Security_ Policymaking_Seg6_v2.html Further Review: On MyPoliSciLab Listen to the Chapter Study and Review the Flashcards Study and Review the Practice Tests 18
