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Importance of ideological control of a populace Protected by mtns to the north Dependent on monsoons for their weather (monsoon = seasonal wind) Indus River was very unpredictable •EARLIEST EXAMPLE OF INDIAN CULTURE •URBAN SOCIETY – VERY COMPLEX •NO LARGE MONUMENTAL ARCHITECTURE (NO EVIDENCE OF PALACES OR TEMPLES) •FIRST INDOOR SANITATION SYSTEMS •STANDARD WEIGHTS AND MEASURES •BY 1700 BC, THEY HAD DISAPPEARED CEMETERY H CULTURE (cremation, breakdown of trade networks) GANDHARA CULTURE (terracotta figurines, simple dot designs) OCHRE COLOURED POTTERY CULTURE (may be the last remains of Harappan culture or entirely separate – who knows?) CEMETERY H CULTURE OCHRE COLOURED POTTERY EMERGED AROUND 1700 BC ASSOCIATED WITH THE ARYAN INVASIONS OF INDIA VEDAS WERE THEIR SACRED LITERATURE ARYANS - tall, light skinned, different language, no writing, heroic gods, wealth = cows DASAS – dark skinned, town dwellers, lifegiving gods Brahmins (priests) - MOUTH Kshatriyas (rulers and warriors) – ARMS Vaishyas (peasants and traders) – LEGS Shudras (laborers) – FEET “Untouchables” Made impure because of their work (grave diggers, butchers, trash collectors) BRAHMINS KSHATRIYAS VAISHYAS UNTOUCHABLES Chandragupta Maurya Raised a large army due to heavy taxes Defeated the Macedonians and united the Indian subcontinent by the age of 20 Bureaucracy – modeled after the Persians Asoka Devout Buddhist – promoted religion & tolerance Benevolent ruler Extensive public works builder (roads, rest stops) Founded by Chandra Gupta I who was not related to Chandragupta Maurya 1st three emperors of this empire saw great achievements in art, literature, and religion The Guptas extended control to the western coast of India, thus enabling maritime trade with the Mediterranean Writing academies Traveling drama groups Astronomy Seven day week Invented zero and calculated pi (π) Middlemen along the Silk Road Rise in banking