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The Age of Religious Wars and European Expansion Chapter 15 1. Discovery, Reconnaissance, and Expansion in 1450 – 1650. - Discovery – Since there was a phenomenal advance in geographical knowledge and technology. - Reconnaissance – By 1650, Europeans had made a lot of preliminary exploration and they had sketched fairly accurately the outline of the whole earth. - Expansion – After the discoveries a lot of Europeans migrated to other parts of the world. 2. The Overseas Exploration - Vikings in 9th and 10th century – discovered Greenland and North America and settled in Iceland, Ireland, England, Normandy, and Sicily. - The Crusades – 11th to 13th century. 3. Portugal - The location of Portugal was of great importance as it is situated on the southwestern edge. Still insignificant as European land Portugal sought greatness in the world of overseas. - In 1499 Vasco da Gama reached India and brought spices and Indian clothes ti Lisbon. - By 1500 Portugal controlled the flow of gold to Europe. - Later Lisbon became the entrance port for Asian goods into Europe. 4. Advances in Technology - Canons were getting more and more advanced so they became small and light enough to be used at sea. - The ships used by Europeans were called galleys. - The Portuguese developed the caravel, which was a lighter and smaller fitted with canons. This stimulated the European expansion greatly. - The magnetic compass enabled sailors to determine their direction and position at sea. - The Astrolabe permitted mariners to plot their latitude. - Maps and sea charts were improving steadily. 5. Reasons for the expansion. - Christianizing Muslims - Renaissance curiosity about the physical universe - Material profit – Gold, Spices. 6. Later Explorers - Amerigo Vespucci (1454 – 1512) – The first to describe America as a separated from Asia “New world”. - Ferdinand Magellan (1480 – 1521) – Verified the theory that the earth was round and proved how large it is. - Hernando Cortez (1485 – 1547) – Conquered the rich Aztec Empire and founded Mexico City as the capital of New Spain. - Francisco Pizarro (1470 – 1541) – Crashed the Inca Empire and established the Spanish viceroyalty of Peru. 7. Economy in Spain after the discoveries - Population increase - Prices were rising - Spain had very high inflation rate and it was transmitted to all the European countries. 8. The Colonies Spain - New Spain – Mexico and Central America - Peru – originally was all the lands in continental South America - New Granada – Venezuela, Columbia, Panama, and Ecuador - La Plata – Argentina, Uruguay, and Paraguay Portugal - Brazil 9. Colonial Administration - Military and civil authority exercised by a viceroy - The viceroy presided over the audiencia - The principle was that the colonies existed for the financial benefit of the home country