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Chapter 8 - Cellular Energy - Study Guide
1. Explain what happens during the light-independent reactions of photosynthesis.
The carbon in CO2 is used to make the beginning of glucose. Glucose is ultimately made
outside of the chloroplast.
2. Why do C4 plants keep their stomata closed during hot days?
On hot days, C4 plants keep their stomata closed to minimize evaporation.
3. What does anaerobic and aerobic mean? Is glycolysis an anaerobic or an aerobic process?
Anaerobic is without oxygen/Aerobic is with oxygen.
Glycolysis is anaerobic.
4. How many turns of the Kreb's Cycle for one molecule of glucose?
2 Turns of the Krebs Cycle
5. What does the 1st and 2nd Law of Thermodynamics state?
1st – Energy can neither be created nor destroyed – only transferred from one form to another.
2nd – “Some energy is lost as heat, an increase of entropy of in a system”
6. What is a chemoautotroph?
Are organisms that obtain energy by the inorganic substances in their environments such as
hydrogen sulfide.
7. Describe what happens when ATP converts back to ADP and then back to ATP.
A phosphate is added to ADP to produce ATP, requiring energy – while a phosphate is removed
from ATP to produce ADP, releasing energy – bond between 2 and 3rd phosphate group is
broken.
8. Draw the process of glycolysis? What type of cell does it occur in?
Glucose splits in two 3 Carbon compounds – pyruvic acid – if oxygen is present will go into
mitochondria and into the Kreb’s cycle. If not ,it will go into the fermentation process.
Plant and animal cells and in many other organisms.
9. Is photosynthesis and cellular respiration - anabolic or catabolic?
Photosynthesis – anabolic “builds up” makes glucose; Cellular Respiration – catabolic “tears
down” glucose into a form of energy that can be used ATP.
10. Where does the oxygen used in cellular respiration end up?
Protons and electrons join with oxygen to produce water.
11. What is the final electron acceptor in the electron transport chain?
Oxygen
12. In what organisms does alcoholic fermentation take place in? Yeasts and some bacteria
13. What transport processes required energy? Exocytosis, sodium-potassium pump, diffusion
or mitosis? Out of the list only diffusion does not require energy.
14. What energy is used to fuel the Calvin cycle and where did it come from ?
In the bonds of ATP and NADPH that were “recharged” during the light dependent reactions.
15. What is the main purpose of the Calvin cycle?
The Calvin cycle takes the energy produced in the light reactions and stores it in the bonds in
glucose.
16. What is a substrate used in cellular respiration?
The products of photosynthesis are the substrates used in cellular respiration.
17. What is an example of chemical energy converted into mechanical energy?
Muscle Contraction
18. Why are chloroplasts found mainly in the leaves of plants?
Chloroplasts are organelles found in plant cells and eukaryotic algae that conduct
photosynthesis. Chloroplasts capture light energy from the Sun to produce the energy for
plants. Leaves have large surfaces, which act as light collectors for plants.
19. How does structure enhance function in the mitochondria and chloroplasts?
Thylakoids are a membrane-bound compartment inside the chloroplasts. The membrane is
folded repeatedly into a stack of disks called grana that look like a stack of pancakes. The
membrane provides a large surface area for photosystems I & II and serves as a membrane
through which electrons flow during chemiosmosis.
20. What is the most abundant pigment in the leaves of trees?
Chlorophyll is the most common photosynthetic pigment found in plants and has a green color.
Other pigments become visible in leaves only when chlorophyll breaks down.
21. Describe what happens during chemiosmosis?
A gradient of hydrogen atoms builds up across the thylakoid membrane. The hydrogen atoms
then diffuse down their concentration gradient from the thylalkoid into the stroma, generating
ATP.
22. What is the second step in the Calvin Cycle? Correction
Chemical energy form ATP and NADPH is transferred to 3 – PGA molecules to form the highenergy molecules G3P.
23. What photosynthetic pathway might a cactus use? CAM carbon fixation is a metabolic
pathway used by some groups of land plants including cacti that commonly experience drought
and high temperature.
24. What replaces the electrons that are lost when light strikes chlorophyll molecules?
Water molecules
25. What happens when an aerobic organism is placed in an anaerobic environment?
Oxygen is the final electron accepter in the electron transport chain. In the absence of oxygen
the electron transport chain cannot operate, which stops the citric acid cycle (and the
production of ATP) leading to death.