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Name________________________________ STUDY GUIDE FOR SOCIAL STUDIES MIDTERM For each paragraph, write one thoughtful Costa’s Level Question, highlight four key words; and draw one neat, detailed sketch Pages to review: 40, 41, 51, 52, 53, 59, 60, ARCHAEOLOGY AND EARLY HUMANS To learn about ancient human cultures, archaeologists look at fossils, which are the remains or imprints of plants and animals, and artifacts, which are human made objects. For example, archaeologists have studied the bones of a skeleton dated as three million years old; they even gave her a name—Lucy! Early humans were hunter-gatherers, and survived each day by finding animals and plants to eat. This was a nomadic lifestyle, as bands of hunter-gatherers had to migrate in search of food sources. Stone tools excavated at another site helped archaeologists learn that early humans, called “handy humans”, made and used tools. Later, “upright man” learned to make fire to keep warm and to cook food, and “wise man” made clothing from animal hides, and carved bones and antlers into fishhooks, needles, and spears. Bands of early humans worked together to survive, and demonstrated caring for others by burying their dead with flowers. Cave painters demonstrated and appreciation of beauty by painting lifelike pictures of horses, deer, and bison, discovered in Lascaux, France. As hunter-gatherers settled down, they learned how to modify their environment. They began to domesticate animals and plants; by planting seeds and raising animals such as sheep and goats, they were able to settle down in one location. Agriculture resulted in a food surplus; there was an extra amount, more than was needed to feed a small group, and they were able to store some food for the days to come. Historians use several additional sources to learn about the past. During prehistory (the time before writing), people used Oral Tradition or oral history (storytelling) to pass on their knowledge to future generations. Primary Sources are first-hand sources from the time and place being studied, so the person who created the source was a witness to history. Secondary Sources are generated by those who have studied Primary Sources, and created informative materials to share with others. For each paragraph, write one thoughtful Costa’s Level Question, highlight four key words; and draw one neat, detailed sketch Name________________________________ STUDY GUIDE FOR SOCIAL STUDIES MIDTERM Pages to review: 61, 65, 66, 67, 83, 84, 85, 89, 90, 91, 93, 102, 115, 122 MESOPOTAMIA Mesopotamia means “the land between the rivers,” the Tigris and Euphrates rivers. Summers were hot and dry, but spring and fall brought floods. Sumerians adapted by creating canals with gates to allow gravity to pull the water down to the fields, and artificial ponds to hold excess water. All of this combined to form an irrigation system, to bring river water to the fields for farming. Farmers produced a surplus of food, so city dwellers could do other jobs and trade for food. Sumerian city-states were self-governing units made up of the city and nearby lands. The city-states of Sumer represent a civilization, a complex society with a stable food supply, specialized labor, government, social levels, and a highly developed culture. The Sumerians invented writing. The first symbols were pictographs of traded items. The later system of wedge-shaped writing was called cuneiform. Scribes were employed, since few people could read and write. The first empires were created in Mesopotamia. Hammurabi, a Babylonian emperor, was widely known for creating a Code of Laws to help people live responsible, lawful lives. A later Babylonian emperor, Nebuchadnezzar, created beautiful landmarks such as the Ishtar Gate and the Hanging Gardens of Babylon. Another important empire was Assyria, a fierce and powerful empire; one of the Assyrian emperors also gathered cuneiform tablets together and built a library! The people of Ancient Mesopotamia had many achievements, such as introducing place value and dividing the hour into sixty minutes. They also developed calendars! Name________________________________ STUDY GUIDE FOR SOCIAL STUDIES MIDTERM For each paragraph, write one thoughtful Costa’s Level Question, highlight four key words; and draw one neat, detailed sketch Pages to review: 41, 147, 156, 158, 159, 160, 166, 173, 175, 176 EGYPT The Nile flows north for 4,000 miles, from its source in the mountains of East Africa to its outlet in the Mediterranean Sea. Egypt gets almost no rain, so the lives of the Egyptians depend on the Nile. Among the gifts that the Nile gave to the Egyptians were the seasonal floods, mud, silt, fish, ducks, geese, and papyrus. The Egyptian religion was based on a belief in the afterlife. To prepare for this, a body was mummified to protect it from decay. Many everyday objects went into the tomb along with the body, including food, drink, jewelry, and games. Egyptians were polytheistic, believing in many gods, such as Osiris, who was linked with death and the afterlife, and Ra, a creator and ruler. Ancient Egyptians created a kind of picture writing called hieroglyphics. The key to understanding hieroglyphics was a stone slab found near the village of Rosetta. It had writing in hieroglyphics, Greek, and Egyptian cursive, so scholars were able to decode hieroglyphics and translate the many writings Ancient Egyptians had left behind. Ancient Egypt is divided into the time periods of the Old Kingdom, Middle Kingdom, and New Kingdom. During the new kingdom, Egyptians began to call their rulers pharaohs. The pharaoh was considered to be a god on earth. Hatshepsut was a great pharaoh; the half sister of Thutmose II, she ruled for twenty years, building a great temple and many obelisks, and sending out major trading expeditions. Ramses II ruled for many years. He created the temple at Abu Simbel, which had giant representations of him guarding it. Egyptians were skilled architects, sculptors, and engineers. They created a more accurate lunar calendar than the Babylonians, based on the bright star, Sirius, and a handbook for surgeons describing common illnesses and treatments. Along the Nile Valley south of Egypt stretched Nubia, a land with gold and ivory. A kingdom of Nubia was Kush. They frequently traded with Egypt, and were greatly influenced by the culture of the Egyptians, including their beliefs, their writing, and their crafts. For each paragraph, write one thoughtful Costa’s Level Question, highlight four key words; and draw one neat, detailed sketch Name________________________________ STUDY GUIDE FOR SOCIAL STUDIES MIDTERM Pages to review: